展青霉孢子数与棒曲霉毒素含量关系的研究

重点研究展青霉在苹果汁培养基中、在静置培养和振荡培养2种培养方式下,生成的孢子数目与其棒曲霉素含量之间的关系。根据实验数据绘制出了二者之间的关系曲线,利用回归方法建立了二者的关系曲线方程。研究结果证实,展青霉在培养过程中产生的孢子数目与其棒曲霉素含量之间存在着一定的数量关系。     

猕猴桃减振包装在模拟运输中的使用效果

以徐香猕猴桃为试验材料,采用模拟运输振动方式,研究减振包装(泡沫网套、托盘)在猕猴桃运输过程中的减振防伤效果。结果表明,与裸露组相比,采用减振包装的猕猴桃模拟运输后贮藏14 d时,可显著降低果实表面损伤指数、呼吸强度、乙烯释放量和相对电导率的上升幅度及果实硬度下降幅度,延缓果实色泽的变化,但对果实可溶性固形物含量变化无显著影响。综合各指标,减振包装具有显著减少猕猴桃果实损伤和延缓果实衰老的效果,其中托盘的减振效果优于泡沫网,更利于猕猴桃运输后的贮藏和品质保持。     

不同包装对鲜切青椒保鲜效果的研究

研究了3种不同的包装对鲜切青椒贮藏过程中感官指标、质量损失率、呼吸强度、相对电导率、可溶性固形物含量、叶绿素含量和菌落总数的影响。结果表明,厚0.02 mm的塑料薄膜袋是3种包装方式中保鲜效果较为突出的,能有效降低鲜切青椒的质量损失率,抑制呼吸作用,减缓青椒内可溶性固形物和叶绿素含量的下降,延缓相对电导率的下降,并且在第12天开始出现腐烂现象,与贮藏效果较差的塑料包装盒相比较,能有效延长贮藏时间3 d。     

不同运输方式对生菜采后生理的影响

为研究运输方式对生菜采后生理及保鲜效果的影响,以‘橡生2号’生菜为研究对象,选择3种常见的运输方式:保温箱包装常温运输(A)、保温箱加制冷剂包装在常温下运输(B)、PE包装袋加纸箱包装在0℃下运输(C)进行试验。结果表明,采用C方式在0℃冷藏条件下运输的生菜,其失重率和呼吸强度均低于另外2组,VC含量和感官评价高于另外2组。因此在运输时间在12 h内可以采用A方式运输,在24 h内可以采用B方式运输,如超过24 h则最好使用C方式运输来保证生菜的货架期及品质。     

储存方式和时间对秸秆沼液养分含量的影响

为了明确不同储存方式和时间对秸秆沼液养分含量的影响,设置常温敞口和密闭储存2种方式,对不同储存时间的秸秆沼液中N、P、K及有机质含量进行了测定。结果表明：在沼液储存过程中有机质含量储存前后变化幅度较小,N、P、K总量明显降低,储存到50天时,N、P、K降幅达到80%~90%;2种储存方式中,密闭储存的沼液N、P、K降低少,因此从秸秆沼液肥用而言,密闭储存优于敞口储存。     

壳聚糖-nisin复合包装膜在烧鸡保鲜中的应用

研究壳聚糖- nisin复合包装膜处理对烧鸡保鲜的作用。采用3种包装形式（普通包装、1%壳聚糖膜、1%壳聚糖+0.02% nisin复合膜）对烧鸡进行处理,定期测定菌落总数、pH值、挥发性盐基氮（TVB-N值）、脂肪氧化（TBARS值）和感官评定。结果表明,在4℃条件下处理组样品货架期为7~14 d,对照组样品货架期约为3 d。低温贮藏过程中,处理样品的pH值、 TVB-N值、 TBARS值、菌落总数均显著低于对照组。     

中草药保鲜剂筛选及有效成分分析

对陈皮、肉桂、丁香、五倍子、艾叶、辛夷、姜黄、川芎、虎仗和蜂胶10种中草药提取物在果蔬致腐真菌扩展青霉和黑曲霉抑制作用方面进行了试验.结果表明,丁香提取物具有较强的抗菌活性,对扩展青霉和黑曲霉的MIC分别为25%和50%.通过GC-MS从丁香挥发油中分离分析出14种化合物,其中丁香酚的相对含量最高达68%.抑菌试验还表明,丁香挥发油中含有削弱丁香酚抗菌性能的成分.     

苹果采后商品化处理技术研究

<正>苹果是我国栽培面积和产量最大的树种,是我国第一大果品,从20世纪90年代初总产量就一直处于所有水果之首。目前,我国苹果产量约为3 600万t,是世界最大的苹果生产国和消费国,苹果种植面积、产量和消费量均占世界总量的40%左右,在世界苹果产业中占有重要地位。1.概述苹果采后需要进行商品化处理,将果品由初级产品转变为商品,实现经济效益。苹果采后基本处理包括采收、挑选、分级、清洗、打蜡、包装、预冷、保鲜处理、贮藏、运输等。采后商品化处理对保证果品质量、方便贮运、促进销售、便于食用和提高产品的竞争力具有重要     

铁皮石斛饮料杀菌工艺研制及品质分析

通过不同高温高压条件和添加抑菌剂筛选出6种铁皮石斛饮料杀菌方式，重点研究了M3(121℃15 min)、M5[0.2 g/kg乳酸链球菌素(Nisin)+100℃]和M7[100℃+0.25 g/kg二甲基二碳酸盐(DMDC)+0.2 g/kg Nisin] 3种杀菌方式的铁皮石斛饮料在贮藏期内菌落总数、多糖及总酚含量的变化和色泽稳定性，以筛选出较佳的杀菌方式。上述3种杀菌方式处理的铁皮石斛饮料在25℃、16周贮藏期内菌落总数均符合《食品安全国家标准饮料》(GB 7101—2022)，多糖含量明显下降，总酚含量变化平稳，样品的L值、a绝对值和b值减小，饮料贮藏时间的色泽变化稳定性好，品质保持良好。M3和M5处理的pH、色泽变化趋势均较M7处理稳定，为较好的杀菌方式。     

不同包装方式对南疆薄皮鲜食核桃营养品质的影响研究

为探明新疆两种鲜食薄皮核桃贮藏过程中营养成分的变化及最佳包装贮藏方式,以南疆主栽品种温185和新2鲜食核桃仁为试材,以普通塑料袋散装为对照,分别采用充N2、铝箔和真空3种包装方式,在常温20~25℃下贮藏80 d,研究不同品种核桃仁贮藏过程中营养品质的变化,以及各品质指标之间与品种、包装处理、贮藏时间之间的关系。结果表明,包装处理组能有效抑制鲜食核桃仁粗脂肪、粗蛋白、水分、总糖和总酸含量的变化,其中铝箔包装能有效保持鲜食核桃仁的水分含量,维持粗脂肪和粗蛋白含量的稳定,减缓总糖含量的下降和总酸含量的上升,贮藏效果较好。不同核桃品种间的各营养品质指标差异显著,相关性分析结果表明:水分含量与除总糖外的其他营养指标呈极显著负相关;最终确定薄皮核桃仁最佳贮藏包装方式为铝箔包装。     

采后核黄素处理对苹果青霉病及活性氧和苯丙烷代谢的影响

以“金冠”苹果果实为材料,采后用不同浓度核黄素溶液浸泡处理,研究其对损伤接种青霉(Penicillium expansum)果实的控制效果及果实苯丙烷代谢途径、活性氧代谢关键酶活性和产物含量的影响。结果表明,低浓度的核黄素处理可显著降低损伤接种P.expansum果实的病斑直径,其中以1.0 mmol/L核黄素处理效果最佳。同时,1.0 mmol/L核黄素处理显著提高了果实过氧化氢酶、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶、苯丙氨酸解氨酶及过氧化物酶活性,促进了过氧化氢、总酚、类黄酮和木质素的积累。由此表明,采后核黄素处理通过激活苯丙烷途径和活性氧代谢诱导苹果对青霉病的抗性。     

和厚朴酚对水果采后致腐真菌的抑制作用

以和厚朴酚标准品为试材,测定其对引起采后水果腐烂的青霉菌(Penicililum expansum)和链格孢菌(Al-ternaria alternata)的抑菌活性.结果表明,和厚朴酚对供试青霉菌(P.expansum)茵丝与孢子萌发均有较强的抑制作用;对链格孢菌(A.alternata)菌丝也有较强的抑制作用,但对链格孢菌(A.alternata)孢子萌发没有显著的抑制作用.     

Spontaneous postharvest fermentation of açai (Euterpe oleracea) fruit

Açai (Euterpe oleracea) fruit (EOF) are widely commercialized in the Brazilian Amazon. These fruit contain a high bacterial load and are transported on boards stowed inside or outside the holds of small boats. In this context, postharvest parameters were assessed under conditions that simulated these two methods of EOF transport: stowage in closed polystyrene boxes, simulating the inside of cargo holds, i.e., transport in a closed system; and open baskets, simulating transport in an open environment, i.e., transport in the prow or bow of the boat. EOF suffered spontaneous fermentation of alcoholic, acetic, and lactic types in the closed system, which is the most common type of transportation of this fruit. In the closed system, there was a predominance of lactic acid bacteria over acetic acid bacteria, with 82% and 95% of the initial content of d-glucose and d-fructose being consumed, respectively, after 27 h of experiment. The weight loss reached 1.7% and there was a logarithmic decrease of the major phenolic compounds of the fruit in the closed system, with losses of 78% of cyanidin-3-rutinoside, 88% of cyanidin-3-glucoside, 78% of homorientin, and 72% of orientin after 27 h, which was higher than in the open system (58%, 66%, 73% and 62%, respectively). Analyses on EOF stowed in a closed system indicated that the respiratory rate was characteristic of a non-climacteric fruit, i.e., it showed a logarithmic decay in the production of CO₂ (R² = 0.995; P < 0.05). Thus, transport in a closed system results in more drastic nutritional and functional changes on EOF than when transport is carried out in an open system, suggesting that transportation in continuous aerobic conditions and a short period of time between picking and processing are preferable.     

A new strain of Metschnikowia fructicola for postharvest control of Penicillium expansum and patulin accumulation on four cultivars of apple

The efficacy of three antagonistic yeasts, Metschnikowia pulcherrima strain MACH1, M. pulcherrima strain GS9, and Metschnikowia fructicola strain AL27, against Penicillium expansum and patulin accumulation was evaluated on apples stored at room (22 ± 1 °C for 7 days) and cold temperatures (1 ± 1 °C for 56 days). To increase the potential range of application of the biocontrol agents (BCAs), their efficacy was evaluated on four cultivars of apple, i.e. ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Granny Smith’, ‘Red Chief’ and ‘Royal Gala’. AL27 was more effective than MACH1 and GS9 in the control of blue mold rot and in the reduction of patulin accumulation. The efficacy of AL27 was in most cases similar to the chemical control used, making the antagonist as competitive as chemical fungicides. In vitro experiments showed that AL27 reduced the conidial germination and germ tube length of P. expansum more than the other strains. The three BCAs were more effective in the control of blue mold rot on ‘Golden Delicious’ apples than on the other tested cultivars.     

罗田栗实致腐真菌的分离鉴定及拮抗菌筛选

采用组织分离法,从无症和显症的罗田板栗栗实中分离致腐真菌,再利用形态学特征与真菌ITS rDNA序列分析相结合的方法鉴定分离真菌。结果表明,分离真菌经鉴定分属11个种：匍枝根霉(Rhizopus stolonifer)、腐皮镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)、黑葡萄穗霉(Stachybotrys chartarum)、栗疫菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)、可可毛色二孢菌(Lasiodiplodia theobromae)、扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)、黑曲霉(Aspergillus niger)、胶胞炭疽菌(Colletotrichum gloeosporioides)、罗伦隐球酵母(Cryptococcus laurentii)、浅黄隐球酵母(Cryptococcus luteolus)、白假丝酵母(Candida albicans);其中栗疫菌(Cryphonectria parasitica)和扩展青霉(Penicillium expansum)的分离率最高。供筛的6株拮抗细菌的平板对峙实验表明：丁香假单孢杆菌和荧光假单胞杆菌对板栗致腐真菌有抑制作用,其中荧光假单孢杆菌对板栗主要致腐真菌ITS4和ITS6的抑制圈直径超过10mm。     

Increasing maturity reduces wound response and lignification processes against Penicillium expansum (pathogen) and Penicillium digitatum (non-host pathogen) infection in apples

Penicillium expansum is the main postharvest pathogen of pome fruit and is a necrotrophic fungus that requires wounds to infect the fruit. Therefore, injuries caused during harvest and postharvest handling provide an optimal locus for infection. In this study, the effect of wound response in apples harvested at three different maturity stages and stored at two different temperatures (20 and 0 °C) infected with P. expansum (pathogen) and Penicillium digitatum (non-host pathogen) was evaluated. The effect of wounding and pathogen inoculation on lignin content was also quantified. At 20 °C, less decay incidence and severity were observed when time between wounding and inoculation increased, and these differences were more important in fruit from immature and commercial harvests. However, at 0 °C, wound response was too slow to prevent P. expansum infection. Lignin content was highest in fruit from the immature harvest. Our results indicated that maturity and storage temperature play an important role in apple wound response. This is the first report demonstrating that P. digitatum, a non-host pathogen, was able to develop rots in over-mature apples.     

扩展青霉拮抗菌的筛选鉴定及其发酵液的抑菌效果

从水果表面及土壤中分离到几十株细菌,通过平板筛选到6株拮抗效果较好的拮抗菌,其中2株拮抗菌T3和T8的发酵液对扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）表现出显著的拮抗效果。本实验对该两种菌的发酵液的抑菌作用进行了初步的研究。这两株拮抗菌T3和T8的发酵液稳定性表现出不同,分别用100℃高温或两种蛋白酶处理后,T3菌株的发酵液抑菌效果均有一定程度的下降但仍表现出较高的活性,而T8菌株的发酵液在100℃高温处理后,抑菌活性下降但仍保持部分活性,但用蛋白酶处理,其抗菌活性几乎丧失。T3与T8发酵液的抑菌活性在培养2天后几乎达到最大,T3的最适发酵培养基为BPA,T8的最适发酵培养基为PDA。两株菌的发酵液处理扩展青霉菌的菌丝后,引起菌丝畸形,原生质凝缩,出现空泡。根据细菌16SrDNA序列分析及其形态特征和生理生化特性,初步鉴定T3和 T8均为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis),两株菌之间基因序列的相似性为93.45%。     

新疆薄皮核桃污染霉菌的分离鉴定

为了解新疆薄皮核桃受霉菌污染情况及污染微生物种类,以新2核桃为试材,采用稀释涂布法和三点法对污染霉菌进行分离纯化,经形态学和ITS序列分子分析法相结合进行鉴定。结果表明,薄皮核桃污染霉菌共有10种,通过菌株的生长特性得出米根霉（Rhizopus oryzae）、深绿木霉（Trichoderma atroviride）、黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）和黄曲霉（Aspergillus flavus）4种霉菌是影响核桃品质变化的优势霉菌,其他6种霉菌分别为扩展青霉（Penicillium expansum）、腐皮镰刀菌（Fusarium solani）、拟轮枝镰刀菌（Fusarium verticillioides）、红贝俄氏孔菌（Earliella scabrosa）、歧皱青霉（Peni-cillium dierckxii）和交链格孢菌（Alternaria alternata）。研究结果可为薄皮核桃品质劣变问题的研究及防治提供参考。     

生防菌A4的鉴定及其对樱桃番茄采后主要病害的抑制作用

依据形态学、分子生物学以及菌株的生理生化特征对菌株A4进行鉴定,并研究其对樱桃番茄采后病害的防治效果。结果表明：菌株A4为生防菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌（Bacillus velezensis）,其对樱桃番茄采后的重要致病菌灰霉菌（Botrytis cinerea）和扩展青霉菌（Penicillium expansum）均有抑制作用;平板对峙试验表明,贝莱斯芽孢杆菌A4对上述2种病原菌生长的抑制率分别高达66.56%和59.19%,预先接种浓度为1.0×109 CFU/mL A4菌悬液的樱桃番茄患病率分别降至14.67%和4.00%;扫描电镜显示,生防菌A4通过抑制病原菌的萌发和生长,降低病原菌的致病能力,减少病害的发生。本研究为生防菌贝莱斯芽孢杆菌的鉴定提供了参考,并为提高樱桃番茄采后病害的防治技术提供了新思路。