不同覆盖方式对植烟土壤温度和水分及烤烟品质的影响

不同覆盖方式的比较试验结果表明,秸秆与地膜双覆盖能够协调烤烟生长全过程的土壤温度,并且地温日变化幅度小,蓄水保墒作用显著。秸秆单覆盖对土壤性状改良与秸秆和地膜双覆盖相似,烟叶内在化学成分较协调,品质较高,但由于在烤烟生长前期不能提高土壤温度,使得烟叶生长速度较慢,产量下降;地膜单覆盖对土壤性状改良不及秸秆单覆盖和秸秆与地膜双覆盖,秸秆和地膜双覆盖使0~20cm土层含水量平均比露地栽培提高16.82%,比秸秆单覆盖提高6.45%,比地膜单覆盖提高5.43%,而且烟叶成分较协调,产量与产值也较高。     

不同覆盖方式对植烟土壤有机质及烟叶品质影响的初步研究

为提高烟叶品质,进行了对植烟土壤不同覆盖方式的比较试验,结果表明:高C/N比秸秆与地膜双覆盖能够协调烤烟生长全过程的土壤温度,并且地温日变化幅度小,蓄水保墒作用显著,有机质积累明显,腐殖化作用强,使得烟叶内在化学成分比例更协调,产值高。秸秆单覆盖对土壤性状改良与秸秆和地膜双覆盖相似,烟叶内在化学成分较协调,品质较好,但由于在烤烟生长前期不能提高土壤温度,使得烟叶生长速度较慢,产量下降,产值与地膜单覆盖差异不显著;由于没有新鲜的有机质补充,地膜单覆盖对土壤性状改良不及秸秆单覆盖和秸秆与地膜双覆盖,从而使得烟叶品质较不协调,但产量较高,产值也较高。     

不同保水措施对烟地土壤水分及 烤烟生长的影响

为干旱地区寻找较好的烤烟配套栽培措施提供依据。在大田条件下研究了地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和秸秆还田对烤烟生长发育、土壤相对含水率、烟叶产质量的影响。地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖和还田均能增加干旱季节土壤的含水率,减少土壤水分蒸发,生长前期地膜覆盖的保水效果最优,后期以秸秆覆盖和还田效果略好;几种措施均能显著的促进烤烟的生长发育,其中地膜覆盖对烟株早期生长有利,而秸秆覆盖和还田在烟叶旺长后优于地膜覆盖;秸秆覆盖能显著的提高烤烟的产质量,产值分别较秸秆还田、常规对照和地膜覆盖提高7.5%、18.2%和37.6%。秸秆覆盖具有明显的保水增产作用,值得在干旱烟区大面积推广。     

秸秆还田量对土壤理化性状及小麦产量的影响

为了确定适宜的小麦秸秆还田量,通过设置不同的秸秆还田量处理,研究其对后茬麦田的土壤理化性状及产量的影响。结果表明,秸秆还田能增加土壤湿度,对表层(60 cm)以上湿度的影响最大。同时秸秆覆盖能使土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效磷含量增加,随覆盖量的增加其增加幅度加大,秸秆覆盖使土壤容重降低,孔隙度加大,更好地保护了土壤的物理结构。秸秆还田量7500 kg/hm²处理与秸秆（麦秸）还田量6000 kg/hm²的处理对土壤的增效作用差别不大。秸秆覆盖处理提高了小麦产量及产量构成因素,随秸秆还田用量增加产量有不同幅度的增加,以6000 kg/hm²处理产量最高。综合研究结果在本试验条件下,以小麦秸秆覆盖6000 kg/hm²为比较适宜的秸秆覆盖还田量。     

Water Use and Yield of Wheat under Unmulched and Mulched Conditions in Laterite Soil of the Indian Sub-continent

A held experiment was conducted during three winter seasons on West Bengal laterite soil to study the effect of irrigation and paddy straw mulch on water consumption. Water use efficiency and yield of wheat are reported. Both irrigation and mulch increased wheat yield significantly; there was also significant interaction between irrigation and straw mulch application: three irrigations combined with mulch resulted in 21.6 q ha^-1 wheat grain yield compared with 17.5 q ha^-1 for three irrigations without mulch. Mulch consistently increased irrigation response. Both irrigation and mulch increased water consumption and water use efficiency of the wheat crop. To compare the two irrigation treatments, irrigation at crown root initiation followed up by at flowering stage gave higher values of water use efficiency as well as higher grain yield than that of irrigation applied at panicle stage followed by at crown root initiation.     

小麦秸秆覆盖对夏玉米干物质生产及主要性状的影响

研究了小麦秸秆覆盖对夏玉米干物质生产及主要性状的影响。结果表明:与传统露地栽培相比,小麦秸秆覆盖有利于夏玉米根系的生长和干物质的积累,叶面积系数前期增长快,后期下降慢,叶面积高值持续期长,干物质积累快,穗粒数多,千粒重高,产量性状明显改善,增产显著。小麦秸秆覆盖对表土层(0～30cm)具有明显的保墒效果,尤其是夏玉米生长前期。     

不同覆盖方式对大棚滴灌番茄水分利用和经济效益的影响

为了探明不同覆盖方式对黄土高原东部大棚滴灌番茄水分利用及经济效益的影响,在黄土高原东部进行了4种覆盖方式试验——地膜半覆盖（FH）、地膜全覆盖（FW）、秸秆全覆盖（SW）、秸秆地膜覆盖（SF）,以不覆盖（CK）为对照。结果表明,SW和SF处理可分别显著提高番茄收获后0~120cm土层贮水量13.67%和28.49%,分别显著降低耗水量5.39%和14.84%。FH处理可显著降低番茄收获后0~120cm土层贮水量21.34%,显著提高耗水量8.35%。不同覆盖方式可显著增加番茄产量22.83%~50.35%,显著提高水分利用效率29.83%~67.65%,显著增加番茄产量收入和纯收益。SF处理比其他处理显著提高番茄水分利用效率15.19%~29.13%。FH处理较其他覆盖处理显著提高了番茄产量收入和纯收益。     

The effect of wheat straw residue on the emergence and early growth of sugar beet (Beta vulgaris) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus)

The management of straw residue can be a concern in non-inversion tillage systems where straw tends to be incorporated at shallow depths or left on the soil surface. This can lead to poor crop establishment because straw residue can impede or hinder crop emergence and growth. Small container-based experiments were undertaken using varying amounts of wheat straw residue either incorporated or placed on the soil surface. The effects on days to seedling emergence, percentage emergence, seedling dry-weight and soil temperature using sugar beet and oilseed rape were investigated because these crops often follow wheat in a cropping sequence.The position of the straw residue was found to be the primary factor in reducing crop emergence and growth. Increasing the amount of straw residue (from 3.3 t ha^?1 to 6.7 t ha^?1) did not show any consistent trends in reducing crop emergence or growth. However, in some instances, results indicated that an interaction between the position and the amount of straw residue occurred particularly when the straw and seed was placed on the soil surface. Straw placed on the soil surface significantly reduced mean day-time soil temperature by approximately 2.5 °C compared to no residue. When the seed and straw was placed on the soil surface a lack of seed-to-soil contact caused a reduction in emergence by approximately 30% because of the restriction in available moisture that limited the ability for seed imbibition. This trend was reversed when the seed was placed in the soil, but with straw residue still on the soil surface, because the surface straw was likely to reduce moisture evaporation and improved seed-to-soil contact that led to rapid emergence. In general, when straw was mixed in or placed on the soil surface along with the seed, sugar beet and oilseed rape emergence and early growth biomass was significantly restricted by approximately 50% compared to no residue.The consequences of placing seed with or near to straw residue have been shown to cause a restriction in crop establishment. In both oilseed rape and sugar beet, this could lead to a reduction in final crop densities, poor, uneven growth and potentially lower yields that could lower financial margins. Therefore, if farmers are planning to use non-inversion tillage methods for crop establishment, the management and removal of straw residue from near or above the seed is considered important for successful crop establishment.     

江淮丘陵地区玉米农艺节水技术研究

研究几种农艺节水措施对江淮丘陵地区玉米生长及节水效应影响。结果表明,秸秆覆盖玉米增产9.8%以上,旱地龙处理增产6.5%,苗乐宝处理增产8.9%。秸秆覆盖和施用苗乐宝能使土壤水分含量提高、土壤容重下降、田间持水量提高。     

覆盖措施对春小麦田土壤含水量及耗水规律的影响

高效节水措施的使用有利于提高作物水分利用效率,缓解我国荒漠绿洲区灌溉农业生产中水资源不足的问题。基于此设定了大田定点观测试验研究不同覆盖措施对荒漠绿洲区春小麦耗水规律的影响,试验分别设置石子覆盖(S)、地膜覆盖(B)、秸秆覆盖(M)和对照(CK)4个处理。试验结果表明：覆盖措施使土面蒸发量降低了25.6%~37.9%,有效的提高了土壤含水量。春小麦耗水量分别为B处理减少了13%,M处理减少了14%,S减少了8%,但B处理下的春小麦水分利用效率(WUE)和灌溉水分利用效率(WUEi)最高。可见,地膜覆盖是是适合该地区最佳的节水种植方式。     

生物可降解地膜对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响

为研究旱作条件下生物降解地膜对马铃薯生长及水分利用效率的影响,以‘紫花白’作为试验材料,设置裸地(CK)、聚乙烯塑料地膜、生物可降解A膜、玉米秸秆、生物可降解B膜5种覆盖材料来研究生物可降解地膜对马铃薯耕层土壤温度、土壤含水量以及产量的影响。结果表明,与传统裸地(CK)相比,聚乙烯塑料地膜、生物可降解A膜、玉米秸秆、生物可降解B膜4种覆盖材料处理下耕层土壤(0~ 25 cm)日平均温度提高2.02、1.67、1.40、1.47℃;各覆盖材料均可提高土壤含水量,聚乙烯塑料地膜、生物可降解A膜、玉米秸秆、生物可降解B膜覆盖耕层土壤(0~25 cm)平均含水量提高3.12%、2.00%、1.92%、2.48%;各覆盖材料较对照马铃薯块茎产量增加6.25%、21.18%、17.07%、31.71%。试验结果表明,生物可降解地膜覆盖可以提高土层的温度、土壤含水率以及马铃薯产量,在不同覆盖方式中,生物可降解B膜覆盖效果最好。     

Growth and Yields of Cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp) as Influenced by Seed Characters, Soil Moisture and Season of Planting

Cowpea ( Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is an important food legume grown under rainfed conditions in the tropics. However, the yield of this crop varies widely in most tropical ecosystems due to crop and environmental factors. Experiments were carried out to evaluate the effects of seed characteristics, soil moisture at planting and the season of crop establishment on growth and yield parameters of cowpea as these influence the productivity of the crop. Growth and yield of cowpea plants grown from small seeds with a high conductivity of their lea-chates were significantly lower than those grown from large seeds. Root growth of seedlings was most prominent under moderate soil moisture levels. Low soil moisture retarded root growth by reducing dry weights and suppressing the development of laterals. Shoot growth was more sensitive to increasing soil moisture stress than root growth. Planting cowpea in the wet season produced the highest yields. Within a season, growth and yield were higher when the crop was planted early. Establishment of the crop later in the season produced better quality seeds measured in terms of germination after controlled deterioration.     

秸秆覆盖对核桃园土壤性状及果实产量和品质的影响

本试验以15年生的‘辽宁1号’核桃树为试材,探究秸秆覆盖对北方旱地核桃园土壤水温变化、有机质含量、果树根系生长及果实产量和品质的影响。结果表明：秸秆覆盖可在气温较低时提高土壤温度,而在气温较高时降低土壤温度。此外,秸秆覆盖可有效提高土壤0~40 cm土层土壤含水量,并显著提高0~60 cm土层土壤有机质含量。与对照相比,秸秆覆盖增加了0~60 cm土层细根的长度和表面积,同时显著提高了果实的含油量及产量。可见,核桃园经秸秆覆盖可以起到蓄水保墒,增加土壤肥力的作用,并最终达到果树增产的目的。     

不同综合抗旱技术对烤烟农艺性状和经济性状的影响比较

为了解决昆明烟区烤烟移栽季节烟垄墒情差,保苗促早发困难的问题,在昆明市嵩明县杨林镇采用随机区组试验研究了地膜覆盖、秸秆覆盖、地膜覆盖+保水剂、秸秆覆盖+保水剂、前膜后秸覆盖、保水剂、裸栽烟等几种抗旱技术对烤烟农艺性状和经济性状的影响。试验结果表明：（1）前地膜+后秸秆的双覆盖、地膜覆盖+保水剂、秸秆覆盖+保水剂均可改善烟株生长的环境条件,有效降低烟株生育前期的干旱胁迫,促进烟株早长快发,提高烤烟的产量、产值和品质,以前地膜+后秸秆的双覆盖处理最好。（2）盖膜、移栽时施用保水剂和秸秆覆盖3种处理,随着干旱时间的延长而抗旱作用力减弱。（3）无抗旱措施的裸栽烟生长缓慢,经济性状和农艺性状均最差。     

不同覆盖方式对土壤温湿度及烟草生长发育的影响

为明确不同覆盖方式的烟田生态效应,采用田间试验研究无覆盖、地膜覆盖、立体覆盖和稻草覆盖4种覆盖方式对垄体土壤温湿度及烟草生长发育的影响。结果表明,不同覆盖方式下各土层土壤温度具有相似的变化趋势,均随着土层深度的增加呈下降趋势,且同一覆盖方式不同土层温度变化具有一致性。地膜覆盖对土壤温度的提升效果最好,能促进烟苗早发快长,但团棵期膜内地表温度过高可能影响根系生长;稻草覆盖对生育期内土壤的保温效果较好;立体覆盖处理在烤烟生育内的土壤温度最低。地膜覆盖不利于根系土壤接纳降雨,土壤含水量最低;稻草覆盖对蓄积土壤水分的效果最优;立体覆盖次之。从团棵期烤烟生物量及农艺性状看,地膜覆盖在烤烟团棵期可明显提高烤烟的长势,稻草覆盖次之但烟叶根冠比最高,立体覆盖再次,无覆盖处理的烟叶长势最差。试验表明立体覆盖对烟田土壤温湿度及团棵期烤烟的生长发育的影响效果比地膜覆盖低,后续应对烤烟整个生长发育时期、产质量特征及其覆盖的成本效益和环境影响等进行进一步研究。     

不同水分条件对小麦-玉米两熟制作物生长和水分利用的影响

为探明不同水分条件对小麦-玉米两熟制水分利用的影响,通过秸秆覆盖和施用保水剂等水分调控措施,进行了不同灌水量对小麦、玉米生长发育和产量、土壤水分及水分利用等方面的影响研究。结果表明:合理灌水有益小麦群体发育,提高成穗数量、株高、穗粒数和千粒重,从而促进小麦增产,其中以补充灌水1 200 m3/hm2效果最佳,增产11.83%;但过多灌水反而影响小麦产量,补充灌水2 400 m3/hm2减产1%,并影响玉米产量。小麦灌水处理的玉米分别比对照增产7.31%~16.15%,其中补充灌水1 800 m3/hm2增产效果最佳,增产16.15%。夏秋两季作物产量结果表明,河南省中产灌区在秸秆覆盖和施用保水剂的情况下,小麦-玉米两熟制最佳补充灌溉量为1 200~1 800m3/hm2。土壤含水量动态变化表明,秸秆覆盖与保水剂相结合,并进行适量补充灌水有利于改善和补偿土壤水分,而且有影响全年作物生长的趋势。玉米收获后,土壤有效养分和有机质有所下降,表明种植夏玉米应追施适量磷、钾肥,同时加大夏季作物秸秆的还田量,以提高土壤有机质。     

山东棉花覆盖栽培的节水增产效应研究

通过普通地膜覆盖、小麦秸秆覆盖、地膜+秸秆覆盖及露地对照4种处理对山东棉区棉田土壤物理性状、棉花产量影响的分析。结果表明:覆盖栽培能改善土壤物理性状;表现在降低土壤容重、调节土壤温、湿度、提高土壤水分利用率(秸秆覆盖处理较对照增加18.1％～21.4％);秸秆覆盖能增加土壤养分含量,特别是速效钾含量;在棉花生长后期,提高叶面积指数,延长叶片功能期,保持棉株的光合能力从而防止棉花早衰,增加铃重,提高棉花产量(覆盖处理较对照增产7.6％～20.9％)。     

地膜覆盖对辣椒地土壤氮素的影响

地膜覆盖在西南地区农业生产中有着广泛的应用,但关于地膜覆盖对土壤养分的研究还比较匮乏,为了揭示地膜覆盖对土壤氮素的影响,于2014 年5—9 月在重庆市北碚区进行了辣椒种植的田间试验,对地膜覆盖条件下辣椒地的土壤水热条件、氮素以及辣椒产量进行观测。相比于对照,试验期间覆膜种植土壤10、20、30 cm平均温度分别提高了2.3、2.8、2.0℃,增温效果显著,而对土壤重量含水量的影响不明显;覆膜种植条件下,土壤耕层全氮、碱解氮、铵态氮和硝态氮含量分别为1.30 g/kg、150.83 mg/kg、112.25 mg/kg、105.80 mg/kg,分别比对照处理增加了7.44%、32.84%、88.72%和73.90%;另外,地膜覆盖能够促进植株发育并提高辣椒产量,使其开花坐果期提前4 天,结果时间提前5 天,辣椒产量提高14.11%。实验结果表明,地膜覆盖在改善土壤水热条件、增加土壤氮素含量以及提高作物产量方面具有积极作用。     

半湿润偏旱区沟垄覆盖种植对冬小麦产量及水分利用效率的影响

为探索半湿润偏旱区沟垄集雨种植模式下冬小麦田土壤蓄水保墒和节水增产效果, 于2007-2010年连续3个小麦生长季在渭北旱塬旱农试验站, 研究了不同沟垄集雨种植模式对土壤水分、冬小麦产量和水分利用效率的影响。设置3个沟垄集雨处理, 分别是垄上覆盖地膜+沟内不覆盖(P1)、沟内覆盖小麦秸秆(P2)、沟内覆盖液体地膜(P3)处理, 以传统平作(CK)为对照。P1、P2和P3处理显著提高冬小麦生育前期0~20 cm和20~100 cm的土壤贮水量, 其中以P2处理蓄水保墒效果最显著, P3处理由于液态地膜的降解, 仅在小麦生长前期有一定的蓄水保墒作用, 在小麦的生长后期与P1处理无显著差异;各沟垄集雨处理100~200 cm土壤贮水量与CK无差异。P2处理对冬小麦平均株高和生物量影响最大, 3年平均株高和生物量分别较对照提高26.7%和60.3%。以P2处理增产效果最显著, 3年平均产量和水分利用效率分别较CK对照提高39.3%和35.6%;且P1和P3之间无显著差异。因此, 垄覆地膜、沟覆秸秆的二元沟垄集雨覆盖种植模式能显著提高冬小麦产量和水分利用效率, 适宜在半湿润偏旱区冬小麦生产中应用。     

内蒙古黄土高原秸秆还田对玉米农田土壤水热状况及产量的影响

内蒙古清水河县地处黄土高原的边缘地带,沟壑纵横,是典型的北方干旱缺水地区。为明确秸秆翻耕还田对该区域玉米农田土壤蓄水保墒效果及产量形成特性的影响,通过连续2年的田间小区试验,探究0kg/hm ²（CK）、3 000kg/hm ²（SF1）、6 000kg/hm ²（SF2）和12 000kg/hm ²（SF3）4种秸秆还田量下玉米农田全生育期地温、土壤水分、植株生长发育、水分利用效率和产量的变化规律。结果表明：秸秆还田促进了玉米叶面积指数提高和地上部生物量的积累,2018年,SF2处理叶面积指数和地上部干物质积累量较CK分别提高13.17%和10.70%;玉米全生育期0~30cm土层土壤温度、0~80cm土层土壤含水率、生育期贮水量和农田耗水量、水分利用效率和产量均表现为SF2>SF3>SF1>CK;2018年,SF1、SF2和SF3产量分别较CK提高了8.5%、11.4%和9.3%。秸秆翻耕还田措施能够显著改善玉米农田土壤水热状况、促进植株生长、提升子粒产量和水分利用效率,其中6 000kg/hm ²还田处理效果最好,可作为节水保墒栽培模式在内蒙古黄土高原推广应用。