林火蔓延过程中辐射换热和点燃特性分析

【目的】基于辐射换热原理和火行为模型,从理论角度研究林火蔓延过程中火源辐射换热规律以及辐射点燃的特点。【方法】林火蔓延过程中的燃烧区为辐射源,其向火蔓延前方的热辐射等效为矩形辐射面。矩形热辐射面的长度为火焰长度,宽度对应火线宽度;环境风速的变化导致热辐射面出现不同程度的倾斜。选取枯立木和枯倒木这2类林火环境中典型可燃物作为辐射接受体,并分别设定接受体微元距地面1.5 m高和贴于地面。将林火蔓延以及至林缘后熄灭过程中对目标物的辐射换热分2个阶段计算,由此推导出接受体的瞬态辐射换热通量和累积的辐射换热量的计算式,并相应构筑辐射点燃的判据。与此同时,结合以往对林火行为规律的认识建立起林火蔓延以及至林缘衰弱熄灭过程中火行为参数间的关系式以辅助模型计算。基于火灾安全计算的有效性原则,设定火灾场景为最糟糕情形,即火焰温度赋值为1 200 K、发射率为1.0,并且一般情形下热辐射在大气中透过率为1.0。计算过程中,取火焰火宽度50 m,火焰长度变化范围为5 m～40 m,而风速变化范围则为0 m·s^-1～10 m·s^-1。【结果】针对特定野外试验工况试算结果确认,辐射换热通量计算结果与野外测量数据高度一致,由此验证了辐射换热模型的可靠性。针对若干火灾场景开展系列计算表明,无论是接受到的辐射换热通量还是累积辐射换热量,枯立木相对于枯倒木都占有优势,但这种优势随环境风速增大有所削弱。火焰蔓延至林缘后对接受体的辐射换热为其能量积累做出主要贡献,是造成辐射点燃的主要能量来源。【结论】随着接受体与林缘间距离的增大,目标物的能量积累水平迅速降低;火焰长度和环境风速则通过改变热辐射辐射换热效率和持续时间以影响辐射点燃的条件。以林缘附近枯立木作为接受体开展热辐射点燃条件的计算证实,当树冠火焰长度增至40 m,30 m以上间隔都能有效避免辐射点燃现象。如果替换成生物防火林带,该间隔则可以大大缩短。本项工作凸显生物防火林带在阻隔林火中的重要性,同时为林火阻隔系统的设计以及林区设施的保护提供特定理论指导。     

电导式木材含水率测定仪的原理与应用

本文阐述了电导式木材含水率测定仪的基本原理、温度修正和树种修正的理论依据及电导式木材测湿仪的设计原理。对国产电导式木材测湿仪的实测误差分析表明，该仪表的测定误差与国外进口的同类测湿仪的误差差异不显著。本文还进一步分析了高含水率范围测定技术的发展方向、提高仪表可靠性措施及开发智能型在线测量木材含水率测定仪的前景。     

森林火灾中烟气与林木间的传热分析

对烟气与大乔木、小乔木、灌木主干及大乔木叶间的对流、辐射换热进行了计算,分别比较了它们的总传热量和单位面积上的传热量.讨论了烟气流速、温度、林木尺寸、回流区等因素对换热的影响.在此基础上,对不同林木的火险特性进行了预测.     

不同烘干温度对森林土壤有机碳含量测定的影响

以温带森林土壤为研究对象,在用不同温度烘干处理后,测定其碳含量,量化温度处理对土壤有机碳含量测定结果的影响。结果表明,不同温度处理显著的影响了土壤有机碳含量的测定结果,不同层次最佳的处理温度不同。而105℃引起的误差为0~2.42%,高温180℃引起的误差达到28%~38%。     

内胆式双热型生物质热解反应器内传热过程建模分析

在对自行设计的内胆式双热型生物质热解反应器内热量传递过程分析的基础上,针对反应器内部传热复杂的特点,既有生物质颗粒与热床料之间的热传导,也有生物质颗粒与热载气之间的对流换热,还包括热壁面对生物质颗粒及床料的辐射换热等多种传热方式,建立了反应器的壁面传热、颗粒间传热和二维对流换热的数学模型;并通过仿真分析对传热模型进行了验证,得出该耦合仿真模型基本满足生物质颗粒快速热裂解条件,并预测出口气相平均温度均为720 K。     

电导工木材含水率测定仪的原理与应用

本文阐述了电导式木材含水率测定仪的基本原理，温度修正和树种修正的理论依据及电导式木材测湿仪的设计原理，对国产电导式木材湿仪的实测误差分析表明，该仪表的测定误差与国外进口的同类测湿仪的误差差异不显著，本文还进一步分析了高含水率范围测定技术的发展方向，提高仪表可靠性措施及开发智能型在线测量木材含水率测定仪的前景。     

红瑞木光合特性研究

应用LI-6400便携式光合测定系统对红瑞木光合作用的日变化规律进行研究,利用SPSS统计分析软件,采用相关分析及多元逐步回归分析得出红瑞木春季、夏季、秋季净光合速率与生理生态因子间的关系。结果表明:春季光合速率呈单峰曲线,影响光合速率的主要因子为气孔导度、胞间CO2浓度和温度;夏季光合速率呈单峰曲线,在16:30左右又出现一个小高峰,影响光合速率的主要因子为蒸腾速率、光合有效辐射和温度;秋季净光合速率呈双峰曲线,影响光合速率的主要因子为光合有效辐射、蒸腾速率、胞间CO2浓度和大气水气压亏缺;夏季净光合速率最大。     

天目山柳杉树干液流动态研究

利用热扩散式液流探针（TDP）对天目山柳杉（Cryptomeria fortunei）树干液流进行连续测定,同步测定太阳有效辐射、空气温度、空气湿度等气象因子,探讨环境因子与树干液流之间的内在响应关系。结果表明：柳杉树干液流速率呈单峰曲线;柳杉液流在7：00-8：00启动,12：30-14：00达到峰值,夜间仍然存在微弱的液流变化;不同天气柳杉液流日变化差异明显,晴天液流启动较早峰值最大,阴雨天气液流启动延迟峰值较小;柳杉液流速率与光合有效辐射、空气温度、水汽压亏缺呈极显著正相关关系,而与空气湿度呈极显著负相关关系,其相关性大小排序依次为：空气温度＞水汽压亏缺＞空气湿度＞光合有效辐射。     

辐射板强化喷管换热与红外抑制效果试验研究

试验研究了在发动机喷管中加装金属辐射板前后,喷管壁面温度、热喷流温度与喷管红外辐射特征的变化。结果表明,加装金属辐射板后,热喷流与喷管壁面之间的热量传递显著增强,热喷流中心温度降低,壁面温度明显升高,在90°方向上,热喷流3～5μm波段的红外辐射强度降低了38.5%。文中从热喷流、喷管壁面以及金属辐射板等相关部件的温度变化情况对红外辐射强度的变化原因进行了解释。      

发动机燃烧室内壁材料热环境的气动热试验模拟技术研究

利用超声速矩形湍流导管和等离子电弧加热器模拟了发动机燃烧室内流和高超声速飞行器外壁面外流热环境,进行了平板表面冷壁热流测量和燃烧室内壁材料考核试验。结果表明:由于辐射换热的影响,在选取的两个典型来流条件下,发动机燃烧室内流热环境下的冷壁热流比外流热环境下的高出21%和40%,但是冷壁热流的增量基本相当,约为0.70~0.80MW/m²。随着冷壁热流的增加,辐射换热产生的热流增量的影响力会逐渐减小。材料考核时,相同配方的C/SiC复合材料在内流热环境下的表面温度高出约400℃,背面温度高出约90℃,这种差异对于发动机燃烧室内壁面材料考核至关重要,必须在材料考核试验中加以考虑。      

热脉冲技术测定土壤热通量的原理和方法

正土壤热通量是地表能量平衡的重要组成部分,是研究陆-气能量交换的主要物理量。在农林业研究上,大部分土壤热通量研究主要关注于土壤热通量对种子萌发、植物根系生长、小气候效应、土壤碳氮循环过程的影响[1-3];在地球物理学和土木工程学研究上,重点研究土壤热通量在大地热流、埋地管道、地铁工程等方面的应用[4-5]。传统的土壤热通量测定方法主要是土壤热通量板直接测定法,但对土壤的扰动比较大。由于存在一定的厚度,土壤热通量板其自身导热材料的传热性能和土壤会存在差异,导致热通量     

农田(麦田)林网热量平衡的初步研究

本文对黑龙港流域农田热量平衡状况的初步研究表明:林网在一定程度上改变了网内农田活动层热量平衡及其各分量的再分配;对网内小气候的形成起了调节作用;对小麦的生长是十分有利的。     

Estimating stand transpiration in a Eucalyptus populnea woodland with the heat pulse method: measurement errors and sampling strategies

Sap flow measurement techniques, such as the heat pulse (compensation) method, are practical means for estimating the water use of individual trees and are often the only reasonable alternative for measuring forest and woodland transpiration in complex heterogeneous terrain. The need to scale estimates of water use from a sample of individual stems to a stand (population) of known area may be satisfied by applying scalars of flux based on tree size or domain. We estimated the aggregate errors in applying the heat pulse technique to the estimation of stand transpiration in a poplar box (Eucalyptus populnea F.J. Muell.) woodland in southeastern Queensland, Australia, by a combination of precision analyses, experimental validation and Monte Carlo simulations of sampling errors. Errors in sap flux density measurements were approximately 13%. The potential error in the flux estimates for individual stems with stratified sampling of sap flux density with depth and bole quadrant based on four sensors was an additional 25%. Conducting wood area, diameter at 1.3 m, leaf area and domain based on Ecological Field Theory all proved excellent scalars of flux at the stand level. With a sample size of six trees stratified by diameter, coefficients of variation in scaling to the stand level were approximately 5% for any of these scalars. The greatest potential source of error in estimating stand transpiration by the heat pulse method was in the measurement of the fluxes of individual stems; scaling these measurements to a homogeneous stand of trees involved less uncertainty.     

Uncertainty in eddy covariance measurements and its application to physiological models

Flux data are noisy, and this uncertainty is largely due to random measurement error. Knowledge of uncertainty is essential for the statistical evaluation of modeled and measured fluxes, for comparison of parameters derived by fitting models to measured fluxes and in formal data-assimilation efforts. We used the difference between simultaneous measurements from two towers located less than 1 km apart to quantify the distributional characteristics of the measurement error in fluxes of carbon dioxide (CO2) and sensible and latent heat (H and LE, respectively). Flux measurement error more closely follows a double exponential than a normal distribution. The CO2 flux uncertainty is negatively correlated with mean wind speed, whereas uncertainty in H and LE is positively correlated with net radiation flux. Measurements from a single tower made 24 h apart under similar environmental conditions can also be used to characterize flux uncertainty. Uncertainty calculated by this method is somewhat higher than that derived from the two-tower approach. We demonstrate the use of flux uncertainty in maximum likelihood parameter estimates for simple physiological models of daytime net carbon exchange. We show that inferred model parameters are highly correlated, and that hypothesis testing is therefore possible only when the joint distribution of the model parameters is taken into account.     

关于余热锅炉更新改造的可行性分析

现有的余热锅炉是1975年由我公司自行设计、制造和安装的烟道式废热锅炉,燃烧机理是利用工业炉窑的高温废气,冲刷锅炉的管束进行换热而获得蒸汽。本文根据现有运行状况及锅炉效率,阐述更新改造的可行性。     

石榴-小麦间作系统的地面热通量

利用实测的地温和土壤含水量数据模拟石榴-小麦间作系统的土壤热通量.结果表明:利用地温和含水量数据模拟的土壤热通量值与热通量板实测结果一致性较高;土壤热储量是地面热通量的重要组成部分,忽略土壤表层热储量并以某一深度处的实测热通量值代表地面热通量的方法误差很大;石榴-小麦间作系统内的地面热通量存在显著的水平空间变异性,小麦覆盖区域地面热通量几乎一致,均显著小于石榴株间裸地.     

浅谈北方地区供热管网改造整体规划

本文是基于现状供热管网严重老化或供热能力不足所做的管网改造,通过对某北方城市老旧供热管网改造规划的编制,比较直供管网和间供管网的优缺点,分析总结了一系列管网改造的设计原则及技术措施。     

Model of leaf energy distribution and its experimental validation of Populus tomentosa Carr

Leaf temperature of a plant is the result of heat transfer between the plant and its environment. There are many factors that can affect leaf temperature, such as the solar radiation energy, environmental temperature, wind velocity, evaporation on the leaf surface, photosynthesis, respiration and so on, which have different effects on the temperature of leaves. In first instance, we analyzed the heat transfer on leaves of Populus tomentosa Cart. theoretically and constructed a model of energy distribution. We then validated the model by analyzing seven different kinds of one-year-old P. tomentosa leaves experimentally. The result shows that solar radiation is the main energy input and the dominant ways of thermal diffusion are heat transfer between the upper and lower leaf surfaces and evaporation from the leaf surface.     

常规干燥室余热回收装置的研究

分析研究具有强制集中换气木材干燥室的余热回收装置,并对其节能效果进行测试分析。对不同干燥阶段测试结果表明,从干燥室排出的通过余热回收装置后温度下降了13～16.3℃,补充到干燥室中的新鲜空气通过余热回收装置温度可以升高9～11.9℃。此余热回收装置的热回收效率为18.6%～28%,平均效率为22%,理论计算常规干燥每1m3、47mm厚的水曲柳的总排湿能量为1.4×106kJ,用该装置可节省热能为2.88×105kJ,相当于节省标准煤9.84kg。     

An improved heat pulse method to measure low and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants

The compensation heat pulse method (CHPM) is of limited value for measuring low rates of sap flow in woody plants. Recent application of the CHPM to woody roots has further illustrated some of the constraints of this technique. Here we present an improved heat pulse method, termed the heat ratio method (HRM), to measure low and reverse rates of sap flow in woody plants. The HRM has several important advantages over the CHPM, including improved measurement range and resolution, protocols to correct for physical and thermal errors in sensor deployment, and a simple linear function to describe wound effects. We describe the theory and methodological protocols of the HRM, provide wound correction coefficients, and validate the reliability and accuracy of the technique against gravimetric measurements of transpiration.