农艺措施及土壤消毒对设施草莓土传病害的防效

采用草莓残体和种植覆盖作物粉碎还田的农艺措施,并组合使用物理覆膜闷棚、生物还原法、化学药剂棉隆,及中蔬根保401消毒组合(化学药剂代森铵、噻唑膦加腐殖酸)等4种土壤消毒处理,比较处理前后土壤病原物、草莓植株发病率和病害防效及草莓长势。结果表明:农艺措施结合棉隆土壤消毒对草莓土壤病原物的抑制作用,对根腐病、疫病的防效均最佳,对镰刀菌、腐霉菌和疫霉菌的抑制效果均高于92.29%、对疫病、根腐病的防效为75.85%～82.05%;农艺措施结合中蔬根保401消毒组合(化学药剂代森铵、噻唑膦加腐殖酸)消毒次之,对2种病害的防效均高于76.23%～76.80%。生物还原法对2种病害防效为67.98%～70.22%;覆膜法防效为52.04%～60.57%。另外棉隆、中蔬根保401消毒组合(化学药剂代森铵、噻唑膦加腐殖酸)及生物还原法3种处理,均可增强草莓结果势,棉隆处理还促进了植株营养生长。在生产中,可根据生产需求及病害发生情况,选择不同的措施组合,以有效控制土传病害,并解决田园清洁和草莓残体运输处置等难题。     

苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑300g/L乳油防治小麦包粉病试验效果

田间试验表明,药后14d,苯醚甲环唑·丙环唑300g/L乳油对小麦白粉病防效达75.49%.增产效果达36.47%,优于常规药剂三唑酮处理;丙环唑250g/L乳油对小麦白粉病防效达64.53%.增产效果达27.30%,低于常规药剂三唑酮处理.     

精甲·咯菌腈处理种子防治花生根腐病效果

近年来,山东省邹城市花生根腐病为害日趋严重,实际生产中发现常规药剂防效不佳。为了明确替代药剂35 g/L精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂防治花生根腐病的效果,于2018年采用种子包衣法进行了精甲·咯菌腈与常规药剂咯菌腈、精甲霜灵防治花生根腐病的田间药效比较试验。结果表明,35 g/L精甲·咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂以500 g/100kg处理种子的防效最高,齐苗后10 d防效为74.81%,60 d防效为83.43%。该处理的花生产量和增产率也为各处理中最高,分别为4483.96 kg/hm~2和13.58%,明显高于同药剂其他用量处理和常规药剂处理;纯收入较对照增加3 138.93元/hm~2。     

12%苯醚甲环唑·氟虫腈悬浮种衣剂防治玉米丝黑穗病和蛴螬田间药效试验

田间药效试验结果表明,12%苯醚甲环唑·氟虫腈FS对玉米丝黑穗病和蛴螬有很好的防治效果,有效浓度48.00 g/100 kg种子,施药后对玉米丝黑穗病的防效在85%以上,明显高于3%苯醚甲环唑FS 12.00 g/100 kg种子处理的防效;有效浓度42.00~48.00 g/100 kg种子,施药播种后30 d对蛴螬的防效在78%以上,明显高于8%氟虫腈FS 24.00 g/100 kg种子处理的防效。该药剂是防治玉米丝黑穗病和蛴螬的较为理想药剂,对玉米出苗安全。     

丛枝泡囊菌根菌对甘薯根腐病的防治效果

为探明丛枝泡囊菌根菌对甘薯根腐病的防治效果,在山东邹平病害重发的田间进行了4种药剂的对比试验。结果表明,每667 m2使用2亿孢子/m L丛枝泡囊菌根菌水剂66.70、93.38 m L,于甘薯定植时结合浇水一次施入定植穴中,可有效控制甘薯根腐病病情,相对病指防效达88.56%、93.99%,明显高于对照药剂处理的防效。丛枝泡囊菌根菌处理区增产效果明显,3个浓度处理较空白对照均增产85%以上,甘薯商品性也有提升。     

多种药剂防治马铃薯黑痣病的应用效果比较

为筛选适用于防治马铃薯黑痣病的拌种药剂,以陇薯7号原种种薯为材料,选择8种药剂进行拌种处理,出苗后20d抽样调查各处理马铃薯植株地上部鲜重、株长、茎粗,地下部鲜重、根系长度和体积,收获期调查各处理区马铃薯产量、黑痣病病薯率和病情指数。结果表明,8个药剂拌种处理对马铃薯黑痣病均有一定的防控效果,较空白对照区有不同程度的增产,其中22%氟唑菌苯胺种子处理悬浮剂和30%吡醚·咯·噻虫种子处理可分散粉剂的应用效果最好,对马铃薯黑痣病防效达74%以上,较空白对照增产26%以上。     

4种药剂处理土壤防治设施黄瓜根结线虫的效果

为探索北京通州设施黄瓜根结线虫药剂防治技术,选择了4种药剂分别进行土壤处理,调查并比较各处理对大棚内黄瓜根结线虫病及根结线虫的防治效果。发现供试药剂处理土壤后对根结线虫均具抑制作用。其中,99%二甲基二硫醚土壤熏蒸剂26.68 kg/667m~2处理和40.02 kg/667m~2处理对根结线虫病的病指防效达80%以上,较空白对照增产超过100%;20%异硫氰酸烯丙酯可溶液剂3 kg/667m~2处理和5 kg/667m~2处理的病指防效在70%左右,较对照增产60%以上。     

4种杀菌剂防治马铃薯晚疫病的田间试验初报

选择4种杀菌剂开展马铃薯晚疫病田间防治试验,结果表明,各施药处理对马铃薯晚疫病均有一定防效,药剂处理区马铃薯生育期延长,增产较清水对照均有所增加。其中,50%霜霉·氟啶胺悬浮剂的应用效果最好,病指防效和相对于处理区产量增幅分别为83.3%和28.0%;其次是72%霜脲·锰锌可湿性粉剂,防效和产量增幅分别为78.2%和24.0%,可做为替代药剂在生产中使用。     

不同药剂防治小麦赤霉病试验初报

采用我省小麦主产区常用的8种药剂及组合进行防治小麦赤霉病试验,筛选出优质高效农药。试验结果表明,防效最佳药剂为氰烯菌酯,达92.21%,增产和防效俱佳的是嘧菌酯+戊唑醇防效85.71,比对照增产42.75kg,其它嘧菌酯及其复配制剂防效也都在80%以上。     

花椰菜小菜蛾和菜青虫的田间防治试验

江苏省如皋市部分花椰菜田小菜蛾、菜青虫混发、重发,常用药剂防效下降,为筛选替代药剂,于2022年开展了田间施药试验,比较不同药剂处理对两种害虫的防效。结果表明：供试药剂对菜青虫均具较高防效,药后3～12 d虫口防效为90.95%～100%,虫螨腈处理防效相对较低,但在药后12 d也达到94.29%。不同处理对小菜蛾防效的差异较大,其中以溴虫氟苯双酰胺、乙基多杀菌素、甲维盐+溴虫氟苯双酰胺处理的防效较高,药后6～12 d防效均在98%以上,处理间无显著差异;甲维·茚虫威、甲维盐单施处理防效居次,药后12 d防效维持在90%左右;甲维·虫螨腈、虫螨腈单施处理对小菜蛾的速效性与持效性均较差,药后3 d防效分别为59.02、49.31%,药后12 d防效分别为46.01%、38.40%,不建议用于田间防治。     

Control of Microdochium majus in winter wheat with botanicals – from laboratory to the field

The fungal pathogen Microdochium majus, causing snow mould, seedling blight and foot rot, results in severe yield losses in small grain cereals. There are few options to control this pathogen in organic production. In this study, aqueous extracts or botanical powders prepared from chamomile, meadowsweet, thyme and Chinese galls were tested in vitro against M. majus conidia germination and mycelial growth, respectively. Subsequently, three botanicals were chosen, applied as powders with different seed coating adhesives, and tested for their effect on the incidence of M. majus from naturally infected wheat seed lots and on seedling emergence from soil under controlled environmental conditions. Furthermore, seed treatments with warm water, a bacterial product or one chosen botanical were tested in a growth chamber and in a field experiment over three consecutive years. Of the botanicals tested, Chinese galls showed the highest efficacy in controlling M. majus, reducing conidia germination and mycelial growth by up to 97 and 100%, respectively, and reducing the incidence from infested seeds by up to 59%. In two growth chamber experiments, total seedling emergence increased by up to 30 and 59% compared with the control treatments following an application with Chinese galls. Under field conditions, yield increase through Chinese galls, the bacterial product and the warm water treatment was 19, 10 and 37% compared with the untreated control, respectively. This study demonstrates the potential of Chinese galls to control M. majus in wheat. Options for improved formulations or combinations of heat‐based treatments with Chinese galls are discussed.     

两株植物根际促生菌对番茄青枯病的生物防治效果评价

研究了Erwinia persicinus RA2和Bacillus pumilus WP8浸种和拌土处理对番茄青枯病的实际防治效果,及其对番茄根际微生物群落的影响。结果显示,两株菌都具有防治番茄青枯病的作用,并能不同程度地促进番茄幼苗生长。主要体现在显著提高番茄幼苗健株率,病原菌处理的健株率最低,仅为22.4%,而RA2和WP8浸种处理分别达68.9%和62.8%;促进幼苗地上部增高、增粗和根部生长,如WP8浸种处理的茎叶干重和根干重分别达到4.87 mg·株^-1和35.69 mg·株^-1,分别比病原菌对照提高110.82%和205.83%。浸种处理的促进效应明显优于拌土处理;还能在一定程度上提高土壤水稳性团聚体（〉0.25 mm）比例,WP8浸种处理尤为明显,分别比空白对照和病原菌对照提高269.91%和156.88%。DGGE指纹图谱表明根际微生物群落受番茄种植的影响最大,其次是青枯病菌,而受这两种菌施用的影响最小。     

Chemical disinfectants can reduce potato blackleg caused by ‘Dickeya solani’

Treatments of tubers with chemical disinfectants (70 % ethanol, 1 % sodium hypochlorite, 2 % copper sulphate, 5 % peracetic acid, 10 % hydrogen peroxide, 1 % MennoClean (benzoic acid), 5 % trisodium phosphate and 0.2 % caffeine) were evaluated for control of blackleg caused by ‘D. solani’. All disinfectants effectively killed bacteria in axenic cultures within 5 min and all, except hydrogen peroxide and trisodium phosphate, were able to kill ‘D. solani’ in spiked potato extracts. Treatments with all disinfectants except trisodium phosphate, reduced the pathogen populations on the periderm of tubers previously inoculated by dipping in a suspension of ‘D. solani’, when the disinfectant was applied for at least 15 min. However, in replicated greenhouse experiments, treatments with all disinfectants except hydrogen peroxide and caffeine resulted in phytotoxicity, reducing sprouting of tubers with 10 – 100 %. Sodium hypochlorite and MennoClean were selected for further studies. Treatments of inoculated tubers with these disinfectants prevented developing of soft rot symptoms on tubers when subjected to favourable rotting conditions. In replicated greenhouse experiments, inoculated tubers treated with sodium hypochlorite and MennoClean reduced the blackleg disease incidences from 50 % to 0 % and to 5 %, respectively, and symptomless infection of potato stems from 93 % to 0 % and to 5 %, respectively. A combination of both compounds was highly phytotoxic. The potential use of sodium hypochlorite and MennoClean in an integrated management strategy for potato blackleg is discussed.     

沟灌渗透对直播水稻干物质积累和产量的影响

采用田间对比试验、植株分析方法,研究了相同畦宽(200cm)、不同灌水量的沟灌渗透栽培和常规淹水栽培对直播水稻茎蘖生长及干物质积累的影响。结果表明:不同时期直播水稻茎蘖生长、干物质积累、冠层叶性状和产量在不同处理之间均存在一定的差异;其中,以处理1(节水38.6%的沟灌渗透)的茎蘖生长适宜,分蘖质量高,干物质积累量大,冠层叶叶绿素含量高,有效穗数、穗长、穗粒数、实粒数和千粒重显著高于常规淹水处理,增产达8.74%。     

6种杀菌剂对姜青枯病的防治效果

采用药剂浸种、发病前药剂灌根、发病初期药剂灌根3种处理评价了6种杀菌剂对姜青枯病的防治效果及对生姜产量的影响。结果表明:6种药剂中,以46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂和6%中生菌素水分散粒剂浸种处理对姜青枯病的预防效果最好,防效分别达到了86.61%和84.86%,产量较对照分别增加37.36%和31.35%。发病前药剂灌根处理中,以40%噻唑锌悬浮剂、46%氢氧化铜水分散粒剂和5×10~8个/mL荧光假单胞菌水剂的预防效果较好,施药后7 d防效分别为87.55%、83.30%和80.78%,产量较对照分别增加35.03%、38.63%和29.92%。发病初期药剂灌根处理中,6种药剂防效均在45%以下,且产量显著低于发病前药剂灌根处理,表明姜青枯病发病后施药防治效果较差,根据姜青枯病发病规律提前用药可取得较好的防治效果。     

不同轮作模式对花生病虫害及产量的影响

为探明水旱轮作模式对花生土传病虫害及其产量的影响,设水旱轮作不施药、水旱轮作减施药、旱旱轮作常规施药和旱旱轮作不施药(CK)4种处理,于2014—2016年对花生果腐病、白绢病和蛴螬虫害的发生情况进行调查,并对花生产量及其构成因素进行考种分析。结果表明,水旱轮作不施药处理的花生果腐病病情指数和发病率分别较CK显著降低90.40%和96.55%,防控效果达96.34%;水旱轮作减施药处理对花生果腐病的防控效果为81.49%;旱旱轮作常规施药处理对花生果腐病无防控效果。水旱轮作和旱旱轮作常规施药处理对白绢病均无防控效果。水旱轮作不施药、水旱轮作减施药和旱旱轮作常规施药处理对蛴螬的防控效果分别为63.80%、65.50%和66.20%。水旱轮作不施药与旱旱轮作常规施药处理相比,株结果数、株果重和产量分别显著降低15.03%、12.14%和6.33%,株饱果数和出仁率分别显著提高13.88%和3.01%,株根瘤个数显著提高166.22%;水旱轮作减施药与旱旱轮作常规施药处理相比,株结果数、株果重、产量、百仁重和出仁率均无显著差异,株饱果数显著提高14.33%,株根瘤个数显著提高122.97%。表明水旱轮作模式对花生果腐病和蛴螬有较理想的防控效果,且使花生产量结构明显优化,根瘤菌数量显著提高。     

不同灌溉模式对中麦349生长发育的影响

在田间限量灌溉条件下,以小偃22为对照,研究了4种灌溉模式对中麦349干物质转移效率、籽粒灌浆速率、产量及其构成因素、土壤含水率等方面的影响.结果表明,不同灌溉后各营养器官干物质转移量及对籽粒的贡献率均降低,叶源的光合性能提高,花后光合产物向籽粒的分配量增加;籽粒灌浆期延长,中后期灌浆速率提高,粒重增大;穗数、穗粒教、千粒重以及产量均提高.相同灌溉模式下,中麦349较对照干物质转移量及对籽粒的贡献率均较大,但各灌溉模式干物质转移量及对籽粒贡献率均较对照下降幅度较大;对照模式下,中麦349较对照营养器官干物质向籽粒运输量大,对籽粒贡献率较大,产量较多次灌溉减产较少,耐旱程度较强.中麦349两水与三水处理无显著差异,以浇越冬水+拨节水+灌浆水产量最高,小偃22以浇越冬水+拔节水模式产量最高.在浇一水模式中,两品种均以浇拔节水产量较高.     

不同水分处理对胡麻干物质积累与分配及水分利用效率的影响

在大田试验条件下,以陇亚杂1号为材料,设置不灌水(CK)、分茎水80 mm(T1)、分茎水60 mm+盛花水40 mm(T2)、分茎水80 mm+盛花水40 mm(T3)、分茎水60 mm+现蕾水40 mm+盛花水40 mm(T4)5个处理,研究了不同水分处理对胡麻干物质积累与分配、籽粒产量及其水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:与CK相比,灌水处理显著提高开花后干物质的积累量和开花后干物质积累量对籽粒的贡献率,以T2处理最高,分别增加了91.37%、45.09%;灌水量过多显著减少光合产量向籽粒的分配,使籽粒产量降低;随灌水量增加,胡麻全生育期耗水量显著增大,籽粒产量先升高后降低,灌水利用效率显著降低;T2处理的产量和水分利用效率显著高于其他处理,分别比CK增加了40.72%、11.71%。综合考虑胡麻的籽粒产量和水分利用效率,T2处理为本试验条件下高产节水的最佳灌水处理。     

Integrated Control of Powdery Mildew on Field-grown Mango Trees by Foliar Sprays of Mono-potassium Phosphate Fertilizer, Sterol Inhibitor Fungicides and the Strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl

Foliar sprays of solutions of di-potassium hydrogen orthophosphate, K2HPO4 (DKP) and potassium di-hydrogen orthophosphate, KH2PO4 (MKP), commercial systemic fungicides, and an alternating treatment with phosphate fertilizer and systemic fungicides inhibited development of the powdery mildew fungus, Oidium mangiferae, on flowers and bloom clusters of field-grown mango trees. The effectiveness of the alternation treatments with an appropriate systemic fungicide and 1% solution of mono-potassium phosphate (MKP) in controlling powdery mildew on bloom clusters was similar to that of the commercial treatment with the systemic fungicides. However, application of the systemic fungicides alone, on the same dates on which they were applied in the alternation treatment, without application of the phosphate treatment was significantly less effective in controlling the disease than either the phosphate or the alternation treatment. This indicates that the use of phosphate fertilizer has a significant role in disease control and that it can reduce the number of fungicide treatments necessary against powdery mildew by up to 50%. These results were confirmed in large-scale demonstration trials conducted in commercial orchards in 1994 and 1995. Our 1997 findings also revealed that tank-mix treatments of 1% MKP solution with half the recommended quantity of sterol inhibitor fungicide applied at 14-day intervals provided a protection against powdery mildew comparable with or superior to that given by the standard fungicides-based treatment applied at 7-day intervals. Tank-mix treatments of MKP (1%) with sterol inhibitor at the recommended rate or with the new strobilurin Kresoxym-methyl (BAS 490F, strobi), or the BAS 490F alone, were the most effective, and provided >95% protection against O. mangiferae, compared with the control. Phosphate solutions were found not to be phytotoxic to plant tissue. These treatments affected the yield of mango trees: a significantly lower yield was observed on control untreated trees, probably because of powdery mildew infection on flowers. The inhibitory effectiveness of phosphate salts makes them a potential major component of an integrated pest management program.     

垄沟种植模式对玉米生长及产量的影响

通过田间试验,设60、90 cm两种垄宽的垄沟种植模式,以传统种植模式为对照,研究了垄沟种植模式对玉米生长和产量的影响.结果表明:60 cm垄宽的种植模式增产效果最为显著,与90 cm垄沟种植模式和传统种植模式相比,60 cm垄沟种植模式玉米株高分别提高11.1％和19.6％;功能叶叶面积分别提高6.46％和10.78％;相对叶绿素含量分别增加6.7％和12.9％;干物质积累分别增加6.9％和10.7％;玉米产量分别提高8.1％和10.7％;土壤水分利用效率分别提高11.7％和5.8％,差异显著.与传统平作种植模式相比,垄沟种植模式能够促进玉米生长发育,提高产量和水分利用效率.在所有处理中,60 cm垄宽的垄沟种植模式的玉米产量和水分利用效率最高.