7-(1-酰基哌嗪-4-基)甲基喜树碱衍生物的合成及杀虫活性

以(20S)-喜树碱(CPT)为原料,根据类同合成法和亚结构连接法原理,对CPT的7-C位进行修饰,得到了系列新型7-(1-酰基哌嗪-4-基)甲基喜树碱衍生物(4a~4m),所有衍生物的结构均通过核磁共振氢谱(1H NM R)和液-质联用(LC-M S)等方法确证;并初步测定了其对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus和松材线虫Bursaphelenchu xylophilus的室内杀虫活性。结果表明:与喜树碱相比,各衍生物均表现出不同程度的杀虫活性,其中化合物7-[1-(4-甲氧基苯酰基)哌嗪-4-基]-甲基喜树碱(4g)和7-(1-环戊酰基哌嗪-4-基)-甲基喜树碱(4j)对朱砂叶螨24 h的半数致死浓度(LC50值)分别为8.10和9.05 mg/L,对松材线虫的LC50值分别为6.34和6.68 mg/L。研究结果可为喜树碱衍生物杀虫活性构效关系研究奠定基础。     

新型喜树碱类药性分子的合成与杀螨活性

应用三组分“一锅法”合成了一系列新型喜树碱类药性分子 4a~4n、5a~5n 和 7a~7f ,所有目标化合物均经核磁共振氢谱和质谱确证。室内杀螨活性测定结果表明,所有化合物对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus均有不同程度的杀螨活性,其中化合物 4l （LC₅₀:25.93 mg/L）和 7d （LC₅₀:28.16 mg/L）的杀螨活性与喜树碱（LC₅₀:24.55 mg/L）的相当。该研究为进一步开展喜树碱作为先导的新农药设计与研究提供了基础。     

姜黄素嘧啶酮衍生物的合成及杀螨活性

在明确姜黄素具有杀螨活性,且其结构中的双羰基并非是起杀螨作用的关键基团的基础上,设计、合成了4个新颖的姜黄素嘧啶酮衍生物,其结构经红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱和质谱分析确认。生物活性测定结果表明:4个目标化合物均表现出优于母体化合物姜黄素的杀螨活性,处理48 h后,活性最好的4,6-二 -2-嘧啶酮(3a)对朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus和柑橘全爪螨Panoychus cotri的LC50值分别为487.5和200.3 mg/L,其毒力约为姜黄素的4倍;而处理72 h后,化合物 3a 对朱砂叶螨的LC50值为40.7 mg/L,其毒力约为姜黄素的14倍。     

N-((5-烷硫基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-2-基)甲基溴代吡咯腈的合成及生物活性

为了发现农药活性的新化合物,以溴代吡咯腈为原料,通过亲核取代、肼解和成环等反应,设计合成了一系列N-((5-烷硫基-1,3,4-噁二唑)-2-基)甲基溴代吡咯腈目标化合物( 5a ~ 5t ),所有化合物的结构均得到核磁共振氢谱和高分辨质谱确证。杀菌活性测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物具有一定的抑菌活性,其中化合物 5h 对水稻稻瘟病菌Magnaporthe oryzae的抑制率为60.07%,优于对照药剂咯菌腈(58.21%)。杀虫与杀螨活性测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura和朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus雌成螨具有一定的杀虫和杀螨活性,但均低于对照药剂虫螨腈(100%)。杀线虫生物测定结果显示:在浓度为0.20 mmol/L时,大部分目标化合物表现出优异的杀线虫活性,其中化合物 5k 、 5r 和 5s 对秀丽隐杆线虫Caenorhabditis elegans的LC₅₀值分别为0.0918、0.0733和0.0810 mmol/L,优于对照药剂噻唑膦(0.2798 mmol/L)。本研究所合成的目标化合物具有一定的杀菌、杀虫、杀螨和杀线虫活性,可为溴代吡咯腈衍生物的设计和合成提供参考。     

4,5,5-三氟-N-(杂芳基甲基)戊-4-烯酰胺的合成及杀线虫活性

植物寄生线虫可能对全球农作物造成严重的危害.本研究设计合成了15个未见文献报道的4,5,5-三氟戊-4-烯酰胺衍生物,并测定了它们的离体活性和在沙土中的活体杀线虫活性,且进一步研究了沙土活体活性较好的化合物在基质中的活体杀线虫活性.离体测试结果表明:部分目标化合物表现出较好的杀线虫活性,其中含呋喃环的化合物B8对南方根...     

含酰腙结构的新型吡唑酰胺衍生物对小菜蛾的生物活性

采用浸虫法、夹毒叶片法和叶碟法分别测定了13个含酰腙结构的新型吡唑酰胺衍生物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫的触杀、胃毒和拒食活性。结果表明:该类化合物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫具有较高的胃毒和拒食活性,其中苯环上含有氯原子、且酰腙一端的取代基含有杂原子且体积较小的化合物 H7的胃毒和拒食活性最好,明显高于对照药剂毒死蜱。H7 72 h胃毒作用LC50值为0.6 mg/L(毒死蜱的LC50值为7.4 mg/L);有10个化合物的拒食活性高于毒死蜱,其中 H7 48 h的拒食中浓度(AFC50) 最低,为0.6 mg/L,明显低于毒死蜱(AFC50=6.5 mg/L)。供试化合物对小菜蛾3龄幼虫均无触杀活性。     

N-取代苯基-4-(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-5-基)噻吩-2-甲酰胺的合成、杀菌活性及分子对接

为了寻找结构新颖的琥珀酸脱氢酶 (SDH) 类衍生物，在前期发现吡唑联苯甲酰胺基础上，采用骨架跃迁的策略，设计并合成了18个N-取代苯基-4-(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-5-基) 噻吩-2-甲酰胺类衍生物 ( 3a~3n ， 4a ~ 4d )，其中17个为新化合物。通过 1H NMR、13C NMR 和高分辨质谱 (HRMS) 确证了化合物的结构。离体杀菌活性测试结果表明:部分化合物对小麦赤霉病菌Fusarium graminearum、马铃薯早疫病菌Alternaria solani和草莓灰霉病菌 Botrytis cinerea 显示出较好的杀菌活性，其中化合物 3k 和 4d 对小麦赤霉病菌的EC₅₀值分别为18.5和14.3 mg/L，化合物 4d 对马铃薯早疫病菌的EC₅₀值为15.7 mg/L，活性略高于对照药剂噻呋酰胺 (EC₅₀值27.8 mg/L)，化合物 3k 和 3m 对草莓灰霉病菌的EC₅₀值分别为15.3和 9.9 mg/L，与噻呋酰胺活性 (EC₅₀值10.4 mg/L) 相当。分子对接研究结果显示:具有较高活性的化合物N-(4-氟苯基乙基)-4-(1-甲基-1H-吡唑-5-基) 噻吩-2-甲酰胺 ( 3m ) 与靶酶 (SDH) 的氨基酸残基之间存在较强的氢键作用。     

天维菌素酰化衍生物的合成及杀虫杀螨活性

以天维菌素B、天维菌素B单糖苷和天维菌素B苷元为原料,经选择性C-5羟基保护,在C-13、C-4′和C-4″位引入不同酰基基团,合成了3个系列共23个天维菌素B酰化衍生物,并通过1H NMR、13C NMR和高分辨质谱对所有目标化合物的结构进行了表征。生物活性测定结果表明,所有衍生物对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella、朱砂叶螨Tetranychus cinnabarinus以及松材线虫Bursaphelenchus xylophilus均表现出不同程度的毒杀活性,其中天维菌素B C-4″位衍生物的活性优于C-4′位衍生物及13位衍生物。化合物8e对小菜蛾和松材线虫的毒杀活性最优,LC50值分别为9.2 mg/L和0.42 mg/L,化合物8b对朱砂叶螨的毒性最高,LC50值为0.0019 mg/L,均优于对照药天维菌素B。     

双杂环基甲酮类化合物的设计、合成及杀线虫活性

植物寄生线虫可直接或间接地危害全球各类作物，造成严重的经济损失。本文设计并合成了27个未见文献报道的双杂环基甲酮类化合物，并测定了化合物在离体条件下对南方根结线虫Meloidogyne incognita的致死率及其在在沙土与基质土壤中对由南方根结线虫造成的植物根结的抑制率(活体测试)。离体测试结果表明，除化合物D1和E3在40 mg/L下72 h时对南方根结线虫的致死率分别为70.03%和71.26%外，大部分目标化合物对其无致死活性。活体测试结果表明：40 mg/L时化合物B1、B2、B5、C4、D2、E6和E9在沙土中对植物根结的抑制率均在90%以上，其中D2在5 mg/L时抑制率最高，达87.61%，且高于先导化合物B1；而在基质土壤中，化合物B5的抑制活性最强，在40 mg/L时抑制率为77.67%。初步的构效关系分析表明，不带取代基的(5-(2-噻吩基)-2-噻唑基)-2-噻吩甲酮(D2)化合物具有更好的杀线虫活性。     

36种中草药提取物杀松材线虫活性研究

为了从中草药中寻找高效杀线虫活性物质,本文测定了36种中草药提取物对松材线虫及其卵的毒杀活性。结果表明,牡丹皮、黄连和大黄3种中药的乙醇提取物杀线虫活性较强,以提取物浓度为10 g/L处理松材线虫72 h后,校正死亡率均为100%。3种中药提取物处理松材线虫72 h后半致死浓度（LC50）分别为1.81、0.2638和1.07 g/L。杀卵活性结果表明,3种中药提取物处理72 h后,线虫卵的孵化率均低于20%,虫卵的校正死亡率均高于60%。利用乙酸乙酯和水作溶剂对3种中草药进行初步的杀线活性成分分离的结果表明,牡丹皮的杀线活性物质存在于乙酸乙酯萃取物中,黄连和大黄的杀线活性物质存在于水萃取物中。3种中药的不同萃取物处理松材线虫72 h后的LC50分别为0.712、2.370和0.067 g/L。     

Synthesis of novel derivatives of camptothecin as potential insecticides

In an attempt to find the biorational pesticides, a series of novel camptothecin derivatives were synthesized via a simple modification of the carbodiimide method using the combination of scandium triflate (Sc(OTf)₃) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP), and their structures were identified by IR, ESR, HRMS and ¹H NMR. Their antifeedant effect and insecticidal activity against third-instar larva of Mythimna separate were examined. The results of preliminary bioassays showed that these compounds exhibited less potent antifeedant activity than camptothecin. Also, all of these derivatives of camptothecin showed delayed insecticidal activity, which differs from traditional neurotoxic insecticides. The results suggested that 20-hydroxyl group in the camptothecin derivatives is essential to keep the insecticidal activity and nature of the substitutes has a major impact on insecticidal activity of these compounds.     

Effects of insecticide acetamiprid on photosystem II (PSII) activity of Synechocystis sp. (FACHB-898)

Effects of insecticide acetamiprid on photosystem II (PSII) activity of Synechocystis sp. were investigated by a variety of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence tests. Acetamiprid exposure increased the proportion of inactivated PSII reactive centers (PSII_X) and led to loss of active centers (PSII_A). High concentration (1.0 mM) acetamiprid decreased amplitude of the fast phase and increased the slow phase of fluorescence decay during reoxidation. The electron transport after Q_A was hindered by high concentration acetamiprid and more Q_A had to be reoxidized through S₂(Q_AQ_B)⁻ charge recombination. Acetamiprid decreased the density of the active reaction centers, electron transport flux per cross section and the performance of PSII activity but had little effect on dissipated energy flux per reaction center, antenna size and the maximum quantum yield for primary photochemistry (F_v/F_m). The target site of acetamiprid toxicity to the PSII of Synechocystis sp. was electron transfer on the acceptor side.     

Triazophos resistance mechanisms in the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker)

A field population of the rice stem borer (Chilo suppressalis Walker) with 203.3-fold resistance to triazophos was collected. After 8-generation of continuous selection with triazophos in laboratory, resistance increased to 787.2-fold, and at the same time, the resistance to isocarbophos and methamidophos was also enhanced by 1.9- and 1.4-fold, respectively, implying some cross-resistance between triazophos and these two organophosphate insecticides. Resistance to abamectin was slightly enhanced by triazophos selection, and fipronil and methomyl decreased. Synergism experiments in vivo with TPP, PBO, and DEM were performed to gain a potential indication of roles of detoxicating enzymes in triazophos resistance. The synergism results revealed that TPP (SR, 1.92) and PBO (SR 1.63) had significant synergistic effects on triazophos in resistant rice borers. While DEM (SR 0.83) showed no effects. Assays of enzyme activity in vitro demonstrated that the resistant strain had higher activity of esterase and microsomal O-demethylase than the susceptible strain (1.20- and 1.30-fold, respectively). For glutathione S-transferase activity, no difference was found between the resistant and the susceptible strain when DCNB was used as substrate. However, 1.28-fold higher activity was observed in the resistant strain when CDNB was used. These results showed that esterase and microsomal-O-demethylase play some roles in the resistance. Some iso-enzyme of glutathione S-transferase may involve in the resistance to other insecticides, for this resistant strain was selected from a field population with multiple resistance background. Acetylcholinesterase as the triazophos target was also compared. The results revealed significant differences between the resistant and susceptible strain. The V_max and K_m of the enzyme in resistant strain was only 32 and 65% that in the susceptible strain, respectively. Inhibition tests in vitro showed that I₅₀ of triazophos on AChE of the resistant strain was 2.52-fold higher. Therefore, insensitive AChE may also involved in triazophos resistance mechanism of rice stem borer.     

Metabolism of the 1,2,4-triazolylmethane fungicides,triadimefon, triadimenol,and diclobutrazol,by Aspergillus niger (van Tiegh.)

Metabolism of the triazolylmethane fungicides triadimefon, triadimenol, and diclobutrazol by Aspergillus niger was studied using a replacement culture technique and ¹⁴C substrates. Components of metabolite mixtures were characterized by TLC, GLC, radio-GC, and GC-MS analyses of the free materials and their trifluoroacetate and trimethylsilyl ether derivatives. The three compounds underwent a common metabolic change involving oxidation of C(CH₃)₃ to C(CH₃)₂CH₂OH. In this work the isopropyl analog of triadimefon, previously reported as a metabolite, was an artifact and resulted from nonbiological oxidation of the corresponding primary alcohol. The fungus also reduced triadimefon to triadimenol, giving a mixture of 1R2S, 1S2R and 1R2R, 1S2S diastereoisomers. The less fungitoxic 1R2S, 1S2R triadimenol predominated, so that this conversion may be directly associated with the relative insensitivity of A. niger to triadimefon. Implications of oxidative and reductive metabolism of these fungicides are suggested with particular reference to the differing fungitoxicities of diastereoisomers and enantiomers.     

Resistance selection and biochemical mechanism of resistance to two Acaricides in Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boiduval)

A Tetranychus cinnabarinus strain was collected from Chongqing, China. After 42 generations of selection with abamectin and 20 generations of selection with fenpropathrin in the laboratory, this T. cinnabarinus strain developed 8.7- and 28.7-fold resistance, respectively. Resistance to abamectin in AbR (abamectin resistant strain) and to fenpropathrin in FeR (fenpropathrin resistant strain) was partially suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), diethyl maleate (DEM) and triphenyl phosphate (TPP), inhibitors of mixed function oxidase (MFO), glutathione S-transferases (GST), and hydrolases, respectively, suggesting that these three enzyme families are important in conferring abamectin and fenpropathrin resistance in T. cinnabarinus. The major resistant mechanism to abamectin was the increasing activities of carboxylesterases (CarE), glutathione-S-transferase (GST) and mixed function oxidase (MFO), and the activity in resistant strain developed 2.7-, 3.4- and 1.4-fold contrasted to that in susceptible strain, respectively. The activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in the FeR strain developed 2.8-fold when compared with the susceptible strain, which meant the resistance to fenpropathrin was related with the activity increase of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) in T. cinnabarinus. The result of the kinetic mensuration of carboxylesterases (CarE) showed that the structure of CarE in the AbR has been changed.     

Toxicological and biochemical characterizations of AChE in Liposcelis bostrychophila Badonnel (Psocoptera: Liposcelididae)

The toxicological and biochemical characteristics of acetylcholinesterases (AChE) in the resistant and susceptible strains (SS) of Liposcelis bostrychophila were investigated. The two resistant strains were the dichlorvos-resistant strain (DDVP-R) and the phosphine-resistant strain (PH₃-R) with resistance ratios of 22.36 and 4.51, respectively. Compared to their susceptible counterpart, the AChE activity per insect and the specific activity of AChE in DDVP-R and PH₃-R were significantly higher. There were also significant kinetic differences between DDVP-R and PH₃-R. The apparent Michaelis-Menten constant (K_m) for acetylthiocholine iodide (ATChI) was obviously lower in SS than that in PH₃-R, indicating a higher affinity to the substrate ATChI in the susceptible strains. The affinity for the substrate ATChI in DDVP-R and SS were not significantly different. The V_max value of the PH₃-R was significantly greater when compared to the V_max for the SS suggesting a possible over expression of AChE in this resistant strain. The inhibition of AChE to insecticide exposure in vitro revealed that all six insecticides were inhibitory for the extracted AChE’s. Based on the I₅₀ values, AChE of the SS were more sensitive to dichlorvos, paraoxon-ethyl, malaoxon and demeton-S-methyl than those of the two resistant strains. As for carbaryl and eserine, the PH₃-R suggested a significantly higher I₅₀s compared to the susceptible strain, while, no significant differences were found between SS and DDVP-R.     

N-取代苯基-2-(苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮-2-基)甲酰胺的合成及抑菌活性

通过取代苯异氰酸酯与1,2-苯并异噻唑啉-2(3H)-酮(BIT)反应,制备了13个2-(苯并异噻唑啉-3-酮-2-基)甲酰胺类化合物,其中9个未见文献报道。所有化合物的结构均经IR、1H NMR和元素分析确认。初步的抑菌活性测定结果表明,部分目标化合物对供试病原菌具有很好的抑菌活性,尤其对于枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis和芒果蒂腐病菌Botryodiplodia theobromae,大部分化合物在50 mg/L下的抑制率在80%~100%之间。     

Enzymatic dynamics of catechol oxidase from Gastrolina depressa

Properties of the phenoloxidase (PO) from adult of Gastrolina depressa Baly (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) as well as effects of some metal ions and inhibitors on the activity of PO purified by (NH₄)₂SO₄ were determined. The optimal pH and temperature of the enzyme for the oxidation of catechol were determined to be at pH 7.5 and at 40 °C, respectively. The kinetic parameters for the oxidation of L-DOPA and catechol by the PO were 15.01 and 9.17 mM, respectively. The PO activity was strongly inhibited by Zn²⁺ and Cu²⁺, different to Mg²⁺ slightly. Both ascorbic acid and cysteine exhibited competitive inhibition and the inhibitory constants (K_i) were determined to be 2.22 mM and 0.40 mM, respectively.     

Esterase-mediated malathion resistance in the human head louse, Pediculus capitis (Anoplura: Pediculidae)

Resistance in a dual malathion- and permethrin-resistant head louse strain (BR-HL) was studied. BR-HL was 3.6- and 3.7-fold more resistant to malathion and permethrin, respectively, compared to insecticide-susceptible EC-HL. S,S,S-Tributylphosphorotrithioate synergized malathion toxicity by 2.1-fold but not permethrin toxicity in BR-HL. Piperonyl butoxide did not synergize malathion or permethrin toxicity. Malathion carboxylesterase (MCE) activity was 13.3-fold and general esterase activity was 3.9-fold higher in BR-HL versus EC-HL. There were no significant differences in phosphotriesterase, glutathione S-transferase, and acetylcholinesterase activities between strains. There was no differential sensitivity in acetylcholinesterase inhibition by malaoxon. Esterases from BR-HL had higher affinities and hydrolysis efficiencies versus EC-HL using various naphthyl-substituted esters. Protein content of BR-HL females and males was 1.6- and 1.3-fold higher, respectively, versus EC-HL adults. Electrophoresis revealed two esterases with increased intensity and a unique esterase associated with BR-HL. Thus, increased MCE activity and over-expressed esterases appear to be involved in malathion resistance in the head louse.