不同加工工艺及茶叶配比对银杏绿茶品质的影响

研究了银杏叶不同加工工艺及银杏叶茶与绿茶配比对银杏绿茶品质的影响,结果表明:银杏叶茶品质以鲜叶放置于0.2%盐水中浸泡48 h后再加工较好,此时样品中总黄酮含量高达1.3%;当银杏叶与绿茶拼配比例为3∶7时,银杏绿茶的感官品质达到最佳,品质表现为香气浓郁持久,滋味协调、甜醇。     

电子束辐照降解人参口服液多种农药残留的可行性研究

本研究旨在探索电子束辐照降解人参口服液农药残留的技术可行性.研究采用0 ～ 15kGy的电子束射线辐照方法,对人参口服液中16种禁、限用农药进行了系统的降解试验.结果表明:人参口服液中农药降解率随着电子束辐照剂量的增加而增大,其中辐照处理对吡虫啉、甲氰菊酯降解效果较为明显,降解率分别在90％和50％以上；对地虫硫磷、杀扑磷、二嗪磷、伏杀硫磷、甲萘威等农药降解率也在30％以上；其余9种农药降解效果不明显.     

水溶液和芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解

为寻求一种能有效降解毒死蜱残留的技术方法,本文采用60Co γ射线辐照水溶液和芦笋中的毒死蜱,并对比了毒死蜱的辐照降解率。结果表明,辐照剂量在0～12kGy时,水溶液中毒死蜱的降解率随剂量的增加而增大,4kGy的辐照可使其降解率达95.5%;芦笋中毒死蜱的辐照降解率偏低,8kGy辐照时降解率最高,达到30.0%。进一步研究表明,芦笋成分Vc、芦丁和总糖等的存在对辐照降解毒死蜱有抑制效应。     

电子束辐照对乙酰甲胺磷的降解效果研究

为考察乙酰甲胺磷的辐照降解效果,以乙酰甲胺磷溶液和添加了乙酰甲胺磷的玉米糁为试验对象,研究了电子束辐照剂量、溶液初始浓度、pH值、KMnO₄用量对乙酰甲胺磷的降解效果及辐照剂量对玉米糁中乙酰甲胺磷的降解效果。结果表明,乙酰甲胺磷的降解率随着辐照剂量的增加而升高;同一辐照剂量下,降解率随着乙酰甲胺磷溶液初始浓度的增大而降低;辐照剂量为9 kGy时,乙酰甲胺磷的降解率达到最大值,初始浓度为25、50、100、150 mg·L^-1水溶液中的乙酰甲胺磷降解率分别为95.76%、94.32%、90.40%、65.60%,玉米糁中的降解率为44.05%;溶液pH值为中性条件时,乙酰甲胺磷的辐照降解效果优于酸性;KMnO₄对溶液中乙酰甲胺磷的辐照降解率具有明显影响,当辐照剂量为7 kGy时,8×10^-4 mol·L^-1的KMnO₄可使初始浓度为100 mg·L^-1的乙酰甲胺磷溶液降解率达到94.10%。本研究结果为电子束辐照降解乙酰甲胺磷等有机磷类农药残留提供了理论参考和科学依据。     

甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中的降解行为研究

为了评价甲氰菊酯在苹果园使用后的生态环境行为和效应,采用室内模拟方法,借助气相色谱分析技术,研究了甲氰菊酯在3种苹果园土壤中的降解半衰期与土壤理化性质和环境条件的关系。结果表明,甲氰菊酯在土壤中的降解主要是微生物降解,非生物降解所占比例较小,降解规律符合一级动力学模型,在25℃时降解半衰期为27．5～30．4d;甲氰菊酯在苹果园土壤中降解的半衰期与土壤有机质含量和土壤pH值呈显著高度负相关,常温下相关系数为0．9;综合微生物降解和非生物降解因素,苹果园土壤中甲氰菊酯降解的适宜温度是30—35℃。     

辐照对卷烟中烟草特有亚硝胺含量的影响

以3种市售卷烟为材料,采用0、5、10、20和30kGy 5个剂量对其进行辐照处理,研究了辐照对卷烟中TSNAs含量的影响,主要采用液相色谱/质谱联用的方法,检测了N’-亚硝基降烟碱(NNN)、N’-亚硝基新烟碱(NAT)、N’-亚硝基假木贼碱(NAB)和4-(N-甲基亚硝胺基)-1-(3-吡啶基)-1-丁酮(NNK)4项指标的含量。研究发现:辐照可以降低卷烟主流烟气和烟丝中TSNAs的含量,但降解率高低与辐照剂量大小没有明显的线性相关性;4种TSNAs分析物NNN、NNK、NAT和NAB经相同剂量辐照后的降解幅度不同,不同卷烟中的同一种分析物辐照后的降解幅度也不完全相同;卷烟2的降解效果最好,主流烟气和烟丝中的降解率最高都达88%;烤烟型卷烟(2和3)主流烟气中和烟丝中的最高降解率接近,混合型卷烟主流烟气中的最高降解率和烟丝中相差较大。辐照对卷烟主流烟气和烟丝中TSNAs的降解效果与对TSNAs纯品的降解效果有差异。     

γ射线辐照降解水中磺胺甲恶唑的效应及降解机理研究

为了探究γ射线辐照降解含抗生素废水的效应,选取磺胺甲恶唑(SMX)这种难以在废水中分解的磺胺类抗生素,研究不同溶剂对γ射线辐照降解废水中SMX效果的影响,以及羟基自由基(·OH)、水合电子(e_(aq)~-)和氢自由基(H·)在SMX降解过程中的作用及数量关系。结果表明,γ射线辐照可有效降解水中的SMX,低浓度与酸性条件更有利于SMXγ射线辐照降解;γ射线辐照联合1、10和100mmol·L~(-1)H_2O_2均会促进SMX降解;自由基清除剂(叔丁醇和异丙醇)会抑制SMXγ射线辐照降解效果。SMX辐照降解过程中·OH、e_(aq)~-和H·的降解速率常数比例为14.6∶1.0∶3.0,表明SMX降解主要是以·OH氧化的途径完成。当辐照剂量达到6 000 Gy时,100 mg·L~(-1)SMX的降解率达88.88%,而总有机碳(TOC)的降解率仅为15.30%,表明SMX经γ射线辐照降解后矿化效果不佳。本研究结果为γ射线辐照降解含抗生素废水提供了理论依据。     

等离子体降解甲氰菊酯农药的效果

为探索高效快速降解甲氰菊酯农药的新方法,利用等离子体处理含有甲氰菊酯农药残留的山东寿光城阳青大白菜,研究了等离子体处理对甲氰菊酯农药残留降解效果的影响,采用响应面法对其影响因素进行了优化设计.结果表明:等离子体处理对大白菜中残留的甲氰菊酯降解有明显的效果,降解率均在70％以上,各参数影响顺序为:作用时间＞作用功率＞极距...     

联苯菊酯等3种杀虫剂在茶园茶叶、土壤及降雨径流中的残留

为探究杀虫剂联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和虫螨腈的常用剂量和减施剂量对绿茶品种‘丰绿’（Camellia sinensis Yutakmitor）的鲜叶和茶园土壤及降雨径流的影响以及可能产生的膳食摄入风险,选择联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和虫螨腈的当地常用剂量和减量30%剂量作为处理组,在浙江绍兴富盛镇御茶村茶园进行田间试验,喷药后1 d、3 d、7 d、10 d分别采集试验小区的鲜叶和土壤,喷药后4 d、8 d采集降雨径流,检测样品中的杀虫剂残留并评估3种杀虫剂的膳食暴露风险。试验结果表明：同种杀虫剂常用剂量处理的茶鲜叶中残留虽然高于减施剂量处理,但二者差异不显著,杀虫剂减量30%对减少鲜叶中的残留并无明显效果。经过常用剂量与减施剂量处理的茶鲜叶中联苯菊酯的半衰期分别为5.89 d和4.61 d,溴氰菊酯的半衰期分别为5.75 d和2.55 d,虫螨腈的半衰期分别为3.72 d和2.70 d。3种杀虫剂在土壤中的残留均低于《土壤环境质量标准（GB 15618-1995）》中有机氯杀虫剂六六六的一级标准值（≤ 0.05 mg·kg^-1）。联苯菊酯和虫螨腈在降雨径流中的残留均低于《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB5749-2006）》中有机氯杀虫剂六六六的限值（0.005 mg·L^-1）,溴氰菊酯在降雨径流中的残留低于《生活饮用水卫生标准（GB5749-2006）》中溴氰菊酯的限值（≤ 0.02 mg·L^-1）。3种杀虫剂在茶叶中的膳食暴露风险评估结果表明,联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和虫螨腈的最大暴露量分别为0.5×10^-4~1.7×10^-4 mg·kg^-1（bw）·d^-1、1.0×10^-6~7.3×10^-6 mg·kg^-1（bw）·d^-1、1.0×10^-5~8.3×10^-5 mg·kg^-1（bw）·d^-1,风险商分别为0.005~0.017、0.000 2~0.001和0.000 2~0.003,使用联苯菊酯、溴氰菊酯和虫螨腈防治茶树虫害,对消费者的膳食暴露的风险均可以接受。与常用剂量相比,减施剂量处理对减少茶叶和环境中的杀虫剂残留的效果不明显。     

甲氰菊酯和辛硫磷及其混合剂在土壤中的残留

甲氰菊酯和辛硫磷及其混合剂分别在土壤中使用后 ,定期取样测定在土壤中残留量。结果表明 ,单剂及混剂甲氰菊酯在土壤中半衰期分别为 17.4和 18.6d ;单剂及混剂辛硫磷在土壤中的残留半衰期分别为 14 .8及 14 .6d。甲氰菊酯和辛硫磷单独使用或混合使用在土壤中的降解规律及降解速率常数没有显著差异。从甲氰菊酯和辛硫磷在土壤中残留角度考虑 ,两者混合使用对环境是安全的。     

Application of far-infrared irradiation in the manufacturing process of green tea

Seven kinds of green tea leaves were manufactured with far-infrared (FIR) irradiation, and the physicochemical characteristics of the green tea were determined. Appropriate FIR irradiation during the manufacturing process significantly increased the polyphenolic content of green tea. FIR irradiation at 90 degrees C for 10 min, replacing the roasting step, and of the fully processed green tea leaves (GTP3) increased the total phenol content of green tea from 475.6 to 811.1 mg/g and the total flavanol content from 175.7 to 208.7 mg/g, as compared to the control. Epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate increased from 57.68 and 9.60 mg/g in a nonirradiated control to 89.88 and 16.33 mg/g in GTP3, respectively. Ascorbic acid, caffeine, and nitrite scavenging activities were also increased in GTP3. However, the overall color change of GTP3 was negligible. These results indicate that the chemical properties of green tea are significantly affected by FIR irradiation at specific stages of the manufacturing process of green tea leaves and that this FIR irradiation results in high-quality green tea.     

自动化加工生产线改善机采绿茶理化品质研究

以茶树机采鲜叶为原料,选配、改装和组建了茶叶加工自动化生产线,并跟踪加工工序中茶坯理化成分的动态变化,以同一原料所制的传统炒青工艺为对照,比较新设备和新工艺对机采卷曲形绿茶色泽和品质成分的影响。结果发现:新的生产线在杀青、二青、做形和提香等关键工序中,集成应用了电磁加热耦合热风、热管余热回收和流化床干燥技术,提高了茶叶的滋味和色泽品质,所制卷曲形绿茶的感官得分比传统炒青绿茶高2分,酚氨比相对较低(P0.05),干茶的色相值、茶汤、叶底的亮度和色相值相对更好(P0.01);相比传统单机加工设备,该生产线可日均生产绿茶1 750 kg,产能提高了37.5%,能耗成本为4.6～4.8元/kg干茶;热效率提高100%,用工成本减少50%。机采卷曲形绿茶自动化生产线扩大了茶叶加工产能,减轻了劳动强度,提高了卷曲形绿茶品质,为实际生产提供了指导。     

Effect of far-infrared irradiation on catechins and nitrite scavenging activity of green tea

The processed green tea leaves were irradiated by far-infrared (FIR) at eight temperatures (80, 90, 100, 110, 120, 130, 140, and 150 degrees C) for 10 min. After FIR irradiation, green teas were prepared by soaking the leaves in boiling water, and the physicochemical characteristics of the green tea were determined. FIR irradiation at 90 degrees C increased total phenol contents of green tea from 244.7 to 368.5 mg/g and total flavanol contents from 122.0 to 178.7 mg/g, compared with non-irradiated control. FIR irradiation also significantly affected the amounts of epigallocatechin and epigallocatechin gallate. Nitrite scavenging activity also increased with increasing FIR irradiation until the temperature reached 110 degrees C. However, the overall color changes of green tea irradiated with FIR at 90 and 100 degrees C were negligible. These results indicate that the chemical quality of green tea is significantly affected by FIR irradiation temperature of the green tea leaves.     

Profiles of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides in fresh and manufactured tea leaves

Profiles of nucleotide levels in two varieties of Japanese green teas (cv. Yabukita and Saemidori), a Chinese green tea (Longjing), and two Japanese black teas (cv. Benifuuki and Benihikari) were determined and compared with that of fresh tea leaves. The concentration of 5'-nucleotides in green tea was much higher than in black tea. Nucleoside diphosphates were present in larger amounts than nucleoside triphosphates in manufactured green and black teas, whereas the triphosphates predominated in fresh tea leaves. Low levels of 3'-nucleotides were found in green and black teas. Inosine 5'-monophosphate, which is utilized as a seasoning component, was found in all manufactured teas in concentrations ranging from 50 to 200 nmol/g of dry weight. The levels of both inosine 5'-monophosphate and guanosine 5'-monophosphate were high in Chinese Longjing green tea. The unique profiles of nucleotides in manufactured teas may be a consequence of the action of degradation enzymes, such as ribonuclease, apyrase, phosphatase, nucleotidase, and adenosine 5'-monophsphate deaminase during the commercial processing of the young leaves.     

Factors affecting the levels of tea polyphenols and caffeine in tea leaves

An isocratic HPLC procedure was developed for the simultaneous determination of caffeine and six catechins in tea samples. When 31 commercial teas extracted by boiling water or 75% ethanol were analyzed by HPLC, the levels of (-)-epigallocatechin 3-gallate (EGCG), and total catechins in teas were in the order green tea (old leaves) > green tea (young leaves) and oolong tea > black tea and pu-erh tea. Tea samples extracted by 75% ethanol could yield higher levels of EGCG and total catechins. The contents of caffeine and catechins also have been measured in fresh tea leaves from the Tea Experiment Station in Wen-Shan or Taitung; the old tea leaves contain less caffeine but more EGCG and total catechins than young ones. To compare caffeine and catechins in the same tea but manufactured by different fermentation processes, the level of caffeine in different manufactured teas was in the order black tea > oolong tea > green tea > fresh tea leaf, but the levels of EGCG and total catechins were in the order green tea > oolong tea > fresh tea leaf > black tea. In addition, six commercial tea extracts were used to test the biological functions including hydroxyl radical scavenging, nitric oxide suppressing, and apoptotic effects. The pu-erh tea extracts protected the plasmid DNA from damage by the Fenton reaction as well as the control at a concentration of 100 microg/mL. The nitric oxide suppressing effect of tea extracts was in the order pu-erh tea >/= black tea > green tea > oolong tea. The induction of apoptosis by tea extract has been demonstrated by DNA fragmentation ladder and flow cytometry. It appeared that the ability of tea extracts to induce HL-60 cells apoptosis was in the order green tea > oolong > black tea > pu-erh tea. All tea extracts extracted by 75% ethanol have stronger biological functions than those extracted by boiling water.     

Identification of chlorophylls and carotenoids in major teas by high-performance liquid chromatography with photodiode array detection

The separation and identification of pigments, chlorophylls, and carotenoids of seven teas and fresh leaf of tea (Camellia sinensis) by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) are described. HPLC was carried out using a Symmetry C(8) column with a photodiode array detector. Pigments were eluted with a binary gradient of aqueous pyridine solution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min at 25 degrees C. HPLC analyses achieved the separation of more than 100 pigment peaks, and 79 pigment species, 41 chlorophylls, and 38 carotenoids were detected. The presence of degraded chlorophylls was a common feature, and the number and the variety of pigments differed with tea species. Generally, the numbers of chlorophyll species tended to increase with processing steps, while carotenoid species were decreased, especially by heating. Particularly in green teas, a change of carotenoid structure, conversion of violaxanthin to auroxanthin, occurred. In hot water extracts of teas, both chlorophylls and carotenoids were also detected, but the concentration of chlorophylls was less than 2% as compared with acetone extracts. The pigment compositions were compared between tea species, and they are discussed in terms of the differences in their manufacturing processes.     

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: pollution and source analysis of a black tea

Investigations into the manufacturing process of one kind of black tea revealed that it included five steps: withering, rolling, fermentation, drying, and drying and sorting. A total of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were simultaneously measured in fresh leaves, withered leaves, rolled leaves, fermented leaves, crude black tea, and black tea sampled after each manufacturing stage and in the indoor and outdoor air of the drying house. It was observed that the total contents of the 16 PAHs (SigmaPAHs) in the crude black tea and the black tea were obviously higher than those in the tea leaves sampled after each manufacturing step before the drying stage; the air SigmaPAHs in the drying house were about 100 times higher than those outside the drying house. It can be concluded that quantities of PAHs were released into the drying house from the combustion of pine firewood during the drying stage, and then were absorbed by the tea leaves, thus resulting in the high PAH contents in the black tea.     

Analysis of glycosidically bound aroma precursors in tea leaves. 2. Changes in glycoside contents and glycosidase activities in tea leaves during the black tea manufacturing process

Glycosides are known to be precursors of the alcoholic aroma compounds of black tea. They are hydrolyzed by endogenous glycosidases during the manufacturing process. Changes in the amounts of these glycosides during the manufacturing process were investigated by using a capillary gas chromatographic--mass spectrometric analysis after trifluoroacetyl derivatization of the tea glycosidic fractions. Primeverosides were 3-fold more abundant than glucosides in fresh leaves, but they decreased greatly during the manufacturing process, especially during the stage of rolling. After the final stage of fermentation, primeverosides had almost disappeared, whereas glucosides were substantially unchanged. These results show that hydrolysis of the glycosides mainly occurred during the stage of rolling and confirm that primeverosides are the main black tea aroma precursors. This was also supported by the changes in the glycosidase activities in tea leaves. The glycosidase activities remained at a high level during withering but decreased drastically after rolling.     

~(134)Cs在茶树上的行为

茶树喷洒~(134)Cs后,~(134)Cs在老茶叶上的残留和新茶叶上的吸收都遵循一级反应动力学模式。~(134)Cs叶面污染后危害性最大,水质污染和土壤污染具有潜在的危害性。茶树对~(134)Cs的富集能力低,K值为0.02;鲜茶叶经制茶加工后,~(134)Cs的损失率达13.3％;茶叶经4次浸泡后,~(134)Cs的总浸出率为83.6％。     

Radical scavenging conserves from unused fresh green tea leaves

Green teas were made by inactivating the enzymes present in fresh leaves of coarse/pruned (unused) and normal (used for tea) grades using different sources of thermal energies. Green teas were extracted in a Soxhlet using different solvents. The obtained miscella was subjected to concentration to give the extract. The extract was subjected to solvent-solvent extraction. Solvent extract was concentrated to obtain conserve. The yields of conserves are 17 +/- 0.8 and 15 +/- 0.8% from green teas of normal and coarse tea leaves, respectively. The radical scavenging activity of these extracts was evaluated using a DPPH in vitro model system. The total polyphenol content was also determined and found to be higher in conserves from normal tea leaves. However, radical scavenging activity of conserves from coarse and normal green tea leaves was found to be >90% at 15 ppm concentration. The HPLC profiles of these conserves were used to quantify the total catechin content with the help of calibration curves prepared using authentic samples at known concentrations. The total catechin content is found to be in the range of 55-85%. Results indicated that the extracts from coarse leaves also possess potential biological activity and could be used as nutraceuticals as well as for preservation purposes in food formulations.