多囊桁拖网选择性研究中对照网囊网目尺寸的选择

对比作业法是拖网渔具选择性研究中重要的试验方法之一,而对比试验中对照网囊网目的选择至关重要。研究利用多囊桁拖网不同网目尺寸(20、30、35和40mm)网囊捕获的哈氏仿对虾、小黄鱼和棘头梅童鱼渔获体长分布数据,应用几何相似原理,分析过滤性渔具的选择性,并按不同假设条件下(假设1:符合几何相似原理对渔获具有一定的选择性;假设2:对渔获种类没有选择性),探讨如何合理选择对照网囊网目尺寸。结果表明,对照网网囊网目尺寸为20mm,在上述2种假设下,对选择性模型的拟合、简化及对其它网囊的选择性参数没有显著的影响;在考虑了桁拖网渔具各网囊具有相同相对作业强度,以及桁拖网渔具与普通拖网渔具选择性分析方法上的差异等因素后,认为在此项研究中,将小于20mm网目尺寸的网囊视为没有选择性的对照网囊是可行的。     

拖网网囊网目选择性能的解析

副渔获问题在拖网渔业中尤为严重,因此囊网的网目选择性一直倍受关注。网目选择性常以Logistic或Richards方程来描述。因方程所采用的变量不同而分为体长或主选择性曲线。研究过程中,常用套网法和比较作业法。针对这2种实验方法,作者综述了不同的解析方法以及不同实验间数据合并的条件。提出研究鱼类和渔具的作用,鱼类遭遇网渔具的影响因素以及如何建立合理的数学模型,推测主选择性曲线是渔具选择性研究的重点。     

桁拖网不同网目结构的网囊对虾类的选择性

为改善东海近海桁拖网对主要虾类的选择性,使用对比作业法,在吕泗渔场开展了多个航次、不同网目结构（菱形、方形及转向网目）网囊的选择性试验,并进行了选择性分析。在选择性分析中,将几何相似原理运用于选择性曲线模型（Richards曲线）,并使用极大似然估计法进行参数估计,同时使用假设检验理论对选择性曲线模型进行简化。选择性模型对哈氏仿对虾（Parapenaeopsis hardwickii）和葛氏长臂虾（Palaemon gravier）渔获数据的拟合结果显示,选择性模型具有较好的拟合性,但存在航次间差异;不同网目结构网囊的选择性曲线模型都可简化为Logistic曲线;对于哈氏仿对虾,相比菱形网目网囊,方形网目和转向网目网囊的L50较大,而SR较小（菱形和方形网目之间差异显著,菱形和转向网目之间差异不显著）;对于葛氏长臂虾,方形网目和转向网目网囊的L50较大（菱形和方形网目之间差异显著,菱形和转向网目之间差异不显著）。根据虾类在网囊中的逃逸行为,方形网目、转向网目具有较好选择性的原因在于这2种网目较传统菱形网目不易合拢;不同网目结构网囊的选择性对开展渔具种类选择性研究具有重要意义。     

套网法对张网渔具选择性的影响

套网法是一种比较常用的选择性研究试验方法,但是,使用套网法会对网囊网目选择性产生一定的影响.通过使用5种不同规格的方形网目网囊分别进行试验,比较两种不同的试验方法即套网法和平行作业法对张网渔具网囊网目选择性进行研究.结果显示,使用平行作业法估算的50%选择体长比使用套网法所得的大7.8%,选择范围比套网法的估算值小24.5%,选择性因素比套网法估算值大7.4%,但差异并不显著(P＞0.05).在张网渔具最适网目试验中,如果直接使用套网法的试验结果制定最小网目,那么这一尺寸会偏大,造成部分鱼类过多释放.     

张网渔具选择性模型的探讨

作为一种被动性的过滤型渔具,对张网渔具本身的选择性特点和选择性模型研究很少。通过介绍几种过滤型渔具选择性模型：Logistic：LogLog、CLogLog、Richard和Probit模型,并运用套网法作为试验方法,极大似然估计法作为模型参数确定方法进行张网渔具的选择性试验,分别对各模型进行了分析,结果显示各模型之间没有显著性差异。由于Logistic模型AIC值较小,且是传统上运用最为广泛的选择性模型,因此作者认为可以作为张网渔具选择性模型。同时探讨了套网法、套网网目大小、网次间差异以及不同的模型参数确定方法对选择性确定的影响。     

近海张网对黄鲫和小黄鱼的年龄选择性研究

渔具对捕捞对象的年龄选择性对于渔业资源评估等工作是至关重要的,但相关研究较少。使用套网法对网囊网目尺寸分别为35 mm和45 mm的近海张网对黄鲫(Setipinna taty)和小黄鱼(Larimichthys polyactis)的年龄选择性进行分析。数据分析采用2种年龄选择性曲线模型:即估算网囊对个体体长选择性后根据个体生长方程换算和直接使用Logistic曲线代表年龄选择性曲线;通过对渔获体长分布和年龄分布数据的拟合,结果显示,2种年龄选择性曲线均能较好地拟合数据,网囊对黄鲫和小黄鱼的50%选择年龄t50和年龄选择范围SRt均随着网目尺寸的增加而增加,35 mm和45 mm网目尺寸的网囊对黄鲫的t50分别约为4月龄和8月龄,对小黄鱼的t50分别约为0.6龄和1.5龄,明显小于黄鲫和小黄鱼的推荐开捕年龄,反映出目前近海张网渔具网目过小,可能会对幼鱼资源产生不利的影响。     

广东大鹏湾虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究

虾拖网渔业是南海海域重要的作业方式之一,但尚未有关该渔业网目尺寸选择性的报道。为评价虾拖网渔具的渔获性能、合理利用虾类资源,在广东大鹏湾进行了网目选择性试验。试验采用双支架虾拖网作为试验网具,并使用套网法估算了网目内径为35、40和45 mm的网囊对主捕虾类的选择性。结果显示,虾类渔获中刀额新对虾、须赤虾、周氏新对虾和日本囊对虾渔获数量较多,比较以往资料,刀额新对虾和周氏新对虾优势体长、平均体长均有所下降,其它2种虾类平均体长未见明显变化;选择性分析结果显示,主捕虾类的L50随网目尺寸线性增大。根据试验结果并结合历史资料,笔者认为现阶段35 mm的网囊网目尺寸对于保护上述4种虾类资源是比较合适的。     

南海区双船大网目拖网网囊网目对带鱼的选择性

大网目拖网是我国海洋渔业捕捞带鱼的重要渔具。为提高拖网网囊选择性, 本研究在南海区采用套网法对双船大网目拖网 4 组网目尺寸(30、35、40 和 45 mm)的网囊进行实验, 在双重拔靴法的架构下, 拟合选择性参数、比较选择性的差异、估算捕捞方式指标。结果表明, 随着网目尺寸的增大, 网囊对带鱼的 50%选择体长增大, 对带鱼幼鱼个体的选择率显著下降, 带鱼幼鱼的渔获比例也呈下降趋势。结合带鱼最小可捕规格(23.0 cm)管理规定, 结果还表明网目尺寸为 40 mm 的网囊选择性较差, 其对带鱼的抛弃率大于 93%。为了进一步提高带鱼拖网渔业的资源养护水平, 还需要开展更多的选择性实验。     

单桩张网菱形、方形网目网囊选择性研究

近年来,一种利用帆布作为扩张装置的新型单桩张网渔具在吕四渔场得到了快速发展。为了改善这种张网对主要渔获对象的尺寸选择性,进而评价其渔获性能以及对渔业资源的影响,使用套网试验法开展了不同网目尺寸(25 mm、35 mm和45 mm)的菱形和方形网目网囊尺寸选择性试验。通过对黄鲫(Setipinnataay)和小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)渔获体长数据的选择性分析,结果显示,无论是菱形还是方形网目网囊,其50%选择体长L50和选择范围SR都随着网目尺寸的增大而增大(L50呈线性增长)。对比菱形和方形网目的选择性发现,对于黄鲫,50%选择体长L50差异不大,但菱形网目的选择范围SR大于方形网目;对于小黄鱼,方形网目具有更好的选择特性,即具有较大的L50(8%)和较小的SR(52%),但差异均不显著。菱形和方形网目对于不同体型鱼类的选择性差异以及渔民对方形网目网囊的抵触情绪等都使得在张网渔业中推广方形网目网囊值得商榷。     

大鹏湾捕虾拖网渔获分隔试验的效果分析

捕虾拖网渔业的特点是渔获组成多样性和渔获抛弃率高。在我国南海捕虾拖网渔业中,尚没有关于改善渔具种类选择性的研究。试验采用蝴蝶拖网作为试验网具,在网囊前部安装不同网目尺寸(130和110mm)和网目形状(方形和菱形)的分隔网片,将网囊分为2层即上层的虾袋和下层的鱼袋,并估算了分隔网片对主要虾类渔获的分隔率;除此以外,还通过安装TED来改善分隔网片的分隔效果。试验结果显示,虾袋中虾类渔获个体较鱼袋中的大,对比不同分隔网片设计的分隔率发现,网目尺寸对分隔效率具有显著的影响,而不同网目形状的分隔率没有显著差异;安装TED可以有效改善分隔网片的分隔效果。     

Changes in life history and ecological characteristics of coral reef fish catch composition with increasing fishery management

Abstract Length, life history and ecological characteristics of landed fish communities were studied over a 10‐year period to test theories of fishing disturbance during a time of increased gear and closure management in heavily utilised fisheries. It was predicted that with greater management restrictions: (1) the earliest and fastest responses in the fishery will be seen in those species with faster turnovers, or relatively lower vulnerabilities to fishing; (2) the fishery would transition to a landed catch with higher mean trophic levels, and greater mean body lengths. In addition, the removal of a non‐selective, small‐mesh seine nets should benefit the catch of gears that previously had the greatest species selectivity overlap with the seine net. Many predictions were supported, although maximum lengths and lengths at maturity responded more rapidly than anticipated. The response to eliminating the non‐selective seine net was a more rapid increase in sizes caught by gears with a larger overlap in size (hook and lines) than species selectivity (gill nets). The simultaneous comparison of management systems over time indicates that open‐access fishing grounds can benefit from restrictions imposed in adjacent fishing grounds. The study indicated that multi‐species coral reef fisheries management objectives of maximising yields, as well as maintaining the fish community’s life‐history diversity, require management trade‐offs that balance local socio‐economic and biodiversity needs.     

Mesh selectivity of encircling gill net for gizzard shad Konosirus punctatus in the coastal sea of Korea

ABSTRACT:   Fishing experiments were carried out in Yeongil Bay, Korea using an encircling gill net with four different mesh sizes and two different hanging ratios to measure the mesh selectivity for gizzard shad Konosirus punctatus . Twenty-six trials were conducted giving a total catch of 485 gizzard shad. The 'share each length's catch total' (SELECT) analysis with maximum likelihood method was used to fit the different functional models, the normal, lognormal, and bi-normal model, for a selectivity curve to the catch data. In addition, two cases in which the relative fishing intensity was either estimated or fixed were compared. The bi-normal model with the fixed relative fishing intensity was found to fit the data best. For the selectivity curve on the bi-normal model, the relative length (the ratio of fish length to mesh size) with the maximum efficiency was obtained as 3.70. From this, the focal fish lengths in the commercial encircling gill net, with mesh size ranging from 5.0 to 6.0 cm, were inferred to be 18.5–22.2 cm.     

Size selectivity of the Spisula solida dredge in relation to tooth spacing and mesh size

A study was undertaken on the northwestern coast of Portugal to evaluate the selectivity effect of both tooth spacing and mesh size on the catch of the white clam (Spisula solida). Two typical clam dredges, equipped with different tooth spacing and mesh size, were towed side by side. Three tooth spacing (20, 40 and 60 mm) and three mesh sizes (35, 40 and 50 mm) were investigated. The dredge selectivity experiments were performed by attaching a cover bag with a 20 mm mesh to the gear. Individual hauls were analysed by the SELECT model. The Fryer’s mixed model of between-haul variation was also applied to data. The results showed that the space between teeth does not have an effect on selectivity. Tooth length was directly related to the dredge’s capture efficiency. The only factor that contributed to dredge size selection was mesh size. The 50% retention lengths estimated for mesh sizes 30, 40 and 50 mm were 25.68, 26.35 and 31.94 mm, respectively. For all mesh sizes, very narrow selection ranges were observed. The most appropriate mesh size to be enforced within the Portuguese northwestern S. solida fishery should be 40 mm.     

刺网渔具选择性研究进展

刺网选择性研究是渔具选择性研究领域中的重要部分，其对于渔业管理、资源调查和评估等都是至关重要的。本文以刺网渔具的4种渔获方式为研究基点，通过对刺网渔具选择性特点的描述，介绍各种刺网渔具选择性曲线的表示方法。根据国外多年来对刺网渔具选择性研究方法的发展进程，对当前几种常用的选择性曲线间接估算方法（SELECT模型、同时估算选择性曲线和种群资源的方法以及同时估算A类和B类曲线的方法）的原理和运用现状进行详细介绍。对间接估算法中常用的假设条件（几何相似原理、相同渔获能力等）、估算方法的缺陷和相互之间的关系以及在进行刺网渔具选择性研究时所要关注的问题等进行了讨论，为今后深入开展刺网渔具选择性研究提供参考。     

Size selectivity of a trammel net for oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana

ABSTRACT:   The size selectivity of a trammel net for herded oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana in Tateyama Bay, Chiba Prefecture, was estimated by comparison between the mantle length frequency distributions of oval squid caught by a trammel net and by a set net. The measured mesh sizes of the inner net of the trammel net and of the final section of the set net were 85.3 and 11.3 mm, respectively. In the trammel net fishery where oval squid are herded into the net, most of the oval squid are caught in the bag-shaped inner net. Hence, the logistic function was employed for the size selectivity curve of the trammel net. The 'share each length's catch total' (SELECT) model was implemented for the estimation of the selectivity curve. The size selectivity r ( l ) of the trammel net for the oval squid was expressed as a logistic function of the mantle length l : r ( l ) = exp(−18.57 + 0.88  l )/[1 + exp(−18.57 + 0.88  l )]. From these logistic parameter estimates, the 50% selection mantle length and selection range ( L ₇₅– L ₂₅) were calculated as 21.07 and 2.49 cm, respectively. The selection probability of oval squid whose mantle girth was equivalent to the mesh perimeter of the inner net was 0.09. Accordingly, oval squid of a girth smaller than the mesh perimeter were likely to pass through the mesh to escape from the net.     

A method for calculating numerical estimates of gear selectivity curve

The present paper proposes a method for estimating the numerical curve of gear selectivity without the assumption of function of selectivity curve and estimating confidence intervals, using data of catch per unit effort at length for several nets of different mesh sizes obtained from fishing experiments. The paper assumes such geometric similarity as the selectivity is the same if the rate of fish length to mesh size is the same. The basic idea is due to a technique of numerical integration that uses the derivatives at various points. The natural logarithm of selectivity is expressed by an approximation equation using its cumulated derivatives. The values of derivatives at various lengths are calculated from the data. The confidence intervals are made from the bootstrap samples. The method was applied to the data of catch at length by mesh size of gill net for pink salmon Oncorhynchus gorbuscha . Data collection, modification and issues of the method are discussed.     

渤海口虾蛄三重刺网渔获组成及其捕捞性能分析

为研究渤海口虾蛄(Oratosquilla oratoria)三重刺网的捕捞性能,以河北省昌黎县的口虾蛄三重刺网为基础,于2013年4、5、7月在河北省秦皇岛近海进行50 mm、55 mm、60 mm和65 mm 4种网目尺寸的三重刺网作业性能比较实验,并与60 mm网目单片刺网和底拖网进行渔获对比分析。结果表明:三重刺网具有捕获渔场中绝大多数渔业种类的能力,选择能力较差。春季的渔获种类19种,为渤海近岸底层种类;夏季的渔获种类19种,除了小黄鱼(Pseudosciaena polyactis)和带鱼(Trichiurus lepturus)等底层鱼类外,还有日本鲭(Scomber japonicus)和蓝点马鲛(Scomberomorus niphonius)等中上层鱼类。春季的渔获结构单一,口虾蛄占渔获量的90%以上,主要兼捕种类鲜明鼓虾(Alpheus distinguendus)占4.1%,渔获选择性较好;夏季的渔获中,口虾蛄比例在75%左右,兼捕对象主要为小黄鱼、蓝点马鲛等经济鱼类的幼鱼,对渔业资源造成一定程度的损害,但渔获选择性比底拖网好。单片刺网的选择性最好,但渔获量低,只有三重刺网渔获量的30%左右,无法满足生产要求。建议开展渤海口虾蛄的可捕产量和分区域捕捞管理研究,开发作业性能更优越的口虾蛄专业捕捞渔具。     

Estimation of gillnet selectivity curve by maximum likelihood method

ABSTRACT: A maximum likelihood method of estimating gillnet selectivity when data are obtained by gillnet fleets consisting of several nets of differing mesh size is presented in this paper. The SELECT model is expanded by application of the relative length (i.e. the ratio of fish length to mesh size) to obtain a master curve of gillnet selectivity. Four kinds of functional model, normal, lognormal, skew-normal and bi-normal are fitted to the data. In addition, two cases in which the relative fishing intensity is either estimated or fixed by catch effort are compared. The bi-normal model has the lower model deviance regardless of whether the relative fishing intensity is estimated or not. The estimation of relative fishing intensity by catch effort is also examined in which the estimates of the parameter of the SELECT model are compared with the catch effort as determined by the number of nets of each mesh size used. For the bi-normal model these quantities compare well. Thus, it is concluded that this method gives reliable estimates even if data for each mesh size is obtained with different catch efforts.