北方两系杂交粳稻及亲本的籼粳成分与株型和产量性状的关系

以北方两系杂交粳稻组合及其亲本为试验材料,采用程式指数法划分亲本和杂种的籼粳成分,研究其籼粳成分与杂种部分株型性状的关系。杂种在分蘖高峰期和成熟期的叶绿素含量与父本的程式指数呈显著正相关。杂种的剑叶叶长与母本的程式指数呈显著负相关,株高与母本籼稻成分呈显著负相关。在穗部性状与亲本籼粳成分分析中得出,穗长与父本和杂种的籼粳成分相关分析达显著负相关,穗数和穗粒数都与母本的籼粳成分呈显著负相关,穗粒数还与父母本籼粳成分之差绝对值呈显著负相关。叶绿素SPAD值与亲本的籼粳成分及其差值呈线性相关,存在临界极值。因此,北方粳型两系杂交水稻要获得良好的株型性状及产量杂种优势,父母本的籼粳成分要适度搭配。     

常规水稻品种黄华占栽培密度与产量的相关性研究

本试验研究了栽培密度对水稻黄华占产量及产量构成因素的影响,结果表明:栽培密度与有效穗呈显著正相关(r=0.932);与穗总粒数、穗实粒数、穗长、结实率均呈极显著负相关(r总=-0.996,r实=-0.997,r穗=-0.991,r结=-0.991);与千粒重呈显著负相关(r=-0.929);产量构成各因素间,穗总粒数与穗实粒数、穗长均呈极显著正相关(r实=0.997,r穗=0.998)。为夺得水稻黄华占高产水平,其适宜栽培密度处在Ⅲ与Ⅳ之间。     

云南稻种资源对白叶枯病的抗性鉴定

在广西、湖南、北京进行白叶枯病抗病性同步鉴定,将1574份云南稻种分为15个抗病类型。筛选出抗病品种41份,占总数的2.6%,其中海南糯对25个菌株表现广谱抗性,并对Bs-3和Ks-6-6两菌株表现全生育期抗性。云南稻种籼粳间抗病性差异显著。对白叶枯病的抗性与原产地海拔高度呈负相关。     

玉米杂交种及亲本自交系气孔特征

作物主要依靠叶片表面的气孔进行CO2吸收和水分蒸散,从而影响光合和蒸腾等重要生理过程.赵瑞霞等[1]发现不同时期干旱使小麦叶片背面气孔长度变短,对气孔宽度的影响很小.而在水稻上孟雷等[2]认为水分胁迫使叶片气孔长度和宽度都明显减小,气孔密度与气孔宽度呈显著负相关(r=-0.90*,n=7),气孔长度和宽度呈显著正相关(r=0.71*,n=7).但刘丽霞等[3]对水稻叶片气孔性状间的分析结果不同,气孔密度与气孔宽度、气孔长度与宽度间均相关不显著.可见,气孔性状间的相关性仍值得深入研究.     

春小麦抗性淀粉含量与其它品质相关性状的相关分析

本研究选取172份春小麦种质资源并对其籽粒抗性淀粉含量分别与总淀粉含量以及直链淀粉含量、膨胀势、RVA黏度的峰值和低谷黏度、Zeleny沉降值、湿面筋含量及干面筋含量8个品质性状进行了相关性分析,其中与抗性淀粉含量呈极显著正相关关系的是直链淀粉含量(r=0.60);呈显著正相关关系的分别为峰值黏度(r=0.27)、膨胀势(r=0.28)和总淀粉含量(r=0.31);抗性淀粉含量与湿、干面筋含量间呈不显著负相关(r=-0.16,r=-0.03).经逐步回归分析,结果表明,在这八个品质性状中对小麦抗性淀粉含量影响较大的依次为直链淀粉的含量、总淀粉含量、高峰黏度及膨胀势,这一结果可以解释抗性淀粉42.2％的表型变异.     

多样性国际稻种四个生长发育时期的耐冷性及其与籼粳性的关系

水稻整个生长时期都可能有低温冷害的发生。低温冷害是水稻获得稳产、高产的主要限制因素之一。鉴定耐冷资源、开展耐冷性育种是减少水稻冷害损失最有效的途径。为了找到优良的水稻耐冷资源,并分析水稻不同发育时期耐冷性之间的关系,以及耐冷性与籼粳性的关系,本研究以来自11个国家、多样性丰富的34份水稻品种为材料,分别在发芽期、芽期、苗期和开花期进行耐冷性鉴定,并应用对籼粳性有专一鉴别性的分子标记对测试品种的籼粳性进行量化,考察水稻籼粳性分化与不同生长发育期耐冷性的关系。研究结果表明,在发芽期有3个品种的低温相对发芽率在85.0%以上,芽期有4个品种冷处理后的存活率超过90.0%,苗期有3个品种冷处理后的存活率超过75.0%,穗期有4个品种耐冷指数高于0.55,没有品种在4个时期均有强的耐冷性。对这些材料4个时期耐冷性的相关分析显示,芽期和苗期的耐冷性呈显著正相关,决定系数为0.28;其它生长时期的耐冷性相互之间的相关性不显著。在测试品种中,籼粳性专一的分子标记所决定的籼性度与芽期和苗期的耐冷性呈显著负相关。研究结果揭示了水稻不同生长发育时期有不同的耐冷遗传基础,并为水稻耐冷种质的筛选以及耐冷性育种策略的制定提供了科学的依据。     

稻瘟病苗瘟叶瘟和穗颈瘟的相关性分析

采用温室人工接菌法探讨水稻稻瘟病苗瘟、叶瘟和穗颈瘟的相关性,研究结果表明,稻瘟病苗瘟、叶瘟和穗颈瘟三者之间存在着一定的正相关性,相关程度因水稻品种、稻瘟病菌生理小种的不同而有所差异。此外,对水稻品种温室苗瘟抗性率与田间叶瘟抗性率、穗颈瘟抗性率之间的相关性进行研究,结果表明温室苗瘟抗性率与自然病圃叶瘟抗性率表现正相关关系(r=0.5435),温室苗瘟抗性率与自然病圃穗颈瘟抗性率表现极显著正相关关系(r=0.7583**,p<0.01),自然病圃叶瘟抗性率与穗颈瘟抗性率呈显著正相关关系(r=0.6322*,p<0.05)。因此,认为利用可控温室代替田间进行水稻品种稻瘟病抗性鉴定是可行的,而且根据苗瘟、叶瘟的抗性鉴定结果推测穗颈瘟的抗性基本上也是可行的。     

不同熟性棉花品种叶片衰老特性研究

研究了大田条件下15个不同熟性棉花品种叶片衰老生理指标的变化趋势.结果表明:扩展期叶片的SOD活性和MDA含量较高,以后又下降,而POD活性较平稳;中期叶片的SOD、POD活性和MDA含量均不断提高,叶绿素含量高,光合速率强;后期叶片的POD活性和MDA含量继续提高,SOD活性出现两种变化趋势:一种是继续升高或保持平稳,叶绿素含量和光合速率衰减慢;一种是显著下降,叶绿素含量和光合速率下降快.品种间生理指标相关分析表明,后期叶片SOD活性与叶绿素含量、光合效率呈显著或极显著正相关(r=0.5408*,0.7189**),与MDA呈极显著负相关(r=-0.8896**);而后期叶片MDA与叶绿素含量、光合效率呈显著或极显著负相关(r=-0.5533*,-0.8481**).     

贵州地方稻种芽期耐寒性与其原产地相关因素的探讨

贵州水稻芽期耐寒性种质高频密集区有5片18个县,高抗种质高频密集区有3片5个县。以西北部最稠密,耐寒性种质和高抗种质的频度与海拔和温度相互间呈显著性或极显著性正相关或负相关关系,约有30%左右的抗性种质分布上的差异是由环境因子波动而造成,在低热的局部地区,出现两频度与高寒地区相近的现象,是微地域在其分布上的反应。同时发现地方稻种对低温的抗耐能力。粳型品种强于籼型品种,水稻强于陆稻。     

稻谷储藏特性及其与籼粳特性的关系研究

在小型人工气候箱中, 对400余份常规品种进行人工老化处理, 并结合随机抽取的38份材料进行了籼粳形态指数分析. 结果表明, 稻谷贮藏特性与籼粳特性之间存在极显著的相关; 在形态指数中, 抽穗时壳色、稃毛和酚反应与贮藏特性的相关性分别达0.4703、 0.4674和0.45的极显著水平, 第1～2节穗轴长和叶毛与储藏特性的相关性分别达0.     

QTLs and candidate genes for chlorate resistance in rice (Oryzasativa L.)

Chlorate resistance is one of the reliable characters in Indica/Japonica classification. To understand the genetic basis of chlorate resistance is very important for revealing the evolutionary mechanism of Indica/Japonica differentiation. In this study, a doubled haploid (DH) population derived from anther culture of ZYQ8/JX17, a typical Indica and Japonica hybrid, was used as the genetic material to investigate chlorate sensitivity of the parents and DH lines. The quantitative trait loci (QTLs) of chlorate resistance were analyzed based on the molecular linkage map of this population. Total of 3 QTLs (qCHR-2, qCHR-8 and qCHR-10) for chlorate resistance were detected on chromosomes 2, 8 and 10, respectively. A QTL × QTL epistatic interaction was detected between qCHR-2 and qCHR-10. Genes involved in nitrogen assimilation, such as nitrate reduction, molybdenum cofactor biosynthesis and nitrate transport were strong candidates of QTLs for chlorate resistance. A putative nitrate reductase gene (8611.t00011), and two putative nitrate reductase genes (9319.t00010 and 9319.t00012) were in the genomic region of qCHR-2, and qCHR-8, respectively, and a putative nitrate transporter gene (756.t00011) was in the region of qCHR-10. The expression of 8611.t00011, 9319.t00010 and 756.t00011 were confirmed by the corresponding cDNAs, and 2 in/del and 12 SNPs in the coding regions of these three genes were found between Indica (cv. 9311) and Japonica (cv. Nipponbare) in silico. These results indicated that these three genes were candidates of the chlorate resistance QTLs. An in/del in the coding region of 8611.t00011 was used to develop a new PCR marker. A polymorphism was detected between JX17/Nipponbare and ZYQ8/9311. This polymorphism corresponds to the chlorate sensitivity of Nipponbare and 9311. This marker was located between Y8007R and RM250 on chromosome 2 in the DH population, where qCHR-2 was also located.     

Indica-Japonica differentiation of paddy rice and its relationship with heterosis

The Indica‐Japonica differentiation of three photoperiod‐sensitive and/or thermosensitive genetic male‐sterile rice (PGMS or TGMS, respectively) lines and 47 male parental lines from seven ecotypes were studied for their restriction fragment length polymorphism marker data to determine which ecotype crosses with the three PGMS and/or TGMS lines could lead to higher yield potential, and to estimate the relationship between the Indica‐Japonica differentiation of parents and heterosis in grain yield and its components. The results indicated that hybrids derived from ‘N422s’ and the early‐middle ripening Indica varieties from southern China, and hybrids between ‘Pei'ai64s’ and three Japonica ecotypes, including North‐eastern Japonica varieties, restoring lines of Japonica hybrid rice and north China Japonica varieties, showed the highest grain yields. There was less variation of yield among the F1s between ‘108s’ and the seven ecotypes than among the other F₁s. Highly significant positive correlations between heterosis of the F₁ yield and genetic distance of the parents were detected, although the correlation between F₁ yield performance and genetic distance did not reach a significant level. Considerable variation of correlation between heterosis and genetic distance was also detected in the Indica × Indica crosses and Indica × Japonica crosses. There was much higher correlation (r = 0.63) between the F₁ yield performance and the genetic distance of parents in the Indica × Indica crosses than in the others. It is proposed that a genetic distance of 0.4‐0.8 between the two parents of hybrid rice might be appropriate not only for F₁ performance, but also for heterosis.     

硝酸还原酶活力与作物耐肥性的研究 Ⅲ.北方粳稻品种演变过程中硝酸还原酶活力与品种性状之间的关系

对北方粳稻栽培品种演变过程中品种性状和硝酸还原酶活力变化的研究表明:1)品种性状在演变过程中有了明显的变化,即从大穗高秆向多穗矮秆的方向变化;2)品种抗倒耐肥性变化的总趋势是由弱到强,其硝酸还原酶活力从高到低的变化。这就是说过去老品种大穗高秆,不抗倒不耐肥,硝酸还原酶活力高,而目前推广品种多穗矮秆,抗倒耐肥,硝     

栽培稻的基因型差异程度和分类

本文利用来自一个籼/粳交(圭630/02428)的双单倍体(DH)系和由多种类型的籼、粳品种(系)组成的对照组,从分子水平上研究亚洲栽培稻的基因型差异。结果表明,栽培稻中存在两种主要的差异类型,即质的差异和量的差异。前者主要存在于籼、粳分化程度比较高的对照组中,85%以上的有关位点已经发生了籼或粳的分化趋向;后者主要存     

水稻种子耐干性机理的研究

以籼稻C38、粳稻京21、杂交稻秋优3为材料,进行种子超干储藏特性的研究,进而探讨种子耐干性的机理。通过超干水稻种子生活力和活力的比较,发现籼稻C38耐干性较强。超干有利于保持种子抗氧化酶系统的完整性,因此超干能提高种子的耐储性。对超干种子可溶性糖含量与组分进行分析,结果表明随着种子含水量的降低,蔗糖含量增高,多糖和葡萄糖含量降低,籼稻C38的蔗糖含量明显低于粳稻京21和杂交稻秋优3。用热重仪测定的种子含水量与烘干法得到的数据相吻合,用差示热量扫描仪测定束缚水/自由水的比例和玻璃化转变温度Tg,发现籼稻C38的Tg高于粳稻京21和杂交稻秋优3,籼稻C38束缚水/自由水比例大于粳稻京21和杂交稻秋优3,而束缚水/自由水的比例与耐干性成正相关。由此表明,耐干性在不同的水稻品种间有明显的差异,籼稻C38的耐干性较强。     

植物硝酸还原酶功能的研究进展

硝酸还原酶（Nitrate Reductase,简称NR）是高等植物氮素同化的限速酶,可直接调节硝酸盐还原,从而调节氮代谢,并影响到光合碳代谢。发掘NR新的生理功能并探讨其作用机理具有重要的理论和实际意义。随着分子生物学技术的迅猛发展,可以从分子水平上深入了解NR的生理功能及作用机制;此外还可能由此了解氮代谢及其与其它生理过程之间的关系;同时也深入了解NR、NO与植物抗逆性的关系;以及研究硝酸还原酶的展望。     

Impact of Humidity on Temperature-Induced Grain Sterility in Rice (Oryza sativa L)

High temperature‐induced grain sterility in rice is becoming a serious problem in tropical rice‐growing ecosystems. We studied the mechanism of high temperature‐induced grain sterility of different rice (Oryza sativa L) cultivars at two relative humidity (RH) levels. Four varieties of Indica and Japonica rice were exposed to over 85 % RH and 60 % RH at 36/30 °C, 34/30 °C, 32/24 °C and 30/24 °C day/night air temperatures from late booting to maturity inside sunlit phytotrons. Increasing both air temperature and RH significantly increased spikelet sterility while high temperature‐induced sterility decreased significantly with decreasing RH. Neither Indica nor Japonica rice types were superior to the other in the response of their spikelets to increased air temperature and RH. Increased spikelet sterility was due to increased pollen grain sterility which reduced deposition of viable pollen grains on stigma. Reduction in sterility with decreased RH was more due to decreased spikelet temperature than to air temperature. Thus the impact of RH should be considered when interpreting the effect of high temperature on grain sterility. Spikelet fertility was curvilinearly related to spikelet temperature. Grain sterility increased when spikelet temperature increased over 30 °C while it became completely sterile at 36 °C. The ability of a variety to decrease its spikelet temperature with decreasing RH could be considered as avoidance while the variability in spikelet sterility among varieties at a given spikelet temperature could be considered as true tolerance.     

强、弱筋小麦籽粒形成期蔗糖、淀粉合成相关酶活性及其与氮代谢的关系

2005—2006年生长季, 以小麦强筋品种藁城8901和弱筋品种豫麦50为材料, 研究了灌浆期籽粒和旗叶氮代谢底物含量与相关酶活性变化、蔗糖淀粉合成相关酶活性及籽粒淀粉积累特征, 分析了氮代谢与籽粒淀粉积累的关系。结果表明, 旗叶蔗糖合酶(SS)和磷酸蔗糖合酶(SPS)、籽粒腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPP)、可溶性淀粉合酶(SSS)、束缚态淀粉合酶(GBSS)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)活性均呈单峰曲线变化。两品种比较, 除AGPP活性峰值豫麦50低于藁城8901外, 其他酶活性峰值均是豫麦50高于藁城8901。相关分析表明, 藁城8901支链淀粉积累速率与SS、SPS、AGPP和SBE活性呈极显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.9377**、0.8857**、0.6489**和0.5980**; 直链淀粉积累速率与SS、SPS活性呈极显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.7616**和0.7750**。豫麦50支链淀粉积累速率与SS、SPS、AGPP、GBSS和SBE活性呈极显著或显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.8182**、0.6762**、0.7028**、0.8749**和0.5433*; 直链淀粉积累速率与SS、SPS和SBE活性呈极显著正相关, 相关系数分别为0.8528**、0.8428**和0.8603**。两品种硝酸还原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)活性在开花后逐渐降低, 且藁城8901的NR活性一直高于豫麦50。硝态氮和氨态氮含量与NR、GS活性呈极显著正相关; 藁城8901的NR、GS活性与SS、SPS活性呈显著负相关, 而豫麦50只有GS与SPS达显著负相关(r = -0.5212*)。上述结果表明, 不同品质类型小麦籽粒淀粉合成积累受氮代谢相关酶活性的影响, 藁城8901较高的NR活性抑制与蔗糖合成有关酶SS、SPS的活性, 导致淀粉合成积累速率降低。由此可见, SPS/NR比值对淀粉合成具有重要调节作用。     

外源硝酸还原酶(NR)抑制剂对油菜植株内NR活性的影响及其与硝酸盐含量的关系

为进一步揭示硝酸还原酶(nitrate reductase, NR)活性的调控机制及其与植株体内硝酸盐含量的关系。本试验在正常供氮(15 mmol L^–1 NO₃^–)和缺氮(7.5 mmol L^–1 NO₃^–)条件下, 以氮高效(H1:742和H2: Xiangyou15)和氮低效(L1: 814和L2: H8)油菜基因型为研究材料, 通过NR活性的专性抑制剂处理, 研究NR活性和硝酸盐含量的基因型和氮水平差异。结果表明, NR专性抑制剂处理可以显著降低叶片NR活性, 正常供氮和缺氮条件下分别降低53.0%和57.6%, 但对叶片硝酸盐的含量没有显著影响。正常供氮条件下的NR活性和硝酸盐含量比缺氮条件下分别高46.9%和16.4%。氮高效油菜基因型的硝酸盐含量显著低于氮低效基因型。H2的NR活性(NRA_act)显著高于氮低效基因型的本质原因是其主效基因(nia2)的相对表达量高于氮低效基因型。本研究充分表明NR活性和硝酸盐含量存在明显的基因型和氮水平差异, 一定程度的NR活性变化对植株体内硝酸盐的含量并没有显著的影响。     

渗透胁迫和盐胁迫对荞麦硝酸还原酶及亚硝酸还原酶活性的影响

以盐敏感荞麦品种TQ-0808和耐盐荞麦品种川荞1号为试验材料,采用NaCl和等渗PEG-6000处理,研究渗透胁迫和盐胁迫对不同耐盐性荞麦品种硝酸还原酶(NR)及亚硝酸还原酶(NiR)活性的影响。结果表明,高浓度盐胁迫下盐敏感荞麦品种叶片NR及NiR活性显著降低,而耐盐荞麦品种降低幅度相对较小,且高浓度盐胁迫下盐敏感荞麦品种叶片NR及NiR活性的降低幅度明显大于渗透胁迫的,说明Na⁺毒害效应发挥了主要作用。另外,两个荞麦品种叶片NR活性高低与其叶片硝酸盐含量呈正相关。