Formation,characterization, and glucose response in mice to rice starch with low digestibility produced by citric acid treatment

The optimum conditions for producing rice starch enriched in slowly digestible and resistant fractions by citric acid treatment determined by a response surface methodology (RSM) model equation, were: reaction temperature, 128.4 °C; reaction time, 13.8 h; and citric acid, 2.62 mmol/20 g starch. The slowly digestible and resistant starch fractions of the optimally acid-treated rice starch totalled 54.1%, which was 28.1% higher than the control. The slowly digestible and resistant fractions of the acid-treated rice starch did not differ significantly after heat treatment, whereas those of raw rice starch decreased by 49.6–63.8%, depending on the type of heat treatment (cooking at 100 °C or autoclaving). The slowly digestible fraction of the acid-treated starch increased by 8.9–14.2%. After autoclaving, the glucose response of the acid-treated starch was lower than untreated starch, but similar to that of Novelose 330. After heat treatment, the rate of blood glucose decrease was slower for the acid-treated starch than for Novelose 330. Compared to raw rice starch, the acid-treated starch exhibited increases in apparent amylose content, blue value, dextrose equivalent, cold-water solubility and transmittance, and decreases in wavelength of maximum absorbance, viscosity, and gel-forming ability.     

Physiochemical Properties of Resistant Starch and Its Enhancement Approaches in Rice

With changes in food preferences and life styles,more and more attentions have been focused on healthier food.Nowadays,resistant starch(RS)which can resist digestion in the human intestine has been recognized and accepted.High RS diet shows great benefit for the human health,and breeding high RS rice variety is a great target for realizing dietary intervention.To provide guidance for RS improvement in rice,this review summarized the unique physiochemical properties of RS and the possible approaches,i.e.genetic regulation,for enhancing RS content in rice,and proposed the potential ways to obtain rice variety with high RS content.     

Effects of Weak Light on Starch Accumulation and Starch Synthesis Enzyme Activities in Rice at the Grain Filling Stage

Photosynthetic product in rice plant is transported to grains mainly in the form of sucrose. Sucrose in the grains eventually becomes starch through a series of enzymatic reactions [1-2]. The starch weight accounts for 90% of the brown rice [3-4], so the course of the rice grain filling is the biochemical process in which starch is mainly formed, and the factor of light is indispensable at the course. Much research has been conducted to study the influence of the light on the grain starch synt…     

Investigation on morphological structure and crystal transition of maize starch gelatinized in pure glycerol

The gelatinization phenomena and crystalline structure of maize starch gelatinized in pure glycerol were investigated using confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and X-ray diffraction (XRD). Starch granules were firstly treated in water system, CLSM and SEM micrographs displayed that they were completely broken and the characteristic birefringence of the starch granules disappeared at 70 °C. As for pure glycerol system, the starch granules swelled but maintained granular shape with the increasing of temperature. The crystalline structure of starch granules was partially destroyed at 130 °C and completely destroyed at 140 °C. The DSC thermogram showed that the gelatinization temperature of starch in glycerol started at 123.7 °C, peaked at 128.4 °C, and concluded at 135.2 °C. The X-ray diffractograms indicated that the crystalline structure of maize starch was partially destroyed at 130 °C and completely destroyed at 140 °C. Thus, glycerol served an alternative solvent to destroy crystalline structure of maize starch, which may be helpful for hydrolysis of starch granules by amylase in food industry.     

不同木薯品种（系）块根淀粉特性研究

对79个木薯品种(系)块根淀粉的鲜薯含粉率、原淀粉水分、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量、峰值粘度、糊化温度、透明度、恩氏粘度、淀粉粒直径和表面积等淀粉特性指标进行研究.结果表明,不同木薯品种(系)各淀粉特性指标存在很大的差异,不同指标间也有一定的相关性,利用主成分分析对各品种(系)各指标进行综合分析,认为E169、C766、E1424、E339、R72、E217、E344、E232、E316和桂热3号木薯淀粉的加工特性最好,更适合木薯淀粉的深加工.     

Effects of Early- and Late-Sowing on Starch Accumulation and Associated Enzyme Activities During Grain Filling Stage in Rice

The environmental temperature occurring during the grain filling stage is an important factoraffecting starch synthesis and accumulation in rice. We investigated starch accumulation, amylaseactivity and starch granule size distribution in two low-amylose japonica rice varieties, Nanjing 9108 andFujing 1606, grown in the field at different filling temperatures by manipulating sowing date. The two ricevarieties exhibited similar performances between two sowing dates. Total starch, amylose andamylopectin contents were lower at the early-filling stage of T1 treatment (Early-sowing) compared withthose at the same stage in T2 treatment (Late-sowing). In contrast, at the late-filling stage, when fieldtemperatures were generally decreasing, total starch and amylopectin contents in T1 were highercompared to those in T2. The ideal temperature for strong activity of ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylaseand soluble starch synthase was about 22℃. A higher temperature from the heading to maturity stagesin T1 increased the activities of starch branching enzyme and suppressed the activities of granule boundstarch synthetase and starch debranching enzyme. We found that rice produced larger-sized starchgranules under the T1 treatment. These results suggested that due to the early-sowing date, the hightemperature (30℃) occurring at the early-filling stage hindered starch synthesis and accumulation,however, the lower temperatures (22 ℃) at the late-filling stage allowed starch synthesis and accumulationto return to normal levels.     

高淀粉马铃薯品种(系)在宁夏的表现

收集了来自全国各地的 11个高淀粉马铃薯品种 ,集中在宁夏西吉县进行评价。初步试验结果表明 ,大 92 0 6 2 1、宁薯 8号、晋薯 7号和内薯 7号 4个品种比较适合宁夏的种植环境。它们不仅具有较高的块茎产量 ,而且具有较高的淀粉产量。试验结果也证实了同一马铃薯品种的淀粉含量在不同地区种植会出现一定的差异。     

A microscopic examination of starch depletion in tubers of cv. Maris Piper during sprouting

Summary Optical microscopy of starch distribution in sprouting tubers showed certain tissue types to be devoid of starch even before the onset of starch breakdown (Figs 2 and 3). These included the periderm, vascular ring and phloem bundles. Cortical cells contained less starch than adjacent cells in the outer parenchyma. Similarly, cells in areas occupied by pith contained less starch than adjacent cells in the perimedulla. With the onset of reserve mobilization there was a general decrease in starch in all tissue types, and the zones of depletion in parenchymatous tissue around the vascular ring and phloem bundles became more extensive. Cells in the outer parenchyma were the last to lose their starch.     

灌浆结实期弱光对水稻籽粒淀粉积累及相关酶活性的影响

 选用IR72（籼稻）和日本晴（粳稻）为材料，在开花后进行遮光处理，对弱光条件下籽粒淀粉和直链淀粉含量的动态变化及相关酶的活性进行了研究。在弱光条件下，两品种籽粒的淀粉含量减少，直链淀粉含量下降，蔗糖含量降低，ADPG焦磷酸化酶活性的变化较小，可溶性淀粉合成酶和颗粒结合型淀粉合成酶活性减弱，可溶性淀粉分支酶Q酶和颗粒结合型淀粉分支酶活性增强，淀粉去分支酶活性因品种而异，IR72表现为减弱，日本晴则为增强。相关分析表明，遮光下蔗糖输入量的减少量和淀粉合成量的下降量呈显著正相关；ADPG焦磷酸化酶和淀粉分支酶活性与淀粉积累速率呈显著正相关。分析指出，遮光下淀粉合成酶活性的降低与淀粉合成量的下降有关，淀粉分支酶活性的升高是直链淀粉占淀粉总量的比率减少的重要原因。     

马铃薯生育后期产量及淀粉含量的动态变化

块茎淀粉含量是马铃薯品种一个非常重要的品质性状,本研究对俄引薯1号、龙引薯1号、海伦3号3个不同熟期品种在生育后期不同阶段的块茎产量、淀粉含量以及淀粉产量的动态变化进行了研究。3个品种的马铃薯块茎产量从高到低的顺序为:龙引薯1号>俄引薯1号>海伦3号。随着收获期的延后,各品种的块茎产量逐渐增加,其中8月31日与9月7日间增长速度最快。淀粉含量在生育后期先增加后降低,呈抛物线趋势变化,但淀粉产量随着收获期的延后而逐渐增加。     

木薯种质资源淀粉特性分析与评价

为了评价和筛选出淀粉品质优良的木薯资源,对212份国内外栽培木薯种质块根淀粉产量性状及淀粉含量、直链淀粉含量、支链淀粉含量、粘度峰值和糊化温度5个重要淀粉特性指标进行研究。结果表明,不同木薯资源各淀粉特性差异较大,不同指标间有一定的相关性,利用概率分级法将8个淀粉产量及特性性状分为5级,即极低、低、中、高和极高,推荐极高品系可作为木薯淀粉品质育种利用的基础亲本材料,其中直链淀粉含量极高资源共17份;支链淀粉含量极高资源共18份。利用主成分分析得出前2个主成分反映木薯参试资源块根淀粉特性的83.79%信息,第1主成分主要包括淀粉率、直链淀粉含量和支链淀粉含量,隶属函数法综合评价得出,‘SM2300-1’等12份木薯资源淀粉综合特性最好,更适合木薯淀粉的深加工与利用。     

稻米淀粉理化特性相关的水稻淀粉分支酶基因标记开发

 基于籼稻93 11和粳稻日本晴基因组间的序列差异,成功发展了水稻淀粉分支酶基因(Sbe)9个分子标记。利用这些标记对102份非糯材料进行了基因型检测,并分析了Sbe1、Sbe3基因标记基因型多态性对稻米淀粉理化特性的影响。Sbe1、Sbe3基因标记多态性位点对揭示非糯材料间稻米淀粉理化特性的差异不显著,说明淀粉分支酶基因这些等位性变异位点对非糯稻米的蒸煮食味品质影响不显著;在鉴定籼稻品种时,有6个标记的鉴定准确率达80%以上。还对标记开发的意义和分子标记辅助选择育种进行了探讨。     

温度对马铃薯α淀粉老化的影响

采用挤压膨化技术制作马铃薯α淀粉,并利用酶水解法及X-射线衍射法等研究了在同一贮藏时间内,不同贮藏温度对膨化马铃薯α淀粉老化变化的影响,探讨了影响机理。研究结果表明,贮藏温度从23℃±1℃降低到-18℃±1℃时,贮藏期为180d的样品α度也从87.8%明显降低到80.2%,样品的结晶度从8.4%上升为16.45%;说明样品α度的高低与贮藏温度的高低成正比,而样品的老化程度高低与贮藏温度的高低成反比。     

马铃薯原淀粉及变性淀粉的特点及应用

马铃薯原淀粉是一种极为重要的天然高分子材料,具有其他植物淀粉不可替代的特性,可广泛用于食品工业、造纸工业、纺织工业和医药工业。通过物理、化学或其他方式将马铃薯原淀粉改造为变性淀粉后进一步拓宽了其用途。中国马铃薯分布广、种植面积大,为马铃薯原淀粉和变性淀粉的加工提供了巨大的原料来源。尽管受原料困扰和效益影响,马铃薯原淀粉和变性淀粉加工业在中国仍属于朝阳产业,产品的数量、种类和用途都将会有进一步的扩展。     

Molecular Structure of a Low-Amylopectin Starch and Other High-Amylose Maize Starches

The molecular structure of two commercially available high-amylose maize starches, HYLON® V starch and HYLON® VII starch, and of a newly developed low-amylopectin starch (LAPS) was examined. These high-amylose starches give three apparent fractions as determined by gel-permeation chromatography: a high-molecular weight (mol.wt) amylopectin fraction, a low-mol.wt amylose fraction, and an intermediate-mol.wt fraction which contains both linear and branched components. The low-mol.wt amylose fraction increases from 9·4% in HYLON V starch to 17·7% in HYLON VII starch and 26·5% in LAPS, whereas the high-mol.wt amylopectin fraction decreases from 31·1% in HYLON V starch to 13·8% in HYLON VII starch and 2·5% in LAPS. The percentage of linear components in HYLON V starch, HYLON VII starch, and LAPS are 42, 54, and 80%, respectively. High-amylose starches have a large proportion of long chains in their branched fractions compared to waxy-maize and normal-maize starch. Both HYLON VII starch and the LAPS give B plus V-type X-ray diffraction patterns, but the LAPS has even a higher gelatinization temperature, lower swelling power in hot water, and is more resistant to acid digestion. With the lack of amylopectin, amylose accounts for at least part of the double helical structure in the LAPS granules.     

木薯内源ABA含量与块根淀粉积累关系研究

以淀粉含量不同的木薯品种‘辐选01’和‘华南124’为材料,通过测定木薯内源脱落酸(ABA)含量、淀粉积累过程中的关键酶活性以及淀粉积累量,探讨ABA含量与块根淀粉积累的关系。结果表明:不同淀粉含量的木薯品种其内源ABA含量存在差异,尤其在生育后期表现尤为明显;淀粉含量高的品种叶片、茎秆和块根的ABA含量、块根腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPpase)、蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)及淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性高于淀粉含量低的品种;结果表明,叶片ABA含量与块根的腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)及淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性呈极显著正相关,与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性呈显著正相关。茎秆ABA与腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPpase)呈显著正相关,与可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)以及淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性呈极显著正相关;块根ABA含量与块根腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPpase)、可溶性淀粉合成酶(SSS)活性呈极显著正相关,与蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)活性呈现正相关,与块根淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性呈极显著负相关。茎叶、块根ABA含量与块根淀粉积累均呈现极显著正相关。可见,木薯内源ABA在块根淀粉积累中有重要调节作用。本研究为高产、高淀粉木薯品种的选育与栽培提供理论支持和实践指导。      

水稻品种Basmati 370和Koshihikari 抗性淀粉颗粒RS2的研究

 以一个优质籼稻品种 Basmati 370 和一个优质粳稻品种 Koshihikari （越光）为材料,研究了抗性淀粉颗粒RS2的来源和链长分布情况。结果表明,两个品种RS2的主要来源均为直链淀粉,体积排阻色谱SEC的分析结果表明这部分直链淀粉不仅包括真正的直链淀粉,还包括了带分支的直链淀粉和带长分支链的支链淀粉。对抗性淀粉颗粒RS2的支链链长分析表明,2个品种长链(聚合度＞36)所占的比例均大于26%。     

水稻胚乳淀粉合成相关酶的结构、功能及其互作研究进展

淀粉作为稻米最主要的储藏物质,其生物合成过程直接影响水稻的产量和品质。水稻淀粉的生物合成在造粉体中通过一系列酶促反应完成。本文综述了淀粉合成过程中ADP-葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)、淀粉合酶(SSs)、淀粉分支酶(BE)及淀粉脱支酶(DBE)的结构、功能以及各酶之间的相互作用的最新研究进展,以期为稻米品质改良提供理论参考依据。     

高直链淀粉突变体Goamy2的淀粉糊化特性及淀粉结构分析

以高直链淀粉及突变体材料Goamy2及其野生型亲本Ilpumbyeo米粉为材料,比较了它们在理化性质和糊化特性上的差别,并通过体积排阻色谱(Size Exclusion Chromatography,SEC)分析其水溶性和不溶性淀粉组成结构差别。从冷水溶性成分来看,Goamy2主要以小分子DP141～DP2(DP为聚合度)为主,而Ilpumbyeo中带分支的链DP4100～DP64也就是相对大分子所占的比例较高,达到33.3%。从热水溶性淀粉成分来看,突变体Goamy2直链淀粉和支链淀粉的比例大致为4∶1,而Ilpumbyeo直链淀粉和支链淀粉比例大致为1∶1。至于两个材料的热水溶性支链淀粉链长分布,长短链比例差别较大,Goamy2长短链比率为0.67,而Ilpumbyeo为0.32。从热水不溶性成分来看,两个材料均以支链淀粉为主,直链淀粉所占的比例很低,均不到5%。热水不溶性支链成分的链长分布中,野生型亲本Ilpumbyeo以短链为主,短链所占的比例高达72.5%,而突变体Goamy2短链和长链几乎各占一半。