温度和含水率对红松木材中应力波传播速度的影响

为分析应力波在木材中传播的影响因素,研究应力波传播规律,在实验室内,采用Arbotom应力波测试仪测试60个红松无疵小试件在不同含水率(从绝干到饱湿)和不同温度(-30,-20,-10,-5,0,5和20℃)下的应力波传播速度。在此基础上,分别分析应力波传播速度随含水率或温度变化的规律,探讨导致应力波传播速度变化的原因,并建立三者之间的回归模型。结果表明:含水率和温度是影响木材中应力波传播速度的2个重要因素。应力波传播速度随含水率增加或温度升高均呈逐渐下降趋势。在含水率32%(纤维饱和点附近)以下,传播速度随含水率增加下降幅度较大,反之则较小;当含水率低于50%时,传播速度随温度升高呈线性下降趋势;当含水率高于50%时,传播速度在0℃上下有一明显的跳跃。含水率、温度与应力波传播速度之间的二元线性回归模型拟合优度较高,决定系数R2均高于0.95。     

应力波在立木冻结与常温状态下的传播速度比较

为提高冬季木材缺陷判断的可靠性和准确性,实现冬季木材利用的最大化,选择来自哈尔滨林业试验基地的10个东北林区的主要树种,进行应力波在立木冻结与常温状态下传播速度的比较研究.结果表明:冻结状态下立木的应力波纵向传播速度高于常温状态约16.50%,径向传播速度高于常温状态约22.48%,且应力波在冻结与常温状态下的立木内传播速度二者之间存在较强的线性关系;冻结状态下,应力波的传播速度受含水率的影响显著(相关系数多数在0.8以上),而常温状态下没有显著影响.     

小兴安岭天然林中冷杉立木含水率对应力波传播速度的影响

对小兴安岭天然林中30棵冷杉立木的含水率和应力波传播速度的检测结果表明:常温下,应力波纵向传播速度远大于径向传播速度；光照条件对于纵向传播速度的影响不显著；应力波纵向传播速度与含水率存在不显著的负相关性.     

两种无损检测方法对CCA处理材的性能评价比较

采用应力波和超声波无损检测,对CCA处理前后沙棘木材密度、应力波和超声波传播速度及动弹性模量的性能进行评价比较.通过配对t检验的数据分析,结果表明:CCA处理对沙棘木材密度有显著影响,但对应力波和超声波传播速度以及动弹性模量的影响不显著;两种无损检测方法所得的数据具有高度的一致性,证明了测定结果的可靠性.     

含水率对山核桃树木材应力波频谱的影响

对5组山核桃(Carya cathayensis)木材健康试样和5组腐朽试样在不同含水率下的应力波频谱进行测试,分析应力波频谱中共振频率随含水率的变化规律。结果表明:含水率是影响木材中应力波频谱的重要因素,应力波频谱中的共振频率随含水率的增加呈逐渐下降趋势,在含水率低于纤维饱和点时,应力波频谱中共振频率随含水率下降幅度相对较大,反之则较小,且对高频部分共振频率的影响比低频部分共振频率较大;健康和腐巧两种试材含水率与应力波频谱中共振频率之间的线性回归模型拟合优度较高,相关系数R2均高于0.93。     

含水率对原木孔洞缺陷应力波检测效果的影响

应用微单元分析模型,在实验室条件下研究含水率对原禾内部孔洞缺陷检测效果的影响。在不同含水率状态下测试原木内应力波传播速度,分析应力波传播速度与含水率的相关性,得出原木孔洞缺陷识别质量系数。结果表明,在较低的含水率状态下原木孔洞缺滔检测效果较好。     

应力波木材无损检测技术应用及研究进展

文中概述了应力波传播机理及应力波木材无损检测技术的优缺点与工作过程，介绍了现阶段木材无损检测领域内常用的几种应力波木材检测设备，对其特点进行了分析，并从力学性能检测、内部缺陷检测和影响应力波传播速度的因素3个方面对应力波木材无损检测技术的研究进展进行总结分析，预测其发展前景，以期为该领域的进一步研究提供参考。     

应力波木材无损检测信号采集系统

应力波木材无损检测技术可在不破坏木材使用性能的前提下,快速的检测出木材的尺寸、规格和基本物理性质等,基于此优点,应力波无损检测技术近几年越来越受到青睐。应力波在木材中传播时,如遇到裂缝、孔洞、裂纹等界面不连续处,就会发生反射、折射、散射和模式转换,对缺陷有很高的敏感性。基于应力波的这种敏感性,本文对应力波在木材中传输时的信号进行采集,通过对采集信号进行频谱分析、小波变换等处理,可进一步得到应力波在木材中的传播速度等参数,从而为鉴别木材的缺陷提供更多的信息。     

应力波在树木径切面内的传播速度模型

【目的】研究应力波在不同树木径切面内传播速度的变化情况,建立传播速度模型,以期进一步认识应力波在树木径切面内的传播规律及其影响因素,为树木内部缺陷的三维成像技术提供理论依据。【方法】首先通过理论分析,建立应力波在树木径切面内的传播速度模型;然后以浙江农林大学植物园内8类有代表性的树种(香樟、枫香、乐昌含笑、鹅掌楸、响叶杨、悬铃木、松树、白杨)为试验材料,在样本径切面上,采用Arbotom应力波木材无损检测仪测量与径向成不同角度方向的应力波传播时间,计算不同角度方向上的应力波传播速度,并对健康样本径切面内沿方向角θ的应力波速度vθ和径向应力波速度v0的比值vθ/v0与方向角θ之间的关系进行回归分析。【结果】应力波在健康香樟样本径切面内的传播速度随方向角的增大而增大,径向传播速度最小,其原因是当应力波在树木内部沿径向传播时,传播方向与树木纤维方向垂直,受到细胞壁边界的阻碍较多,传播速度较慢;而随着方向角的增大,应力波传播方向与树木纤维方向逐渐平行,受到细胞壁边界的阻碍变少,传播速度逐渐增加。枫香、乐昌含笑、鹅掌楸、响叶杨4种树种的健康样本在相同方向角上的应力波传播速度大小不同,但其变化规律与香樟活力木相同。对健康样本试验数据的拟合结果为vθ/v0≈kθ2+1(0≤k≤1),k值取决于被测树木的物理力学参数。在所建立的回归模型中,决定系数R2均大于0.92,表明模型具有较高的拟合优度。在有缺陷的悬铃木样本试验中,径切面上方向角为-20°~-50°的应力波传播路径经过缺陷区域,其余传播路径均位于健康区域内。当应力波传播路径位于径切面的健康区域时,传播速度随方向角的变化趋势满足一元二次函数模型;但当应力波经过径切面的缺陷区域时,传播速度明显降低,不再符合正常情况下的传播速度模型。针对松树和白杨原木试样,人工设计了空洞缺陷,并对产生空洞前后的原木径切面的应力波传播速度进行了对比。最后,基于建立的径切面内应力波传播速度模型,设计了一种树木内部缺陷四向交叉检测方法,该方法能够较准确地检测木材内部缺陷的位置。【结论】在健康树木的径切面上,方向角θ与vθ/v0之间满足一元二次函数关系vθ/v0≈kθ2+1(0≤k≤1),对不同树种的检测结果均表明了该模型的有效性;进一步的试验证明了该速度模型对于树木内部缺陷检测具有很好的指导作用。     

樟子松活立木与原木及其板材应力波传播速度的相关性研究

对樟子松活立木、原木及其板材的应力波传播速度进行检测,得出活立木与原木的应力波传播速度非常接近;樟子松原木段与其板材的应力波传播速度具有较大的相关性,相关系数为R2=0.6,因此可以通过活立木的应力波传播速度来预测原木制成板材后的应力波传播速度。     

微坑型微织构硬质合金表面对木材摩擦特性的影响

【目的】探讨木材含水率、木材切面和纤维方向以及运动速度等因素对木材表面摩擦系数的影响规律,为设计更加合理的木材切削刀具表面织构形式提供参考和指导。【方法】以水曲柳和樟子松为研究对象,在具有不同微坑直径硬质合金表面条件下,研究木材含水率、木材切面和纤维方向以及运动速度等因素对木材表面摩擦系数的影响。【结果】与无微坑表面相比,当微坑直径为60μm、含水率为67%±3%时,在水曲柳表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 151降低到0. 091,降幅为39. 7%,在樟子松表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 241降低到0. 164,降幅为32. 0%。木材径切面上纤维方向差异对表面摩擦系数的影响不大,但在横切面上,微坑直径越小,其表现出的摩擦系数越高。摩擦过程中运动速度对表面摩擦系数的影响与木材中的水分有较大关系,当含水率处于生材状态时,表面摩擦系数随运动速度增大而降低,且微坑型结构表面产生的摩擦系数降幅明显高于无微坑表面,无微坑表面产生的摩擦系数由0. 160降低到0. 134,降幅为16. 3%,微坑直径为60μm时的摩擦系数由0. 124降低到0. 071,降幅为42. 7%。【结论】木材含水率状态对微坑型表面微织构与木材之间的摩擦系数影响较大,木材中自由水的存在有利于降低硬质合金与木材表面之间的摩擦系数。微织构直径越小,其接触角平均变化率越大,表面铺展速度越大,越有利于改善木材/硬质合金摩擦副的状态,使表面间的摩擦系数减小。     

Die Departement van Houtkunde van die Universiteit van Stellenbosch neem die Eerste Suid-Afrikaansvervaardigde Laboratoriumverteerder in Gebruik

Various factors affect the measurements obtained with d.c. resistance moisture meters, such as species, density of wood, direction of current flow and ash content. In this paper, particular attention is paid to the resistance/moisture content/temperature interaction. The most important single factor affecting the resistance of wood, aside from moisture content, is temperature. The temperature effect is further considered in terms of activation energy i.e. the energy required to dissociate conducting ions in wood.     

Wood Moisture Content Measurement by X-Ray Exposure Method

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Acoustoelastic birefringence effect in wood II: influence of texture anisotropy on the polarization direction of shear wave in wood

Ultrasonic shear waves were propagated through the breadth direction of a wood beam which was subjected to a bending load such that it was in a plane-stress state. The oscillation direction of the shear waves with respect to the wood beam axis was varied by rotating an ultrasonic sensor, and the relationship between the shear wave velocity and the oscillation direction was examined. The results indicate that when the oscillation direction of the shear wave corresponds to the tangential direction of the wood beam, the shear wave velocity decreases sharply and the relationship between shear wave velocity and rotation angle tends to become discontinuous. When the oscillation of the shear waves occurs in the anisotropic direction of the wood beam instead of in the direction of principal stress, the shear wave velocity exhibits a peak value. In addition, the polarization direction was found to correspond to the direction of anisotropy of the wood beam according to the theory of acoustoelastic birefringence with respect to plane stress. This indicates that when the acoustoelastic birefringence method is applied to stress measurement of wood, it is appropriate to align the oscillation direction of the shear wave with the principal axial direction of anisotropy in order to carry out ultrasonic measurement.     

Parameter estimation of moisture diffusivity in wood by an inverse method

This study focuses on the transfer of bound water and liquid water in wood. The moisture changes and distribution of six wood species (three softwoods and three hardwoods) were investigated in the longitudinal direction exposed to long-term moisture sorption in static environmental conditions. Most species used for the experiment reached an estimated maximum moisture content, which indicated that there might be no significant hysteresis in the capillary pressure curve due to air entrapment. The experimental data for the different samples were found to vary considerably. Using initial values obtained by the Boltzmann transformation, the Levenberg-Marquardt method was used to determine the moisture diffusivity from measured moisture content changes with time and moisture profiles. The validity was ascertained by comparing the numerical results with the corresponding experimental measurements. There was a point of discontinuity and an abrupt change in the slope of the diffusivity function around the fiber saturation point, which might slow the numerical solution process.     

Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties of different European softwood and hardwood species

Effect of heat treatment intensity on some conferred properties like elemental composition, durability, anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of different European softwood and hardwood species subjected to mild pyrolysis at 230 °C under nitrogen for different durations has been investigated. Independently of the wood species studied, elemental composition is strongly correlated with the mass losses due to thermal degradations which are directly connected to treatment intensity (duration). In all cases, an important increase in the carbon content associated with a decrease in the oxygen content was observed. Heat-treated specimens were exposed to several brown rot fungi, and the weight losses due to fungal degradation were determined after 16 weeks, while effect of wood extractives before and after thermal treatment was investigated on mycelium growth. ASE and EMC were also evaluated. Results indicated important correlations between treatment intensity and all of the wood conferred properties like its elemental composition, durability, ASE or EMC. These results clearly indicated that chemical modifications of wood cell wall polymers are directly responsible for wood decay durability improvement, but also for its improved dimensional stability as well as its reduced capability for water adsorption. All these modifications of wood properties appeared simultaneously and progressively with the increase in treatment intensity depending on treatment duration. At the same time, effect of extractives generated during thermal treatment on Poria placenta growth indicated that these latter ones have no beneficial effect on wood durability.     

Microclimate and moisture content profile measurements in rain exposed Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) joints

In order to perform service life predictions of rain exposed wood structures, the moisture and temperature conditions in the structure need to be known as well as which degradation that occurs under those exposure conditions. The microclimate (the moisture conditions at the surface) is the boundary condition for moisture transport into the wood and depends on the detail design; joints between two pieces of wood can act as a water trap which give long durations of surface moisture after rain events and hinders drying. This study presents moisture content and microclimate measurements in three types of Norway spruce joints exposed to artificial rain in the laboratory. Both the microclimate (the duration of water on surfaces and in gaps) and the moisture content profiles were monitored. The microclimate was changed by changing the size of the gap between the two boards. The duration of water in the gap depended both on the gap size and on the permeability of the wood (sapwood/heartwood, end grain surface/side grain surface). In many cases, a larger gap width gave shorter durations of high moisture contents since a larger gap gave more favourable drying conditions, but the magnitude of this reduction varied between joint types.     

阔叶树材高速铣削刀具的磨损规律

基于涂层刀具的摩擦学机理,以福建青冈、米槠、泡桐等阔叶树材为代表,进行氮铝钛(TiAlN)涂层刀具高速铣削的试验.通过分析刀具的磨损形式和曲线,探讨刀具的磨损规律.试验结果表明,木材硬度、木材含水率以及不同的铣削方式,对刀具的磨损均会产生一定的影响.     

Can the impulse propagation speed from cross-section tomography explain the conditioned density of wood?

Tomography is a wave-based technique used to depicture tree cross-sections; specifically, impulse tomography uses data given by the passage of impulse waves, which were primarily influenced by density, modulus of elasticity, and moisture content of wood. The influence of wood characteristics on various kinds of waves has been extensively studied, allowing the establishment of statistical correlations between wave behavior and wood properties. In this context, the relationship between impulse speed from cross-section tomography and conditioned density that was obtained on diametrical sample by X-ray densitometry was analyzed using logs of three tree species with different densities that were air dried to 12 % moisture content. For each species, means from 5 mm length intervals of conditioned density profile graph (ρ _12%) and impulse speed distribution graph (S _12%) on the same diametrical sample are used to fit models. Joining data from all species, the exponential model \( \ln \rho_{12\% } = - 4.32822 + 1.67894 *\ln S_{12\% } \) was obtained with correlation coefficient of 0.85 and highly significant parameters. The results indicate that conditioned density could be explained by impulse speed on the cross-section, but research is necessary to make a useful tool out of it.     

Moisture content and temperature effect on ultrasound timber grading

Summary Because wood is a natural material, the variability of its properties is very large. In order to use wood efficiently in building, it has to be stress graded. The ultrasonic stress grading was developped as an improved alternative to visual grading. This non destructive evaluative technique allows reliable higher strength values while working with new products. Corrected models were studied to reference the ultrasonic propagation speed at constant moisture content and temperature. Using a referential ultrasonic wave velocity, stress grading can be carried out on trees or logs before cutting, or on fresh beams. The correlation between conditioned beams and test specimens is very high, especially for the strongest material.The author wishes to thank the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne for acceptance of his doctoral thesis work, June 1990