家蝇的养殖及其生理生化研究进展

家蝇是一种重要的可再生性昆虫资源。蝇蛆(家蝇幼虫)具有很高的营养价值,可用作动物饲料;其体壁富含几丁质,是药物的原材料;体内含有特殊的抗菌物质,具有很强的抗菌作用。本文综述了家蝇的生物学、生理生化特征、抗菌物质的应用、大量培养方法以及基因操作方面的进展,为可生性昆虫资源的研究提供了参考。     

红树内生细菌RS261抗菌物质的发酵优化和眭质分析

RS261是一株来自红海榄（Rhizophora stylosa）叶片内对辣椒疫病具有良好防病效果的生防细菌。通过55%硫酸铵沉淀获得的抗菌蛋白液对辣椒炭疽病菌等多种植物病原菌具有强烈的抑制作用,该蛋白对热稳定、对蛋白酶K不敏感,但对胃蛋白酶和紫外线较敏感,在pH6.0～7.0时抗菌活性最强;优化后的培养基配方为：马铃薯200 g/L、蛋白胨5 g/L、蔗糖20 g/L,适宜培养条件是：初始pH6.5、接种量5%、装液量为150 mL/250 mL、振荡培养72 h时,产生的抗菌蛋白最多。     

枯草芽孢杆菌B-903菌株的研究Ⅲ.影响抗菌物质产生和积累的主要因素

培养液的初始 p H值直接影响 B- 90 3菌株的生长繁殖 ,从而对其抗菌物质的产生和积累产生重要影响。 p H值小于 5时 ,不利于细菌生长繁殖 ,滤液中抗菌物质活性弱 ;p H值在 6～ 8时有利于细菌的增殖 ,抗菌活性亦最强。培养过程中供氧条件与菌体繁殖和抑菌活性呈正相关 ,而培养液初始接菌量高时可缩短抗菌物质出现的时间。基本营养物质的初步筛选试验证明 :大米粉、豆饼粉、麦麸、酵母粉和 Ca CO3 及 KH2 PO4是发酵培养基中最佳的营养物质 ,可满足抗菌物质产生对碳、氮和矿物质的营养需求。B- 90 3的发酵过程可分为两个阶段 :在 30℃下 ,2 4小时内 ,细菌数量达最大值 ,p H值由低向高变化 ,但此阶段检测不出抗菌物质的活性 ;第二阶段 ,培养 41小时后 ,抗菌物质活性开始显露 ,至 112小时后达最大值 ,p H值也逐渐由高变低。培养过程中 ,p H值的变化对细菌繁殖和抗菌物质的产生与积累有明显的伴随关系     

吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌JK-SH007的发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的防治效果

本文研究了拮抗细菌吡咯伯克霍尔德氏菌Burkholderia pyrrocinia菌株JK-SH007产抗菌物质的最佳发酵条件及其对杨树溃疡病的野外防治效果。结果表明,牛肉膏、蛋白胨是发酵培养基中最佳营养物质,有利于菌株JK-SH007抗菌物质的产生;培养基初始pH、培养时间、温度、培养体积、不同牛肉膏、蛋白胨组合等对菌株生长及其抗菌物质的产生有明显的影响,初始pH7、牛肉膏2g、蛋白胨20g、以1/2装液量装液、30℃振荡培养36h可获得较高产量的胞外分泌型抗菌物质;菌株JK-SH007的发酵液对杨树溃疡病的野外防效可达40.54%。     

细菌诱导家蝇蛹抗菌物质的分离纯化

家蝇生境中充满病原菌,其有效的防防机制成为研究的热点。通过三氟乙酸缓冲液浸提、热处理、固相萃取以及两次RP-HPLC等方法,从混合细菌液诱导的家蝇蛹中分离纯化出4种具有抗菌活性的物质。结果表明,提取的家蝇蛹粗提液抗菌谱较广,对多种微生物具有不同程度的抗菌作用,且抗菌效果好于天然肽类防腐剂和一些化学防腐保鲜剂。4种抗菌物质中包括3个抗菌肽和1个抗菌化合物。Tricine-SDS-PAGE结果显示3个抗菌肽的分子量分别约为12kDa、8kDa和4kDa。本研究表明细菌诱导家蝇蛹中具有丰富的抗菌物质。     

家蝇免疫血淋巴对几种动,植物病原菌的抑菌作用

针刺损伤诱导的家蝇三龄幼虫免疫血淋巴对几种动、植物病原菌具有抗菌活性。同时、未经诱导的家蝇幼虫血淋巴也具有抗菌活性，但外源诱导能衡旺增强抗菌物质的活性，家蝇的免疫血淋巴中的抗菌物质具有热稳定性和耐冷冻贮藏的特性。     

培养条件对枯草芽孢杆菌G8抗菌蛋白含量的影响及蛋白液对黄瓜菌核病的生防效果

为确定不同培养条件对枯草芽孢杆菌G8抗菌蛋白含量的影响,用硫酸铵沉淀法提取了不同pH,以及不同温度、装液量和培养时间下获得的发酵液中的抗菌粗蛋白,测定了其浓度和对黄瓜菌核病菌Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary的抑制活性。结果表明,在Luria Bertani培养基条件下,适宜发酵产生抗菌蛋白的pH值、温度、装液量、培养时间和摇床转速分别为7.0、37℃、75 mL/250 mL(250 mL容器中装75 mL液体)、36 h和180 r/min。在此优化条件下,1 L发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀后的蛋白量达 48.4 mg。对在上述条件下获得的G8抗菌粗蛋白进行了温室及田间试验。结果表明,浓度为310.5 μg/mL的G8对黄瓜菌核病的保护效果和防治效果分别为 76.14%和 69.30%;G8抗菌粗蛋白与高岭土1∶ 2(V ∶ W)制成的膏剂对田间黄瓜茎部菌核病斑的治愈率为65.07%。     

地衣芽孢杆菌WIO发酵产生抗茵蛋白的研究

地衣芽孢杆菌BacilluslicheniformisW10是1株生防细菌,其能产生抗菌蛋白,对多种植物病原菌有较好的抑制效果。本试验研究了菌株W10产生抗菌蛋白的发酵条件,为工厂化生产工艺提供技术支持。试验结果表明,接种菌龄12h,2％接种量,发酵液pH7．0,发酵培养60h是菌株W10产生抗菌蛋白的适宜发酵条件。控制发酵温度有利于抗菌蛋白积累,第一段温度为30℃培养20h,第二段温度为28℃至发酵结束。最佳溶氧量为20％。2次补料发酵效果要高于分批发酵,补料为500mL含10g．L-1葡萄糖和5g·L-1蛋白胨的培养基;选用200mg·L-1聚氧丙烯聚氧乙烯甘油醚（GPE消泡剂,泡敌）为消泡剂。利用优化的控制条件发酵培养菌株W10,与优化前相比,对目标病菌的抑菌率增加了34．6％。     

绛红褐链霉菌YSSPG3的鉴定及其抗菌蛋白纯化

 从四川碧峰峡撑×绿杂交竹健康植株根际分离到对杂交竹梢枯病菌(Arthrinium phaeospermum)有强拮抗作用的放线菌菌株YSSPG3,该菌株的无菌发酵液对多种真菌和细菌具有抗菌活性。通过对菌株YSSPG3的形态特征、培养特性、生理生化特性、细胞壁组分与16S rDNA 序列分析,确定为绛红褐链霉菌(Streptomyces purpeofuscus)。采用硫酸铵沉淀和柱层析法对发酵液中起主要抑菌作用的抗菌物质进行分离纯化,获得单一的抗菌蛋白AMP,分子量为5 075.619 Da,等电点为6.77。抗菌蛋白在温度≥60℃和pH＜7,以及紫外线照射时间≥12 h的环境下抑菌活性均明显下降,但受蛋白酶K、胰蛋白酶和氯仿影响不大,无几丁质酶、葡聚糖酶等水解酶活性。利用Edman降解法测定抗菌蛋白N末端25个氨基酸序列,与来自 Streptomyces tendae  Tü901 的chitin-binding protein AFP1的同源性较高,为81.00%。     

致病杆菌和发光杆菌抗菌代谢产物研究进展

致病杆菌Xenorhabdus和发光杆菌Photorhabdus是昆虫病原线虫肠道共生细菌,具有对宿主昆虫致病和对寄主线虫共生的双重特性,是一类特殊的生防细菌资源,其代谢产物具有广泛的杀虫和抑菌功能。本文综述了近年来昆虫病原线虫共生细菌产生的抗菌物质、编码抗菌代谢产物的基因及抗菌机制的研究进展。     

不同光照条件对脱镁叶绿酸钠光敏抑菌活性的影响

脱镁叶绿酸钠是叶绿素代谢中间产物脱镁叶绿酸a的水溶性钠盐，具有良好的光敏抑菌活性。为探索光照条件对其抑菌活性的影响，采用菌丝生长速率法，研究在不同光照度、光波长及光照时间条件下，脱镁叶绿酸钠对忽视拟盘多毛孢Pestalotiopsis neglecta的抑制作用。结果表明:20 mg/mL的脱镁叶绿酸钠在照度为2 000 lx的白光照射下对菌丝生长的抑制率为83.7%，在黑暗条件下抑制率为77.0%，表明光照对脱镁叶绿酸钠抑菌活性有显著影响 (P < 0.05)；此外，白光的效果好于单色光；光照度及光照时间对抑菌活性也有显著影响，其中当照度为16 000 lx且光照时间为24 h时抑菌作用最强。     

黄皮甲醇提取物的抑真菌作用

采用生长速率法测定了黄皮植株甲醇提取物对香蕉炭疽病菌等12种植物病原真菌的生物活性．研究结果表明：黄皮植株甲醇提取物,对香蕉炭疽病菌和辣椒炭疽病菌等有一定的活性;在10mg／mL的浓度下,黄皮果核、树皮、枝叶和花索的甲醇提取物,对香蕉炭疽病菌菌丝生长的抑制率分别为88．83％、84．61％、72．23％和50．11％;黄皮果核甲醇提取物对香蕉炭疽病菌的EC50为4．34mg／mL。黄皮果核甲醇提取物的石油醚、氯仿、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇萃取组分对香蕉炭疽病菌的活性研究表明,氯仿层的活性最高,抑制率为86．11％。黄皮果核甲醇提取物的氯仿萃取物对香蕉炭疽病菌的EC50为2．37mg／mL。     

短短芽胞杆菌对植物病原真菌的抑菌活性和抑菌机理

为探讨短短芽胞杆菌菌株011对植物病原真菌的防控效果,采用平皿打孔法测定菌株011粗提液对14种植物病原真菌的抑制作用,并以番茄早疫病为研究对象,研究了其抑菌机理。结果显示,菌株011粗提液对14种病原真菌均有抑菌活性,其中对番茄早疫病菌的抑菌活性最强,抑菌率达45.9%;菌株011粗提液能导致番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长异常,抑制孢子萌发;对番茄早疫病菌菌丝生长的EC50为71.4 mg/m L,对孢子萌发的EC50和MIC分别为0.12 mg/m L和0.8 mg/m L;该粗提液能引起番茄早疫病菌菌丝的脂质过氧化程度和细胞内过氧化氢含量上升,菌丝细胞膜的蛋白质合成量下降,当粗提液浓度高于50 mg/m L时,菌丝细胞膜的麦角甾醇合成量下降;该粗提液还能降低番茄早疫病菌胞外果胶酶和纤维素酶的活性。研究表明,菌株011粗提液可作为生防制剂应用于植物病原真菌的防治。     

21种药用植物提取物对柑橘青霉病抑菌作用的筛选及白薇醇提物对脐橙青霉病的防治效果

为开发研制新型植物源柑橘保鲜剂,以抑菌圈直径为指标,利用牛津杯法筛选出对柑橘采后意大利青霉有良好抑制作用的21种中草药的醇提物,并对白薇醇提物防治脐橙青霉病的效果进行了评价。结果表明:白薇、零陵香、鸦胆子、藏青果、白药子5种中草药乙醇提取物对意大利青霉均有较好的抑制效果,抑制圈直径达26 mm以上,其中白薇醇提物抑菌活性最佳,抑制圈直径可达38.39 mm,最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度分别为3.13 mg/m L和6.25 mg/m L,且抑菌效果与对照药剂1 000倍咪鲜胺无显著差异。25 mg/m L白薇醇提物处理脐橙7 d后,对脐橙青霉病的防治效果达35.93%,与1 000倍咪鲜胺的防治效果相当(36.37%);白薇醇提物处理后可抑制意大利青霉菌菌丝生长,导致菌丝肿胀、膨大、畸形、细胞膜透性增加、细胞内含物外渗;还可诱导脐橙体内过氧化物酶活性下降,而苯丙氨酸解氨酶和几丁质酶活性上升。表明白薇醇提物对脐橙采后青霉病具有较好的防治效果,可进一步开发为植物源柑橘保鲜剂。     

Synthesis and bioactivity of novel sulfone derivatives containing 2,4-dichlorophenyl substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole moiety as chitinase inhibitors

The paper reported the synthesis and antifungal properties and mechanism of action of a series of 2-substituted methylthio-5-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,3,4-oxadiazole/thiadiazole and their corresponding sulfones. The preliminary biological test showed these compounds exhibit moderate to good antifungal activity. Particularly, the compounds 7g and 7c inhibited mycelia growth by approximately 50% (EC₅₀) at 2.6–59.2 μg/mL and 17.2–54.4 μg/mL respectively against nine kinds of fungi. The extent of inhibition induced by 7c on Rhizoctonia solani and underlying mechanism of action were studied in vitro. Docking simulation was performed to position selected compounds into the active site of family 18 chitinases. Variation in d-GlcNAc content and chitinase activity indicated that 7c can act as chitinase inhibitor for controlling fungal pathogens in plants.     

桂枝主要活性物质对新余蜜橘青霉病抗性和防御体系的诱导

为探讨桂枝主要活性物质肉桂醛和肉桂酸对新余蜜橘青霉病的抗性及其机理,以500倍和1 000倍咪鲜胺稀释液为阳性对照,蜜橘损伤接种后,测定了防护效果最佳时肉桂醛、肉桂酸的抑菌浓度,分析了对果实活体防效和防御酶活性的影响。结果表明,25、8 mg/m L肉桂醛以及30、15mg/m L肉桂酸是最佳抑菌浓度;与对照组相比,各浓度药液处理均能显著降低病原菌的致病力,贮藏第6天,25、8 mg/m L肉桂醛处理组的病情指数分别为54.4%和66.4%,30、15 mg/m L肉桂酸处理组分别为49.6%和63.2%;各浓度药液处理均能降低新余蜜橘的MDA和H_2O_2含量,显著提高并维持SOD、PPO等防御酶的活性,以25 mg/m L肉桂醛和30 mg/m L肉桂酸处理效果最佳。研究表明,肉桂醛和肉桂酸能有效增强果实活体防护效果以及诱导果实的抗病性,且抗性的产生可能与果实内相关防御酶活性提高有关。     

β-aminobutyric acid protects <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> plants from infection by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Leptosphaeria maculans.</Emphasis> Resistance induction or a direct antifungal effect?

Resistance to infection in plants can be induced by treatment with various chemicals. One such compound is β-aminobutyric acid (BABA). Its positive effect on disease resistance has been noted in several pathosystems. Here we demonstrate that treatment with BABA protects Brassica napus plants from infection by the fungal pathogen Leptosphaeria maculans. Surprisingly, BABA also displayes in vitro antifungal activity against L. maculans with EC₅₀ similar to the fungicide tebuconazole. Both spore germination and hyphal growth were affected. The toxic effect can be reverted by addition of trypton to the culture medium. We hypothesised that BABA might inhibit inorganic nitrogen assimilation. Suppression of disease progression in plants and antifungal activity in vitro was weaker for α-aminobutyric acid and negligible for γ-aminobutyric acid. In contrast to a resistance inducer benzothiadiazole, the effect of BABA on disease development was nearly independent of the timing of treatment, indicating possible antifungal activity in planta. On the other hand, quantification of multiple hormones and an expression analysis have shown that treatment with BABA induces a synthesis of salicylic acid (SA) and expression of SA marker gene PR-1, but no evidence was observed for priming of SA responses to L. maculans. While we have not conclusively demonstrated how BABA suppresses the disease progression, our results do indicate that antifungal activity is another mechanism by which BABA can protect plants from infection.     

In vitro and in vivo antifungal activities of decursin and decursinol angelate isolated from Angelica gigas against Magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of rice blast

Blast is considered the most important fungal disease of rice due to its wide distribution and destructiveness under favorable conditions. Development of new effective and environmentally benign agents against the causal pathogen, Magnaporthe oryzae, is of great interest. In the course of a search for natural antifungal compounds in medicinal plants, we found that the methanol extract of Angelica gigas roots showed a potent control efficacy against rice blast caused by M. oryzae. We isolated antifungal coumarins from the extract, and they were identified as decursin and decursinol angelate. Antifungal activities of these compounds, along with kasugamycin, were tested on M. oryzae in vivo and in vitro. In an in vivo assay, the three compounds effectively suppressed the development of rice blast at concentrations more than 100 μg/mL. Coumarins showed relatively weak inhibitory effect on fungal mycelial growth when compared to kasugamycin. However, they strongly inhibited M. oryzae spore germination, which was not observed in kasugamycin treatments. This is the first report demonstrating that decursinol angelate can provide control against rice blast and that the two coumarins inhibit M. oryzae spore germination. In addition, the wettable powder formulation of the crude extract of A. gigas prohibited the development of blast symptoms on rice plants more effectively than liquid concentrate formulation of kasugamin, a commercial fungicide. Based on our study, we propose that coumarin compounds as well as the A. gigas root crude extract can be used as natural, benign fungicides for controlling rice blast.     

Antifungal effect and reduction of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ulmus minor</Emphasis> symptoms to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ophiostoma novo-ulmi</Emphasis> by carvacrol and salicylic acid

There are still no effective means to control Dutch elm disease (DED), caused by the vascular fungi Ophiostoma ulmi and O. novo-ulmi. Plant phenolics may provide a new strategy for DED control, given their known antifungal activity against pathogens and their involvement in plant defence mechanisms. The in vitro antifungal activity of salicylic acid, carvacrol, thymol, phenol, o-cresol, m-cresol, p-cresol, and 2,5-xylenol against the DED pathogens was tested. Also, the protective effect of watering Ulmus minor seedlings with these compounds was tested against O. novo-ulmi. Salicylic acid, carvacrol, and thymol showed the strongest antifungal in vitro activity, while carvacrol and salicylic acid provided the strongest in vivo protection against O. novo-ulmi (63 and 46% reduction of leaf wilting symptoms with respect to controls, respectively). The effect of the treatments on tree phenology was low, and a significant negative relation was observed between the number of days to bud burst and the leaf wilting symptoms after inoculation, probably determined by genetic differences among the elm tree progenies used. The treatments with salicylic acid, carvacrol and thymol induced the highest shift in phenolic metabolite profile with respect to control trees. The protective effect of carvacrol and salicylic acid is discussed in terms of their combined activity as antifungal compounds and as inductors of tree defence responses.     

Yucca schidigera extract: a potential biofungicide against seedborne pathogens of sorghum

Treatment of seeds with an aqueous extract of yucca (YE), Yucca schidigera, was evaluated for antifungal activity against seedborne pathogens as well as its effect on seed germination and seedling growth of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor). The antifungal effect of YE was observed against Leptosphaeria sacchari (syn. Phoma sorghina) when the extract was applied at 2·5 and 10% concentrations. At 10% concentration, YE significantly reduced not only the incidence of L. sacchari, but also that of Fusarium spp., Cochliobolus lunatus (syn. Curvularia lunata) and Cladosporium spp. The effect of 10% YE on seedborne fungi was broader than the fungicide fludioxonil, particularly with regard to Fusarium. Furthermore, the number of normal, healthy‐looking seedlings increased in a dose‐responsive manner with YE treatment. Seedling vigour was also stimulated by YE but no correlation was observed with the concentrations tested. Under glasshouse conditions, the treatment of seeds with 10% YE increased the emergence of seedlings and plant height and reduced the number of seedlings with crown rot compared to negative controls and saponin. The positive effect was similar to the effect obtained with fungicide‐treated seeds. Treatment of seeds with synthetic saponin inhibited seedborne fungi less effectively and also negatively affected germination and vigour of the seedlings, compared to the treatment with YE. The results demonstrate an agronomic potential for the use of YE as a biofungicide for seed treatment of sorghum. The difference between the antifungal and the vigour‐stimulating effects of YE warrants further investigation.