不同灌溉方式对水稻叶片生理特性的影响

为探明水稻在膜下滴灌灌溉方式下叶片生理性状发生的变化,本文以粳稻品种"T-04"和"T-43"为材料,对传统淹灌和膜下滴灌两种灌溉方式水稻叶片生理性状进行比较研究。结果表明:膜下滴灌水稻叶片叶绿素含量在整个生育期基本高于淹灌,叶绿素a、b和类胡萝卜素与叶绿素含量变化一致;两品种水稻叶片净光合速率日变化都呈双峰型曲线,膜下滴灌水稻叶片净光合速率和气孔导度低于淹灌,与淹灌相比,滴灌的光合"午休"现象较明显;两品种膜下滴灌方式水稻叶片丙二醛含量高于淹灌。     

不同灌溉方式对水稻生育特性及产量品质的影响

膜下滴灌水稻栽培技术是新疆天业集团经多年研究探索出的一套世界首创优质、高产、高效的水稻栽培方法。为探究水稻在膜下滴灌栽培方式下的生育特性及产量品质特征,以粳稻品种T-04和T-43为材料,对传统淹灌和膜下滴灌2种灌溉方式下水稻若干生育特性和产量品质进行比较研究。结果表明,2个品种在膜下滴灌方式下比传统淹灌生育期缩短2～3 d,膜下滴灌方式下水稻株高、叶片数都高于传统淹灌,但是传统淹灌水稻每株分蘖数大于膜下滴灌;T-04在膜下滴灌方式下比传统淹灌产量增加21.1%,T-43在膜下滴灌方式下比传统淹灌产量增加17.9%;膜下滴灌方式下水稻的糙米率、整精米率、长宽比都高于传统淹灌。     

不同品种茶树叶片功能性状及光合特性的比较

以18个茶树品种(系)为研究对象,测量了茶树叶片的叶面积、叶形指数、比叶面积、干物质含量、叶绿素a、叶绿素b及其比值、叶绿素总量、类胡萝卜素及光合特性,并分析了叶片功能性状和光合特性之间的相关性。结果表明,茶树叶片叶形指数、干物质含量、气孔导度的变异系数低于10%,其余11项指标的变异系数为15.08%~43.22%,表现出较高的多样性水平;比叶面积与干物质含量之间存在显著负相关,叶形指数和叶面积与其他叶片功能指标均无显著相关;干物质含量与光合色素之间存在显著相关,叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素a/叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素两两之间存在极显著相关性;净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率两两之间存在极显著正相关,且气孔导度与胞间CO_2浓度呈显著正相关,茶叶光合速率主要受气孔限制的影响;净光合速率与干物质含量之间存在显著正相关,净光合速率、蒸腾速率与光合色素含量之间存在显著或极显著正相关,说明光合色素含量高的品种具有更强的光合能力和干物质积累能力;气孔导度、水分利用效率与叶片功能性状之间相关性不显著。14号茶树品种比叶面积相对较低,同时具有较高的干物质含量、净光合速率和水分利用效率,属于抗旱性较强、光合速率和水分利用效率高的品种,可作为抗旱性强、高光效的茶树品种进一步选育和应用。     

施利康解硅菌剂肥对膜下滴灌水稻发育阶段生理性状的影响

为探明施利康解硅菌剂肥对膜下滴灌水稻发育阶段生理性状的影响,本研究选取4个适宜膜下滴灌水稻栽培的品种进行试验。通过对它们在施用硅肥与对照5个发育时期株高、叶绿素含量以及净光合速率的调查与测定,结果显示:施用"施利康"解硅菌剂肥可正负调节膜下滴灌水稻的株高,可以扶壮弱苗,限制旺苗;还可以提高水稻植株的叶绿素含量,并将之稳定在一个高位范围,防止叶片的早衰;最后可以显著增强膜下滴灌水稻剑叶的净光合速率,而且还能改善水稻弱苗的光合能力。     

不同灌溉方式及施氮量对水稻生长和氮素利用效率的影响

以T-43为材料开展田间小区试验,研究不同灌溉方式及施氮量对水稻干物质积累量及分配率、氮素积累、氮素利用效率及产量的影响。结果表明,淹灌处理水稻干物质积累量和氮素积累量显著大于膜下滴灌处理;施用氮肥显著提高了水稻的氮素积累量,水稻产量在施氮量为480 kg/hm~2时最大;与淹灌处理相比,滴灌处理的水稻产量降低了19.02%,氮肥利用率提高了1.92个百分点,水分利用效率提高了0.21 kg/m~3(105%)。     

NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性水稻某些生理特性和光合特性的影响

选取较耐盐的水稻品种‘HH11’、‘JX99’和盐敏感水稻品种‘YSXD’,设置6个土壤NaCl浓度处理(0、1、2、3、4 g/kg),在防雨棚下盆栽并培育至孕穗期,分析NaCl胁迫对不同耐盐性水稻生理生化及光合特性的影响,结果表明:(1)NaCl胁迫抑制水稻的生长,表现为随着NaCl浓度增加,水稻的株高逐渐降低,但在3～4 g/kg土壤含盐量下耐盐水稻的株高显著高于盐敏感水稻品种。(2)耐盐水稻和盐敏感水稻的可溶性总糖对NaCl胁迫的响应差异明显,在1～4 g/kg NaCl胁迫下,盐敏感水稻叶片可溶性总糖显著降低,但是耐盐水稻可溶性总糖大量合成并积累,并且显著高于盐敏感品种。(3)NaCl浓度增加迫使水稻叶片丙二醛不断积累,导致细胞膜透性逐渐增大,但是耐盐水稻丙二醛的积累量较少,细胞膜受盐害程度显著小于盐敏感水稻。(4)NaCl胁迫抑制了水稻光合速率,但不同的NaCl浓度下导致水稻品种光合速率下降的原因各有差异,其中在0～1 g/kg NaCl胁迫下盐敏感水稻光合速率降低是非气孔因素导致的,而在2～4 g/kg NaCl胁迫下是由气孔因素造成的;0～2g/kg盐浓度下耐盐水稻HH11的光合速率降低是非气孔因素导致的,3～4 g/kg盐浓度处理是由气孔因素导致的;气孔因素是0～4 g/kg盐处理耐盐水稻JX99的光合速率降低的主要原因。(5)盐胁迫下耐盐水稻的叶片蒸腾速率显著降低,并且显著低于盐敏感水稻,相反水分利用效率和气孔限制值却明显升高,并且显著高于盐敏感水稻品种,表明盐浓度增加迫使耐盐水稻气孔阻力增大,减少水分的流失,抑制了蒸腾速率,使耐盐水稻叶片保持较高的水势;同时提高了叶片水分利用效率,碳同化效率提高,以满足耐盐水稻正常代谢生理需求,进行正常生命活动。     

水分胁迫对春小麦光合和渗透调节物质的影响

为进一步了解春小麦的抗旱生理机制,以春小麦品种陇春26号为材料,采用盆栽法研究了中度和重度水分胁迫下春小麦旗叶光合参数和渗透调节物质含量的变化.结果表明,随土壤水分的减少,春小麦旗叶的叶绿素含量、光合速率、气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度、蒸腾速率逐渐降低,可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量及酸性转化酶活性呈先增后减趋势,脯氨酸和丙二醛含量及过氧化物酶活性逐渐增强.中度水分胁迫的可溶性糖含量和酸性转化酶活性显著高于重度水分胁迫和正常供水对照;重度水分胁迫的可溶性蛋白含量显著低于中度水分胁迫和正常供水对照,而脯氨酸和丙二醛含量显著高于中度水分胁迫和正常供水对照.说明中度或重度干旱胁迫下春小麦旗叶光合速率降低是叶绿素含量降低和光合原料缺乏所致,脯氨酸含量和过氧化物酶活性升高有助于春小麦抵御干旱胁迫.     

不同时期灌溉对大豆叶片生理特性及水分利用效率的影响

在大豆不同生育时期进行灌水处理,产量存在显著差异.分别是开花期》开花期 鼓粒期》结英期》鼓粒期》对照》分枝期.开花期灌水能提高叶绿素含量,降低气孔导度和蒸腾速率,提高光合速率,使水分利用效率达到最大.在大豆鼓粒期水分胁迫下不同磷肥处理表明,在一定范围内(0～0.56 g/盆)增施磷肥有利于提高光合速率,降低蒸腾速率,提高水分利用效率.因此,在生产实践中,开花期灌水一次,灌水量为40 m3 667 m-2,并配合增施磷肥,能提高大豆叶片光合性能、叶片水分利用效率和产量.     

大气CO2浓度升高对茶树光合生理特性的影响

通过对不同大气CO2浓度水平下的茶树观测试验,研究了大气CO2增长对茶树新梢叶片净光合速率、蒸腾气孔导度、水分利用效率、叶绿素含量和营养元素含量等光合生理特性的影响。结果表明,在大气CO2浓度为550、750μmol·mol-1时,比正常大气CO2水平下茶树叶片日平均净光合速率提高17.9%和25.8%,并缓解和消除了光合午休现象;茶树叶片气孔导度降低7.6%和13.0%,蒸腾速度稍有下降,水分利用效率提高21.6%和35.8%;同时使茶树新梢叶绿素a、叶绿素b、叶绿素总量和类胡萝卜素含量分别提高12.8%～18.4%、14.0%～22.0%、13.1%～19.4%和17.2%～20.1%,但叶绿素a与叶绿素b的比值有所降低。大气CO2浓度的升高使新梢营养元素N、K、Ca含量有不同程度降低,而Mg、Fe、Zn、Mn、Cu含量有所增加。     

水稻与非洲狼尾草体细胞融合再生植株的光合及农艺性状分析

以粳稻8411（C3植物）与非洲狼尾草（C4植物）经体细胞杂交后获得的融合体再生植株为材料,测定体细胞融合再生植株的光合特性及农艺性状。 与栽培稻8411相比,再生植株的生育期延长、植株矮化、穗形变小、千粒重增加、结实率下降。 再生植株的光合速率、气孔导度、叶片蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度及水分利用效率等光合参数为栽培稻8411与非洲狼尾草的中间值,其中叶片光合速率显著高于栽培稻8411。 体细胞融合再生植株在弱光下表现出比栽培稻8411更高的光合速率,并具有较高光饱和点。 再生植株的最大荧光值Fm、能量捕捉效率Fv/Fo、光化学效率Fv/Fm、叶绿素含量等指标表现出显著的超亲优势。这些结果初步表明,体细胞融合再生植株具有C4循环固定CO2的光合系统的特征。     

覆盖对喷灌夏玉米植株生长和产量的影响

在夏玉米生育期间设75%、65%、55%田间持水量3个灌水控制下限,研究地膜覆盖和不同秸秆覆盖量对喷灌夏玉米生长发育、产量、耗水量及水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖能明显促进植株的生长,地膜覆盖和秸秆覆盖量大于7 500 kg/hm2处理的增产效果相当,覆盖增产效果均随着土壤水分的降低而增加。地膜覆盖处理耗水量最小,无覆盖的最大;秸秆覆盖处理的耗水量随着覆盖量的增加呈减少趋势,土壤水分越高的处理,覆盖节水量越多。地膜覆盖处理的水分利用效率(WUE)最高,比不覆盖处理提高50%以上;秸秆覆盖处理的WUE随着覆盖量的增加而增加,当覆盖量达到7 500 kg/hm2时,WUE的增加幅度变小。     

覆膜滴灌对玉米光合特性、物质积累及水分利用效率的影响

采用田间试验方法,以雨养条件为对照,研究3种灌溉处理(滴灌、覆膜滴灌、覆膜限量补灌)对玉米相对叶绿素质量浓度(SPAD值)、光合特性及产量和水分利用效率的影响,探讨不同膜下滴灌节水增产的效果及内在机制。结果表明,覆膜增加玉米苗期叶绿素质量浓度,在拔节期覆膜的作用减弱,抽雄期SPAD值依次为覆膜限量补灌覆膜滴灌滴灌雨养。与对照相比,覆膜滴灌、覆膜限量补灌玉米地上部干物质重分别增加22.8%~52.8%和20.3%~48.0%;玉米产量增加1 261 kg/hm2和1 300 kg/hm2,增产12.7%和13.1%;提高水分利用效率0.83 kg/m3和1.23 kg/m3,提高水分生产效率0.30 kg/m3和0.36 kg/m3。覆膜限量补灌在不影响光合产物积累的基础上,比覆膜滴灌节水60%。     

Yield, grain quality and water use efficiency of rice under non-flooded mulching cultivation

Plastic film or straw mulching cultivation under non-flooded condition has been considered as a new water-saving technique in rice production. This study aimed to investigate the yield performance in terms of quality and quantity and water use efficiency (WUE) under such practices. A field experiment across 3 years was conducted with two high-yielding rice cultivars, Zhendao 88 (a japonica cultivar) and Shanyou 63 (an indica hybrid cultivar) and four cultivation treatments imposed from transplanting to maturity: traditional flooding as control (TF), non-flooded plastic film mulching (PM), non-flooded wheat straw mulching (SM), and non-flooded no mulching (NM). Compared with those under the TF, root oxidation activity, photosynthetic rate, and activities of key enzymes in sucrose-to-starch conversion in grains during the grain filling period were significantly increased under the SM, whereas they were significantly reduced under the PM and NM treatments. Grain yield showed some reduction under all the non-flooded cultivations but differed largely among the treatments. The reduction in yield was 7.3–17.5% under the PM, 2.8–6.3% under the SM, and 39–49% under the NM. The difference in grain yield was not significant between TF and SM treatments. WUE for irrigation was increased by 314–367% under the PM, 307–321% under the SM, and 98–138% under the NM. Under the same treatment especially under non-flooded conditions, the indica hybrid cultivar showed a higher grain yield and higher WUE than the japonica cultivar. The SM significantly improved milling, appearance, and cooking qualities, whereas the PM or the NM decreased these qualities. We conclude that both PM and SM could significantly increase WUE, while the SM could also maintain a high grain yield and improve quality of rice. The SM would be a better practice than the PM in areas where water is scarce while temperature is favorable to rice growth, such as in Southeast China.     

旱地周年覆膜条件下冬小麦的光合特性

在周年覆膜条件下,以陇鉴339为材料,研究了周年地膜覆盖后冬小麦的光合速率(P n)变化,以了解周年覆膜对冬小麦光合作用的影响。结果表明,周年覆膜秋播冬小麦较露地冬小麦光合速率、叶片水分利用效率显著提高。冬小麦旗叶P n日变化呈现“单峰型”,覆膜的高峰值较露地增加3.917μm olCO2.m-2.-s 1,提高17.74%,且持续时间延长,整个P n日变化中覆膜较露地平均提高11.62%。各生育阶段覆膜冬小麦的P n始终维持在较高水平上。增施氮肥、提高氮磷比有利于提高冬小麦P n。     

连作对花生农艺性状及生理特性的影响及其覆膜调控

通过池栽试验,研究了连作对花生农艺性状及生理特性的影响及其覆膜调控。结果表明:连作导致出苗率低、植株矮小、落叶早、结果数减少、产量下降,显著降低了花生叶片的净光合速率和叶绿素含量,且净光合速率的降低幅度大于叶绿素含量的降低幅度,同时,Fv/Fm、ΦPSⅡ、NR活性及根系活力显著降低,且这种抑制作用随连作年限的延长而加重。覆膜栽培显著提高了多年连作花生叶片全生育期的叶绿素含量和生育前期的净光合速率,显著增加了花针期的ΦPSⅡ和饱果成熟期的Fv/Fm,对叶片硝酸还原酶活性及苗期到结荚期的根系活力具有显著的提高作用,产量增加13.5%。覆膜栽培提高花生生育前期根系的吸收活力,促进氮的转化和吸收,提高叶片的光合能力,在一定程度上缓解多年连作对植株生长发育的抑制作用,提高产量。     

Effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato tuber yield and quality under plastic mulch in arid Northwestern China

Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of drip irrigation regimes on potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth, tuber yield and quality, and water use efficiency (WUE) when grown under plastic mulch in an arid area of Northwestern China in 2008, 2009 and 2010. The 2008 experiment consisted of a drip irrigation check without plastic mulch and four different drip irrigation frequency treatments with plastic mulch: once every day, once every 2 days, once every 4 days, and once every 8 days. In 2009 and 2010 the drip check treatment without mulch was irrigated at −25 kPa soil matric potential (SMP) during three potato development stages and four different SMP drip irrigation strategies were compared during the potato development stages (using plastic mulch): S1 (−25 kPa SMP during the three development stages), S2 (−25 kPa SMP during tuber initiation and bulking and −35 kPa SMP during maturation), S3 (−25 kPa SMP during tuber initiation and maturation and −35 kPa SMP during bulking), S4 (−35 kPa SMP during the three development stages). Plastic mulch negatively affected tuber yield, WUE, and tuber quality. In the presence of plastic mulch, tuber yield, specific gravity, starch content, and vitamin C content seemed to be enhanced as the irrigation frequency increased, although the differences were not statistically significant. Irrigation frequency did not affect WUE for potato grown under plastic mulch. Analysis of plant height, tuber yield and WUE showed that a drip irrigation threshold of −35 kPa SMP led to obvious water stress for potato growth in this arid area. Under plastic mulch in 2010, S2 was the optimum drip irrigation regime because of the significantly higher yield than S3 and S4, the highest WUE and significantly firmer tubers than any of the other irrigation regimes tested.     

不同覆盖模式对玉米叶片水分利用效率的影响

采用常规耕作（T1）、秸秆覆盖（T2）、起垄覆膜膜侧种植（T3）、起垄无膜（T4）、无垄覆膜（T5）对玉米叶片光合作用和叶片水平上的水分利用效率以及产量和产量构成因素方面进行分析研究。结果表明,玉米叶片的净光合速率（P_n）、蒸腾速率（T_r）、气孔导度（Cond）、胞间二氧化碳浓度（C_i）和水分利用效率（WUE）在不同覆盖模式下均存在显著差异,且起垄覆膜膜侧种植模式下的P_n、Cond和WUE为最大,T_r和 C_i较低。叶片水分利用效率与净光合速率和气孔导度呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.94、0.98;与蒸腾速率和胞间二氧化碳浓度呈显著负相关,相关系数分别为0.92、0.96。 2018 年 T3 处理产量最高,达 10 095 kg/hm²,较 T1、T2、T4、T5 处理分别高 23.18%、0.55%、19.32 %、3.71%;2019年T3处理产量最高,达10 248 kg/hm²,较T1、T2、T4、T5处理分别高21.84 %、12.47%、15.69%、6.03%。     

不同耕作和覆盖方式对玉米长势及光合特性的影响

通过传统耕作、生物炭翻耕覆盖、地膜免耕覆盖、地膜翻耕覆盖、留茬覆盖和条带覆盖处理方式,分析不同耕作和覆盖方式对玉米长势及光合特性的影响。结果表明,地膜覆盖可通过提高地温明显缩短玉米出苗期,地膜翻耕和生物炭处理对玉米的生长均起到促进作用,影响期分别为苗期和拔节期。对比传统耕作,秸秆整秆覆盖和地膜覆盖在免耕条件下不利于植株生长。拔节期不同处理玉米净光合速率与气孔导度、蒸腾速率均呈正相关,生物炭处理净光合速率最高。     

Potato growth with and without plastic mulch in two typical regions of Northern China

Plastic film mulching is an important agricultural practice to save water and improve crop productivity in Northern China. Three field experiments were conducted to examine the effect of plastic mulch on soil temperature, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) growth and evapotranspiration under drip irrigation in two typical regions of Northern China in 2001 and 2006. Results suggest that daily mean soil temperature under mulch was 2–9 °C higher than without mulch, especially during the early growth. Potato growth was restrained under mulching conditions in the North China Plain mainly due to the higher air temperature in this region and thus the higher soil temperature. The negative effects of mulching included a lower emergence and fewer marketable tubers per plant. Evapotranspiration and potato tuber yield were both reduced by mulch, especially in the North China Plain. In northwest China, mulch favorably increased the weight of jumbo tubers (W ≥ 300 g) per plant. Mulching duration had little effect on potato evapotranspiration in northwest China. However, both tuber yield and water use efficiency (WUE) decreased with increases in mulch duration, which suggests the plastic mulch should be removed early.     

不同渗灌覆膜方式对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响

为探讨小麦节水高产栽培技术,以济麦20和鲁麦21号为材料,在露天不封底瓷管和防雨棚封底瓷管两种栽培条件下,研究不同渗灌覆膜处理对冬小麦水分利用效率及产量的影响.结果表明,渗灌和地膜覆盖均可显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率,但提高幅度因品种和渗灌深度不同而异.在露天条件下,较之地表灌溉不覆膜,20 cm渗灌加地膜覆盖处理可使籽粒产量提高13.67%～11.18%、水分利用效率提高14.59%～12.08%;在防雨棚条件下,籽粒产量提高20.16%,水分利用效率提高22.57%,40 cm渗灌籽粒产量略高于20 cm渗灌,但差异不显著.露天栽培条件下不同处理平均水分利用效率高达2.6063 kg·m-3 ·m-2,而防雨棚条件下仅为1.3482 kg·m-3 ·m-2,相对提高93.31%,籽粒产量提高102.90%,生物产量提高77.41%,收获指数提高13.99%,而总耗水量仅增加22.48 mm.试验结果说明深层土壤水对产量和水分利用效率具有重要作用,在不同试验条件下的研究结果具有较大差异.