基于HS-SPME-GC-MS法比较瓢鸡和盐津乌骨鸡不同部位挥发性风味成分

为了研究优质地方鸡种瓢鸡和盐津乌骨鸡不同部位的主体风味成分,以300日龄瓢鸡和盐津乌骨鸡的胸肌和腿肌作为试验对象,利用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)技术提取,采用气相色谱质谱联用(GC-MS)技术分离和鉴定鸡肉中的挥发性物质,结合相对活度值(ROAV)确定主体风味活性物质。结果表明,鸡肉样品中共检出76种挥发性化合物,主要包括醛类、醇类、酮类、酯类、酸类、烃类化合物,不同品种不同部位之间挥发性风味物质的组分和含量存在差异。瓢鸡主体风味物质由2-甲基丁醛、戊醛、己醛、庚醛、辛醛、反-2-辛烯醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、辛烷构成;盐津乌骨鸡主体风味物质主要由2-甲基丁醛、己醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇构成。主体风味物质对不同部位不同品种鸡肉样品的贡献程度不同,其中醛类化合物对鸡肉的整体风味贡献最大。本研究结果为瓢鸡和盐津乌骨鸡的风味特性研究和开发利用提供了理论依据。     

竹叶黄酮联合电子束对鳗鱼鲞风味物质产生的影响研究

为探究竹叶黄酮联合电子束辐照处理对鳗鱼鲞挥发性风味物质形成的作用,本试验对比了传统道地工艺鳗鱼鲞、工厂工艺鳗鱼鲞和竹叶黄酮联合电子束辐照处理工艺鳗鱼鲞的感官品质和挥发性风味物质。结果表明,0.25%竹叶黄酮联合6 kGy电子束辐照处理后鳗鱼鲞的感官评价在气味、滋味、组织状态、色泽及质地方面与传统加工方式较为接近;鳗鱼鲞的挥发性化合物以烃类、醛类和醇类为主,1-戊烯-3-醇、2,7-辛二烯-1-醇、壬醛、戊醛、癸醛等化合物对鳗鱼鲞总体风味形成有重要贡献;添加低剂量的竹叶黄酮在抑制鳗鱼鲞脂肪氧化的同时基本不会对鳗鱼鲞的风味造成影响,而电子束辐照在一定程度上会促进鳗鱼鲞风味物质的增加,且辐照剂量越大,化合物含量越高。综合考虑,采取0.25%竹叶黄酮联合6 kGy电子束辐照处理鳗鱼鲞较合适,可使鳗鱼鲞的风味接近传统加工方式。本研究结果为鳗鱼鲞的新型工艺研发提供了参考。     

电子鼻结合HS-SPME-GC-MS分析辐照对甲鱼预制菜挥发性风味成分的影响

为了探究辐照对甲鱼预制菜挥发性风味成分的影响,采用0、4.7、7.1、9.9 kGy剂量⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照处理甲鱼预制菜,通过感官评定并利用电子鼻结合顶空固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME-GC-MS)分析辐照前后挥发性风味成分的变化。结果表明,5 kGy以内剂量辐照对甲鱼预制菜的感官品质无明显影响,高于5 kGy会影响其气味和滋味,进而可能产生异味。辐照对甲鱼预制菜特征气味引起的差异主要表现在传感器响应值较高的芳香成分和有机硫化物、氮氧化合物、甲烷、醇类和醛酮类物质,利用主成分分析(PCA)和线性判别分析(LDA)能够有效区分经不同剂量辐照处理的甲鱼预制菜。4.7 kGy组与对照组气味差异较小,7.1、9.9 kGy组与对照组差异相对较大。不同剂量辐照后甲鱼预制菜挥发性成分的种类增加,醛类、酸类相对含量降低,烃类、芳香族类、酮类、酯类相对含量升高,醇类、含氮含硫及杂环类相对含量先降低后升高。相对气味活度值(ROAV)分析结果表明,壬醛、癸醛、辛醛、己醛、庚醛、1-辛烯-3-醇和2-戊基呋喃是甲鱼预制菜的关键风味成分,苯甲醛、苯乙醛、(E,E)-2, 4-癸二烯醛对其风味具有重要修饰作用。辐照后辛醛、己醛、1-辛烯-3-醇对甲鱼预制菜总体风味的贡献率降低,庚醛、2-戊基呋喃的贡献率先降低后增加,苯乙醛的贡献率增加并成为关键风味成分。因此,建议采用不超过5 kGy剂量的⁶⁰Co-γ射线辐照处理甲鱼预制菜,在杀菌的同时最大限度保持其原有风味。本研究结果为辐照技术在甲鱼预制菜杀菌保鲜中的应用提供了科学依据。     

真空冷冻干燥对柠檬挥发性风味化合物保留的影响

为探索真空冷冻干燥方法对柠檬中挥发性风味化合物保留特性的影响,该研究采用一体化冻干、传统冷冻干燥2种不同工艺方法进行对比干燥试验。结果表明,柠檬一体化冻干法在真空冻结阶段预先脱除了近1/3的初始水分,在预冻和升华干燥环节分别与比传统冻干法节省2.5、2h,冻干后形成相对致密的多孔网络结构,细胞壁孔室较为完整。新鲜柠檬原料挥发性风味化合物中单萜烯类化合物占绝对主导地位,主要为D-柠檬烯、萜品烯、左旋-β-蒎烯、β-蒎烯,主要倍半萜烯风味化合物为1-石竹烯、巴伦西亚橘烯、β-防风根烯,主要醛类化合物为柠檬醛、二甲基-辛二烯醛、壬醛、癸醛、己醛,主要醇类化合物为α-松油醇、橙花醇、4-萜烯醇、芳樟醇、香叶醇,主要酯类化合物为橙花乙酸酯、5-甲基-2-4-己烯-1-醇乙酸酯;各类主要挥发性风味化合物在2种方法冻干柠檬中保留率均较低,绝大部分迁移出被冷阱凝霜捕集或真空泵抽排机外损失;一体化冻干柠檬中各类风味化合物含量显著高于传统冻干柠檬(P0.05),对挥发性风味化合物的保留具有显著优势;主要单萜烯类风味化合物在传统冻干冷阱凝霜中含量显著高于一体化冻干冷阱凝霜(P0.05),而主要倍半萜烯化合物、醛类化合物、醇类化合物、脂类化合物在一体化冷阱凝霜中含量均显著高于传统冻干冷阱凝霜(P0.05)。2种冻干柠檬挥发性风味化合物保留特性的差异可能与冻干工艺时间、微观组织形态有关。该研究结果为柠檬等果蔬冷冻干燥加工制品的保香提质提供参考。     

不同品种毛豆脆粒挥发性物质组成及差异分析

采用顶空固相微萃取(HS-SPME)和气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术鉴定了6种毛豆脆粒挥发性物质组成,结合感觉阈值,利用相对风味活度值(ROAV)确定了各品种主体风味成分,并运用主成分分析(PCA)探讨了不同品种毛豆脆粒主要风味物质差异。结果表明,6种毛豆脆粒共检测出65种挥发性成分,主要包括醛类、醇类、酮类和烃类,且各品种间挥发性组分差异较大;毛豆脆粒共有的主体风味物质为戊醛、己醛、辛醛、壬醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、1-辛烯-3-酮和柠檬烯,3-甲基丁醛为新大粒1号和通豆5号脆粒特有的主体风味物质。通过不同品种主要风味物质的PCA分析可知,戊醛、顺-2-庚烯醛分别是苏豆3号、淮豆8号脆粒区别于其它品种的标志性风味物质。各品种毛豆脆粒主体风味物质间交互作用影响其总体风味。本研究为毛豆脆粒风味品质评价提供一定指导。     

食盐对鸡汤挥发性风味物质的影响

为探究食盐对鸡汤品质和挥发性风味物质的影响,以武定鸡与狄高鸡杂交系F₁为研究对象,采用料水比1:3、炖煮时间2 h进行炖煮鸡汤,通过顶空固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱-质谱联用(GC-MS)方法检测不同食盐添加量对鸡汤中挥发性风味物质的影响。结果表明,随着食盐添加量的增加,鸡汤风味成分增多,其中,鸡汤中含量较高的挥发性风味物质主要为醛类物质和醇类物质,醛类物质主要为己醛、庚醛、壬醛、2-庚烯醛、正辛醛、反式-2-辛烯酸等,醇类物质主要为正辛醇和庚醇。感官评价结果显示,当食盐添加量为2%时,鸡汤感官评分最高,且挥发性风味物质组成较为丰富。因此,当料水比1:3,炖煮2 h,食盐添加量为2%时,鸡汤的品质和食用最佳。本研究结果为探究食盐对鸡汤产品的挥发性成分提供了研究方法和科学依据。     

草莓叶主要挥发性物质的测定及其对草莓球腔菌的抑菌效果

为探究草莓叶片中挥发性物质对草莓球腔菌的抑菌作用,本研究测定了草莓叶片中主要挥发性物质,并以草莓球腔菌为处理对象,研究草莓叶片主要挥发性物质对其孢子萌发、菌丝生长以及线粒体膜电位的影响。结果表明,草莓叶片挥发性物质中的萜类化合物主要组分为芳樟醇、桃金娘烯醇,C6醛类化合物主要组分为己醛、2-己烯醛、反式-2-己烯醛、顺式-3-己烯醛等。当芳樟醇、桃金娘烯醇浓度为50 μL·L^-1,己醛浓度为5 μL·L^-1, 反式-2-己烯醛浓度为0.5 μL·L^-1,顺式-3-己烯醛浓度为5 μL·L^-1 熏蒸处理草莓球腔菌时,能显著抑制病原菌孢子的萌发和菌丝生长,并能使病原菌线粒体膜电位下降,从而抑制草莓球腔菌的生长且对草莓叶片无明显损伤。研究表明利用适宜浓度的芳樟醇、桃金娘烯醇、己醛、反式-2-己烯醛、顺式-3-己烯醛熏蒸处理,能够有效抑制草莓球腔菌的生长。本研究为研制新型天然植物病害抑菌剂提供了依据。     

不同品种和生长期嘉宝果叶片酚类及挥发性物质研究

为研究不同品种和生长期嘉宝果叶片酚类及挥发性物质的含量和组成,分别通过比色法、水蒸气蒸馏法和顶空-气相色谱/质谱联用技术,对沙巴、四季早生、福冈等9个品种嘉宝果老/嫩叶的总酚、总黄酮、精油含量和挥发性成分进行测定。结果表明,沙巴嫩叶的总酚含量(31.87%)最高;阿根廷嫩叶总黄酮含量(24.81%)最高;沙巴老叶精油含量(2.78‰)最高,其次为沙巴嫩叶(2.42‰)。老叶中相对含量在0.05%以上的挥发性化合物有31~44种,均以萜类为主;嫩叶中相对含量在0.05%以上的化合物有28~40种,同样以萜类为主。除沙巴、阿根廷、大红钻老/嫩叶和福冈老叶外,其余老/嫩叶均以倍半萜为优势成分。沙巴老叶主要成分为α-蒎烯、桉叶油醇;沙巴嫩叶为β-蒎烯和α-蒎烯;阿根廷老/嫩叶、大红钻嫩叶和白艾斯老叶为β-蒎烯;福冈老/嫩叶为β-石竹烯;四季早生、大巨红晶、艾斯卡老/嫩叶为β-胡椒烯;乔尼尔老/嫩叶为β-石竹烯、β-胡椒烯。主成分分析结果表明,单萜含氧衍生物、α-蒎烯、单萜烯、β-蒎烯、α-芹子烯是导致不同品种间嘉宝果老叶香气差异的主要物质;倍半萜烯、单萜烯、β-蒎烯、α-蒎烯、β-石竹烯是导致不同品种间嘉宝果嫩叶香气差异的主要物质。综上,沙巴嫩叶总酚含量最高,精油含量较高,活性挥发性物质蒎烯(α-蒎烯+β-蒎烯)相对含量高达62.41%,在抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化、抗肿瘤等方面有潜在的利用价值,在医药领域有极大的研究价值和开发潜力。     

6种食用芳香植物挥发性成分的GC-MS/GC-O分析

挥发性成分是芳香植物具有多样风味及香气性能的物质基础。为研究常见可食用芳香植物的挥发性成分及其风味特性的异同,构建特色芳香植物风味数据库,利用气相色谱-质谱联用技术分析经顶空法萃取的6种食用芳香植物(薄荷、藿香、罗勒、丁香罗勒、香薷及密花香薷)的挥发性成分,经气相嗅辨仪对其挥发性成分进行香气描述分析,对比研究6种芳香植物挥发性成分的异同及香气性能的差异。结果表明:6种芳香植物香气主要由萜烯类、醇类、酮类、醛类成分组成,含有少量的酯类、杂环类及芳香族类化合物,多具有辛辣、刺激、樟脑样香气及清新的柠檬、柑橘风味。薄荷中以具花香和柠檬样香气的香叶醇、香茅醇及柠檬醛、香叶醛含量较多;藿香中以左旋薄荷酮及草蒿脑为主,具木香及大茴香似香气特征;罗勒中丙烯酸酯和芳樟醇是其主体成分,辛辣味突出,花香显;而丁香酚成就了丁香罗勒的主体风味,似丁香花香,具辛辣香气;香薷中以具柠檬样香气的D-柠檬烯、柠檬醛、γ-萜品烯为主,柠檬醛和香叶醛为密花香薷的主体成分,整体偏辛辣,花香透,伴柠檬样清新香气。不同的挥发性成分,以一定的比例及含量组成呈现了芳香植物的特征香气。研究结果可为特色芳香植物的品种选育、香气品质提升及风味性能的研究提供科学数据参考。     

加热温度对牡蛎挥发性风味成分的影响

为探讨牡蛎挥发性风味与加工温度的关系,运用电子鼻和顶空固相微萃取气质联用技术（HS-SPME-GC-MS）对不同温度加热牡蛎的挥发性成分进行分析。结果表明,电子鼻能够灵敏地检测到牡蛎在加热过程中气味的变化,新鲜牡蛎在加热到1000C和1500C时气味发生明显变化。通过GC-MS从新鲜牡蛎、100℃加热牡蛎和150℃加热牡蛎中分别检出47、59和56种挥发性物质,己醛、反-2-,顺-6-壬二烯醛、庚醛、辛醛等醛类物质对新鲜牡蛎的风味影响较大,使其具有腥味、蘑菇及黄瓜的风味;经过100℃加热后,牡蛎的腥味减弱,肉香浓郁,醛类和杂环化合物是其主要的挥发性风味物质;150℃加热牡蛎的主要挥发性物质是烃类,杂环化合物对其烘烤风味的形成具有重要作用。     

Characterization of the odor-active volatiles in citrus Hyuganatsu (Citrus tamurana Hort. ex Tanaka)

The volatile components of Hyuganatsu (Citrus tamurana Hort. ex Tanaka) peel oil, isolated by cold-pressing, were investigated by chemical and sensory analyses. According to chemical analysis by GC and GC-MS, limonene (84.0%) was the most abundant compound, followed by gamma-terpinene (6.9%), myrcene (2.2%), alpha-pinene (1.2%), and linalool (1.0%). Monoterpene hydrocarbons were predominant in Hyuganatsu peel oil. The odor-active volatiles in Hyuganatsu flavor were studied by GC-olfactometry and omission tests. The characteristic flavor was present in the oxygenated fraction. Flavor dilution (FD) factors of the volatile flavor components of the Hyuganatsu cold-pressed oil were determined by aroma extraction dilution analysis (AEDA). Furthermore, relative flavor activity was investigated by means of FD factor and weight percent. Ten kinds of odor compounds having Hyuganatsu-like aroma were detected by AEDA: limonene, linalool, octanol, neral, neryl acetate, tridecanal, trans-carveol, cis-nerolidol, trans,trans-farnesyl acetate, and trans,trans-farnesol. Linalool and octanol were regarded as the most odor-active or key compounds of Hyuganatsu aroma. Diluted solutions of linalool and octanol of approximately 2 ppm gave a fresh and fruity aroma note similar to Hyuganatsu flavor.     

Characterization of the key aroma compounds in cooked grey mullet (Mugil cephalus) by application of aroma extract dilution analysis

Aroma and aroma-active compounds of wild grey mullet ( Mugil cephalus ) were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-olfactometry (GC-MS-O). According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract obtained by simultaneous distillation and extraction (SDE) was representative of grey mullet odor. A total of 50 aroma compounds were identified and quantified in grey mullet. Aldehydes were qualitatively and quantitatively the most dominant volatiles in grey mullet. Aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) was used for the determination of aroma-active compounds of fish sample. A total of 29 aroma-active compounds were detected in aromatic extract of grey mullet, of which 24 were identified. On the basis of the flavor dilution (FD) factor, the most powerful aroma active compounds identified in the extract were (Z)-4-heptenal and nonanal, which were described as the strong cooked fish and green-fruity odor, respectively.     

Characterization of volatile aroma compounds in cooked black rice

Black rice ( Oryza sativa L.), an aromatic specialty rice popular in Asia, has a unique flavor, the volatile chemistry of which has not been reported. The objectives of this research were to study volatile profiles of cooked black rice and to characterize the odor-active compounds. Thirty-five volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using a dynamic headspace system with Tenax trapping. Aldehydes and aromatics were quantitatively in the greatest abundance, accounting for 80.1% of total relative concentration of volatiles. The concentration of 2-acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) was high, exceeded only by hexanal, nonanal, and 2-pentylfuran. A total of 25 odor-active compounds, determined by gas chromatography-olfactometry, were applied to principal component analysis, demonstrating significant differences between a black and a traditional white rice cultivar in terms of aroma and explaining 93.0% of the total variation. 2-AP, guaiacol, indole, and p-xylene largely influenced the difference between the aroma in cooked black and white rice. 2-AP and guaiacol were major contributors to the unique character of black rice based on odor thresholds, relative concentrations, and olfactometry.     

Characterization of aroma-active compounds in raw and cooked pine-mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.)

The characteristic aroma-active compounds in raw and cooked pine-mushrooms (Tricholoma matsutake Sing.) were investigated by gas chromatography-olfactometry using aroma extract dilution analysis. 1-Octen-3-one (mushroom-like) was the major aroma-active compound in raw pine-mushrooms; this compound had the highest flavor dilution factor, followed by ethyl 2-methylbutyrate (floral and sweet), linalool (citrus-like), methional (boiled potato-like), 3-octanol (mushroom-like and buttery), 1-octen-3-ol (mushroom-like), (E)-2-octen-1-ol (mushroom-like), and 3-octanone (mushroom-like and buttery). By contrast, methional, 2-acetylthiazole (roasted), an unknown compound (chocolate-like), 3-hydroxy-2-butanone (buttery), and phenylacetaldehyde (floral and sweet), which could be formed by diverse thermal reactions during the cooking process, together with C8 compounds, were identified as the major aroma-active compounds in cooked pine-mushrooms.     

Characterization of the most odor-active volatiles of orange wine made from a Turkish cv. Kozan (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck)

The aroma-active compounds of cv. Turkish Kozan orange wine were analyzed by sensory and instrumental analyses. Liquid-liquid extraction with dichloromethane was used for extraction of volatile components. According to sensory analysis, the aromatic extract obtained by liquid-liquid extraction was representative of orange wine odor. A total of 63 compounds were identified and quantified in orange wine. The results of the gas chromatography-olfactometry analysis showed that 35 odorous compounds were detected by the panelists. Of these, 28 aroma-active compounds were identified. Alcohols followed by terpenes and esters were the most abundant aroma-active compounds of the orange wine. Among these compounds, ethyl butanoate (fruity sweet), 3-methyl-1-pentanol (roasty), linalool (floral citrusy), gamma-butyrolactone (cheesy burnt sugar), 3-(methylthio)-propanol (boiled potato, rubber), geraniol (floral citrusy), and 2-phenylethanol (floral rose) were the most important contributors to the aroma of the orange wine because they were perceived by all eight panelists.     

Comparison of odor-active compounds from six distinctly different rice flavor types

Using a dynamic headspace system with Tenax trap, GC-MS, GC-olfactometry (GC-O), and multivariate analysis, the aroma chemistry of six distinctly different rice flavor types (basmati, jasmine, two Korean japonica cultivars, black rice, and a nonaromatic rice) was analyzed. A total of 36 odorants from cooked samples were characterized by trained assessors. Twenty-five odorants had an intermediate or greater intensity (odor intensity >or= 3) and were considered to be major odor-active compounds. Their odor thresholds in air were determined using GC-O. 2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2-AP) had the lowest odor threshold (0.02 ng/L) followed by 11 aldehydes (ranging from 0.09 to 3.1 ng/L), guaiacol (1.5 ng/L), and 1-octen-3-ol (2.7 ng/L). On the basis of odor thresholds and odor activity values (OAVs), the importance of each major odor-active compound was assessed. OAVs for 2-AP, hexanal, ( E)-2-nonenal, octanal, heptanal, and nonanal comprised >97% of the relative proportion of OAVs from each rice flavor type, even though the relative proportion varied among samples. Thirteen odor-active compounds [2-AP, hexanal, ( E)-2-nonenal, octanal, heptanal, nonanal, 1-octen-3-ol, ( E)-2-octenal, ( E, E)-2,4-nonadienal, 2-heptanone, ( E, E)-2,4-decadienal, decanal, and guaiacol] among the six flavor types were the primary compounds explaining the differences in aroma. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the individual rice flavor types could be separated and characterized using these compounds, which may be of potential use in rice-breeding programs focusing on flavor.     

Characterization of the most odor-active compounds in an American Bourbon whisky by application of the aroma extract dilution analysis

Application of the aroma extract dilution analysis (AEDA) on the volatile fraction carefully isolated from an American Bourbon whisky revealed 45 odor-active areas in the flavor dilution (FD) factor range of 32-4096 among which (E)-beta-damascenone and delta-nonalactone showed the highest FD factors of 4096 and 2048, respectively. With FD factors of 1024, (3S,4S)-cis-whiskylactone, gamma-decalactone, 4-allyl-2-methoxyphenol (eugenol), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy-benzaldehyde (vanillin) additionally contributed to the overall vanilla-like, fruity, and smoky aroma note of the spirit. Application of GC-Olfactometry on the headspace above the whisky revealed 23 aroma-active odorants among which 3-methylbutanal, ethanol, and 2-methylbutanal were identified as additional important aroma compounds. Compared to published data on volatile constituents in whisky, besides ranking the whisky odorants on the basis of their odor potency, 13 aroma compounds were newly identified in this study: ethyl (S)-2-methylbutanoate, (E)-2-heptenal, (E,E)-2,4-nonadienal, (E)-2-decenal, (E,E)-2,4-decadienal, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, ethyl phenylacetate, 4-methyl acetophenone, alpha-damascone, 2-phenylethyl propanoate, 3-hydroxy-4,5-dimethyl-2(5H)-furanone, trans-ethyl cinnamate, and (Z)-6-dodeceno-gamma-lactone.     

The compositions of volatiles and aroma-active compounds in dried omija fruits (Schisandra chinensis Baillon) according to the cultivation areas

Differences in the compositions of volatiles from dried omija fruits (Schisandra chinensis Baillon) cultivated in different areas (Mungyeong, Jangsu, Jechon, and Hoengseong) in South Korea were determined by applying principal component analysis to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry data sets. Quantitative assessments revealed that terpene hydrocarbons, such as germacrene D, β-selinene, α-ylangene, β-elemene, α-selinene, and (E)-β-farnesene, were the main volatiles in all omija fruit samples. On the other hand, (E)-β-ocimene, calarene, (E)-β-farnesene, β-selinene, nonanal, 2-methylbutanoic acid, benzoic acid, 2,3-butanediol, and phenethyl alcohol were the major volatile components that contributed to the discrimination between omija fruit samples from the four cultivation areas. In addition, aroma-active compounds in four dried omija fruits were investigated and compared by gas chromatography-olfactometry using aroma extract dilution analysis. (E)-β-Ocimene (floral and herbaceous), α-pinene (pine-like and woody), hexanal (cut grass-like), 5-methylfurfural (burnt sugar-like and sweet), and α-terpinene (minty, green, and fresh) were important aroma-active compounds in all omija samples. Interestingly, the flavor dilution factors of most aroma-active compounds were lower for omija sample cultivated in Hoengseong than for those cultivated in Mungyeong, Jangsu, and Jechon.