微生物发酵中草药在动物生产中的应用

中草药饲料添加剂具有低毒性、无抗药性、多功能性等优点,且已在畜牧生产中得到广泛应用。而微生物在中草药发酵过程中发挥着强大的分解转化能力,并能产生丰富的次生代谢产物,可大幅提高中草药中活性成分的含量,提高疗效,降低毒副作用。本文对发酵中草药的特点及其在动物生产中的应用进行了综述,并对今后的研发方向提出了自己的观点。     

发酵中草药在动物生产中的应用研究进展

发酵中草药是利用益生菌的生物转化作用提高中草药的生物利用度，使中草药转化为疗效更高、毒副作用更小的发酵药物。发酵中草药能够改善动物的肠道菌群，提高动物生长性能，预防和治疗疾病，改善饲养环境。文章综述发酵中草药的工艺、功效及其在动物生产中的使用效果，为了解现代发酵工艺赋予中草药新的作用特点、发酵中草药作为动物饲料添加剂在实际生产中的应用效果提供参考。     

中草药发酵技术在动物生产中的应用

发酵法作为中草药常用炮制方法之一具有增效减毒、扩大用药范围等优势。近年来，国家实行“全面禁抗”，发酵中草药作为饲料添加剂在提高动物生产性能、增强机体免疫功能等方面具有巨大的潜力和市场。文章系统综述了中草药发酵过程中的关键因素和中草药发酵后在动物生产中的应用，并分析了中草药发酵技术目前存在的问题及未来的发展方向，为后续深入研究和开发利用中草药资源提供科学思路与指导性参考。     

发酵中草药在猪生产中的研究进展

中草药作为一种饲料添加剂在畜牧行业中备受青睐，与抗生素相比，其具有无毒无害无残留等诸多优势，然而部分中草药中含有一定量的有毒有害成分和抗营养因子，抑制了其在生猪养殖产业中的应用。研究表明，发酵中草药制剂可以显著降低中草药中有毒有害物质和抗营养因子的含量，同时提高中草药的营养含量和活性组分，并且可以产生新的药效成分，使中草药得到更充分的利用。本文综述了中草药发酵技术、方法、优势，以及在猪生产中的应用，为畜牧业的健康发展提供理论依据。 [关键词] 发酵|中草药|猪生产     

微生物发酵中草药在养猪业中的应用

随着规模化养猪的不断推进,传染性疾病已成为危害养猪业生产效益的首要因素,严重影响了畜牧业的可持续发展。相比抗生素和化学合成药,发酵中草药具有安全、绿色、无残留等优点,本文探讨了发酵中草药的原理和发酵方式、微生物发酵对中草药的有益作用以及微生物发酵中草药在养猪生产中的应用,以期为微生物发酵中草药在养猪生产中的推广应用起到积极的作用。     

微生物发酵中草药的特点及其在猪生产中的应用研究

微生物发酵中草药可提高中草药活性物质水平、增强药效、降低毒副作用等,将其应用在猪生产中,具有提高猪只生长性能、增强机体免疫、改善肠道健康等效果。本文主要对微生物发酵中草药的作用特点及其在猪生产上的应用进行综述,为发酵中草药的进一步研究和合理应用提供参考。     

中草药渣发酵工艺及其在动物生产中的应用

目前，中草药提取后剩余的中草药渣主要以堆放、燃烧等方式进行废弃处理，已造成严重的环境污染和资源浪费。研究表明，中草药渣中含有丰富营养价值及多种活性物质，其经发酵处理后可作为一种健康的、新型的饲料替代品或添加剂产品应用到畜牧生产中。本文通过对中草药渣的发酵工艺、作用特点及其在动物生产中的应用进行综述，为发酵中草药渣在动物养殖中应用研究提供理论参考。 [关键词] 中草药渣|生物发酵|畜禽养殖|应用     

益生菌发酵中草药的特性及在动物生产中的应用

益生菌发酵中草药是传统中草药经过微生物发酵技术处理,具有增强中草药的药性,促进中草药成分的转化,降低某些毒性成分的含量,以及益生菌和中草药的协调增效等作用。发酵中草药作为饲料添加剂应用于畜牧生产上已有很多研究。本文综述了发酵中草药的特性以及在动物生产上的应用现状,为发酵中草药的进一步研究和合理应用提供参考。     

发酵中草药微生态制剂替代饲料中抗生素对肉鸡生产性能的影响

本研究旨在用发酵中草药微生态制剂替代饲料中抗生素对肉鸡生产性能的影响。选取1日龄至42日龄出栏的AA肉鸡31000只为试验对象,分为中草药试验组和抗生素对照组2个组。试验对比各组日增重、饲料转化率、死淘率和免疫抗体滴度。结果表明,饲料中添加发酵中药微生态制剂能显著提高肉鸡生产性能,试验组明显高于对照组(P<0.05)。结论:用发酵中草药微生态制剂替代饲料中的抗生素饲喂肉鸡,能够显著改善和提高肉鸡的生产性能,加快促进肉鸡生长,提高免疫力和抗病力,减少和降低肉鸡发病率。     

发酵芪连四君子汤用于猪生产的研究进展

<正>1前言中草药因低残留、安全、无耐药性广泛应用于养猪生产中,发酵中草药与普通中草药相比具有增加药效、降低毒性、提高免疫力和改善肠道菌群等优势。黄芪、党参、白术、炙甘草、茯苓单独用于养猪早已屡见不鲜,以这几种中药复合方剂用于医疗也很常见,但发酵方剂应用于养猪还未有报道,所以查阅资料欲开展发酵芪连四君子汤用于养猪生产。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.