西天山雪岭云杉林分密度对森林生物量分配格局和异速生长的影响

雪岭云杉林是新疆天山北坡山地森林中广泛分布的优势种,探讨林分密度对天山雪岭云杉林器官生物量分配格局和树高-胸径异速生长的影响,对于阐明雪岭云杉林生物量在不同环境中的适应具有重要意义。通过分析在不同林分密度(≤300株·hm^-2、300~450株·hm^-2、450~600株·hm^-2、>600株·hm^-2)下雪岭云杉林(Picea schren?kiana)的生长特性,研究林分密度对雪岭云杉林器官生物量分配格局及树高-胸径异速生长的影响。结果表明,随着林分密度增加,雪岭云杉林各器官平均生物量均降低;树干和树根生物量占比增加,树枝生物量占比减少,树叶和树皮生物量占比变化不显著;雪岭云杉林树高和胸径均随林分密度的增加而降低。此外,雪岭云杉林树高(H)和胸径(D)间具有显著的异速生长关系,其中树高-胸径(H-D)的最优异速生长方程为:y=2.312×x^0.900(R²=0.761,P<0.01);随着林分密度增加,雪岭云杉林lgH-lgD呈现出复杂非线性异速生长关系,该关系的显著性受林分密度变化呈现逐渐降低的趋势,这表明林分密度通过雪岭云杉林对生长资源的竞争影响各器官的生长发育。研究结果可为雪岭云杉林的可持续经营与管理提供理论依据和数据支撑。     

毛乌素沙地不同水分梯度根系垂直分布与土壤水分关系的研究

通过对毛乌素沙地不同水分梯度根系垂直分布的研究表明:不同水分梯度根系分布随土壤深度的增加呈指数形式下降,不同梯度由于土壤水分、植被根系类型的差异,不同水分梯度植被根系的空间分布也有差异,不同梯度根量随土壤垂直深度的模拟方程分别为:y=9.5736e-0.1341x,R2=0.8859(I);y=16.246e-0.2037x,R2=0.9301(II);y=32.001e-0.1904x,R2=0.9544(III);y=28.336e-0.1993x,R2=0.9484(IV)。不同水分梯度土壤含水率变化程度不同,同一水分梯度各层土壤含水率变化幅度亦有差异,0.1m土壤含水率变异系数最大,随着土壤深度增加变异系数减小,根据土壤含水率变异系数分析我们将各层土壤水分垂直变化划分为活跃层(0-0.1m)、次活跃层(0.2-0.6m)、相对稳定层(1m)(I、II、III);而对IV梯度划为活跃层(0-0.1m、1m)、相对稳定层(0.3m)。根系生物量垂直分布与其对应土壤含水率有明显相反的关系,土壤含水率的变化与根系生物量的变化趋于相反,当土壤含水率增大时相应区域根系生物量减小;反之则增加。随水分梯度的增加各梯度最高水分利用层逐渐向表层发展,从第I梯度0.4m的6.84到第IV梯度0.1m的14.33。     

不同种植密度对棉花生长结铃及产量品质的影响

以冀棉958为供试材料,研究了5个不同密度水平(3.0、5.0、7.0、9.0与11.0万株/hm~2)对棉花生长发育及产量、品质的影响,结果表明:随着种植密度的增大,棉花株高呈增加趋势,果枝台数与果节数呈降低趋势;单株内围铃、外围铃、下部铃、中部铃、上部铃的成铃数呈下降趋势,而单位面积的成铃数,内围铃呈递增趋势,外围铃、下部铃、中部铃与上部铃则先增后减。不同处理之间的子棉产量差异达极显著,单位面积干物重与总生物量差异不显著;不同处理之间的棉花纤维品质只有马克隆值差异显著,其他指标如上半部平均长度、整齐度指数、断裂比强度和伸长率差异均不显著。适宜的种植密度为7.0万株/hm~2。     

宁夏盐池沙地不同密度人工柠条林土壤水分时空变化分析

对宁夏盐池退化沙地不同密度的人工柠条林地的土壤水分时空特征进行分析。结果表明:1)林下土壤体积含水量随着深度的增加呈先增大后降低的趋势,在垂直剖面上可分为土壤水分速变层(0-20cm)、活跃层(20-80cm)、相对稳定层(80-100cm);2)土壤水分季节动态变化可划分为:积累期(4-5月);消耗期(6-9月);稳定期(10月至次年4月)3个时期;3)土壤体积含水量随人工林密度增加呈下降趋势,2490丛/hm2和1665丛/hm2可作为该区人工柠条林调控密度的参考依据。     

不同种植密度对玉米田杂草发生及玉米产量的影响

通过田间小区试验,研究了不同种植密度39 000~63 000株/hm~2对春玉米和夏玉米田间杂草数量和生物量、玉米株高、产量构成因素及产量的影响。结果表明,随着种植密度增加,春玉米田总杂草的数量,春玉米田和夏玉米田总杂草的生物量、穗粒数和千粒质量均呈逐渐降低趋势;春玉米的株高随种植密度的增大而增高,夏玉米的株高变化不明显;随着种植密度增加,玉米的产量呈现增加趋势,尤其是种植密度较低时,春玉米的产量增幅明显。因此,在四川省适当提高玉米的种植密度既可以降低田间杂草发生量,又可以增加玉米产量,但春玉米种植密度不宜高于57 000株/hm~2,夏玉米最高可达63 000株/hm~2。     

祁连山南坡青海云杉林碳密度随海拔分布特征

森林生物量是研究森林第一性生产力的基础,其碳密度是评价森林生态系统结构功能的重要指标。为探究祁连山南坡阿咪东索小流域内青海云杉典型林分密度随海拔的变化特征,按不同海拔,采用生物量模型计算法,选择海拔2900～3200 m调查分析该区域内青海云杉乔木层和土壤层碳密度沿海拔梯度的变化特征,以期为祁连山青海云杉林碳储量估算提供基础数据。结果表明:研究区总生物量平均值为135.59 t·hm^-2,随着海拔升高,总生物量呈递减的趋势。乔木层碳密度平均值为70.51 t·hm^-2,0～50 cm土层土壤有机碳密度平均值为154.01 t·hm^-2,随海拔升高,乔木层碳密度呈递减的趋势,土壤有机碳密度呈先降低后升高的变化趋势。区内不同海拔青海云杉林生态系统碳密度为224.51 t·hm^-2,其中乔木层和土壤层碳密度分别占总碳密度的30.5%和69.5%,随海拔上升呈下降的变化趋势。森林土壤碳库占比较大,加强对森林土壤的保护是维持森林生态平衡的强有力推进方向。     

库布齐沙漠沙柳林复壮更新技术措施研究

沙柳是干旱、半干旱地区重要的防风固沙树种和工业用材林树种。研究沙柳复壮更新技术措施对于维护区域生态环境,促进沙柳相关产业的快速、可持续发展具有重要的现实意义。本文以库布齐沙漠东段衰退的沙柳林为研究对象,探讨了"设置沙障"、"地表平茬"、"常规平茬"、"施肥"和"不同密度造林"对沙柳高生长和地径两个形态指标的影响。试验结果表明:5种不同复壮更新技术措施对沙柳的高生长和地径生长均有显著促进作用(P<0.05);其中,密度为4 m×2m、3 m×2m的设置对沙柳的高生长和地径增长均有显著促进作用,"施肥"的处理对沙柳的高生长效果比较显著,"设立沙障"的处理对沙柳的地径生长效果更好。     

种植密度对糜子生长发育及产量影响

采用完全随机区组试验设计,以河曲大红黍为材料,设定6个密度处理,研究不同种植密度对糜子的株高、茎粗、分蘖数等形态指标,单株叶面积、叶绿素相对值、光合速率等光合指标,干物质积累量,产量构成因素及产量的影响;运用非线性回归分析的方法,对密度与作物产量的经验模型进行模拟.结果表明:种植密度超过一定范围值时,随着密度的增加,株高增大,茎粗变细,分蘖数减少和光合生理指标均降低,穗重、穗粒重和有效穗粒数逐渐减少,干物质积累量减少,产量降低;产量随着种植密度增加呈先升后降的趋势,二次曲线模型的方程式为Y=176.78471+ 11.51879X-1.29607X2,理论最适密度范围为4万株/666.7m2-5万株/666.7m2.     

毛乌素沙地天然臭柏群落有性更新的微生境特征

在毛乌素沙地天然臭柏(Sabina vulgaris)群落内,按群落外貌特征设置5类样地,分别定义为乌柳灌丛林地(A)、乌柳+臭柏灌丛林地(B)、臭柏+乌柳灌丛林地(C)、臭柏灌丛林地(D)和乌柳被伐区(E),采用样方调查法对其有性更新微生境特征进行了调查。结果表明:臭柏幼苗的空间分布为非均匀式,幼苗多出现在乌柳灌林地下,并且呈现愈靠近树干基部幼苗数量愈多的空间格局。5类样地中共出现67种植物,并呈现从A样地向D样地植物种数量逐渐下降的趋势。A类立地内植物种类数最多,达到50种,其中喜湿的植物占2.7%,而D类立地最少,并且喜湿的植物退出,旱生植物占到50%。从A样方到D样方长达1.5 km的样带上,乌柳的株数依次减少,并在D样地完全消失。臭柏有性更新幼苗数从A样方的17.4株/m2下降到D样方的0株/m2。环境变量的测定表明,地表温度、光照强度和土壤表层含水量是影响臭柏天然更新的主要环境因子。E样地内的光照强度明显增强,臭柏有性更新幼苗株数从采伐前的17.4株/m2急剧下降到0.2株/m2,并且从采伐后每年没有新的更新幼苗出现。A样地与其它样地相比具有光照强度、气温和地温低,空气相对湿度、表土含水量、浅层地下水位高的特征,是臭柏有性更新最适宜的微生境。保护毛乌素沙地天然乌柳灌丛地是维持天然臭柏种群稳定,促进其恢复的重要措施。     

土壤水分对毛乌素沙地油蒿群落演替的影响

采用空间代替时间的方法,对毛乌素沙地三种不同演替阶段的油蒿(Artemisia ordosica)群落(半固定沙地油蒿群落、具生物结皮的油蒿群落、油蒿+本氏针茅群落)的群落特征及生物量、叶片气体交换过程、不同土层(0-10cm、10-20cm、20-40cm、40-60cm、60-80cm)土壤含水量、根系垂直分布等进行测定.结果表明:油蒿群落演替是油蒿与草本植物竞争、生物结皮发育、土壤发育以及土壤水分垂直变化等生物非生物因素综合作用的结果.随着油蒿群落演替的发展,群落物种数、草本层盖度和生物量、群落总盖度逐渐增加,而油蒿个体数、油蒿盖度、油蒿叶生物量以及生物土壤结皮盖度则先增加后减少,油蒿根系有向下分布的趋势,0-10cm土层逐渐以草本植物根系占优势.土壤水分是毛乌素沙地油蒿群落演替的主要驱动力,通过影响油蒿叶片气孔导度和净光合速率,以及根系垂直分布影响油蒿在群落中的竞争力.不同演替阶段油蒿群落土壤水分低值区不同,半固定沙地油蒿群落0-10cm和20-40cm土壤含水量最低,具生物结皮的油蒿群落10-20cm土壤含水量最低,而油蒿+本氏针茅群落60-80cm土壤含水量最低.     

Vulnerability to drought-induced cavitation in shoots of two typical shrubs in the southern Mu Us Sandy Land,China

Salix psammophila and Caragana korshinskii are two typical shrubs in the southern Mu Us Sandy Land of China which are threatened by increasing water deficits related to climate change and large-scale human activities(e.g. coal mining and oil exploitation). In this study, we assessed their vulnerability to xylem embolism and the related anatomical traits in two-year-old regenerated shoots of these two shrubs to understand how they cope with drought environment. We also evaluated the in situ hydraulic safety margins to hydraulic failure from measurements of annual predawn and midday leaf water potentials. The results showed that S. psammophila stems had a higher water transport capacity than C. korshinskii stems. The stem xylem water potentials at 12%, 50% and 88% loss of conductivity were –1.11, –1.63 and –2.15 MPa in S. psammophila, respectively, and –1.37, –2.64 and –3.91 MPa in C. korshinskii, respectively. This suggested that C. korshinskii was more resistant to cavitation than S. psammophila. Compared with S. psammophila, C. korshinskii had shorter maximum vessel length, lower vessel density, smaller conductive area and higher wood density, which may contribute to its more resistant xylem. The in situ hydraulic safety margins indicated that even during the driest periods, both shrubs lived well above the most critical embolism thresholds, and the hydraulic safety margin was wider in C. korshinskii than in S. psammophila, suggesting that the regenerated shoots of both shrubs could function normally and C. korshinskii had greater hydraulic protection. These results provide the basis for an in-depth understanding of the survival, growth and functional behavior of these two shrubs under harsh and dry desert environments.     

毛乌素沙地沙生植物的水分关系及生态适应性

本文研究了毛乌素沙区的常见植物:沙米、沙竹、虫实、籽蒿、油蒿、杨柴、牛心朴子、柠条、臭柏、黑格兰、巴锡藜、本氏针茅、糙隐子草、赖草、冷蒿、黄蒿、狭叶柴胡、达乌里胡枝子、细叶远志、沙柳、旱柳、新疆杨、樟子松等的蒸腾作用特点和水势状况,并对各种植物的生态适应性做了比较。     

干旱区防护林空间配置模式及成本效益分析

测定研究了3种不同配置格局沙柳林的风速廓线梯度,得出行带式配置防风效果最好,均匀式次之,随机式最差。通过实地观测近地表输沙率和地表粗糙度,计算行带式配置中不同规格沙柳林的防护成本效益。结果表明:一行一带、带高1.5 m、带距7.5 m、插深0.5 m配置规格的行带式沙柳林防护成本效益最好,但限于15倍带高以内;行数一定的情况下,防护林带越高,防护成本效益越大。     

Mulching mode and planting density affect canopy interception loss of rainfall and water use efficiency of dryland maize on the Loess Plateau of China

High and efficient use of limited rainwater resources is of crucial importance for the crop production in arid and semi-arid areas. To investigate the effects of different soil and crop management practices(i.e., mulching mode treatments: flat cultivation with non-mulching, flat cultivation with straw mulching, plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow and plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow; and planting density treatments: low planting density of 45,000 plants/hm~2, medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and high planting density of 90,000 plants/hm~2) on rainfall partitioning by dryland maize canopy, especially the resulted net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, we measured the gross rainfall, throughfall and stemflow at different growth stages of dryland maize in 2015 and 2016 on the Loess Plateau of China. The canopy interception loss was estimated by the water balance method. Soil water storage, leaf area index, grain yield(as well as it components) and water use efficiency of dryland maize were measured or calculated. Results showed that the cumulative throughfall, cumulative stemflow and cumulative canopy interception loss during the whole growing season accounted for 42.3%–77.5%, 15.1%–36.3% and 7.4%–21.4% of the total gross rainfall under different treatments, respectively. Soil mulching could promote the growth and development of dryland maize and enhance the capability of stemflow production and canopy interception loss, thereby increasing the relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss and reducing the relative throughfall. The relative stemflow and relative canopy interception loss generally increased with increasing planting density, while the relative throughfall decreased with increasing planting density. During the two experimental years, mulching mode had no significant influence on net rainfall due to the compensation between throughfall and stemflow, whereas planting density significantly affected net rainfall. The highest grain yield and water use efficiency of dryland maize were obtained under the combination of medium planting density of 67,500 plants/hm~2 and mulching mode of plastic-covered ridge with straw-covered furrow. Soil mulching can reduce soil evaporation and retain more soil water for dryland maize without reducing the net rainfall input beneath the maize canopy, which may alleviate the contradiction between high soil water consumption and insufficient rainfall input of the soil. In conclusion, the application of medium planting density(67,500 plants/hm~2) under plastic-covered ridge with bare furrow is recommended for increasing dryland maize production on the Loess Plateau of China.     

科尔沁沙地人工固沙植被优化配置模式试验研究

通过对科尔沁沙地7种人工固沙植被配置模式在植物生长季节土壤水分含量、蒸散量和植被盖度的综合分析,优选出可以维持较好的土壤水分状况、形成有效的植被盖度和保障稳定固沙效果的人工固沙植被建立初期的配置模式。结果表明：7种人工固沙配置模式处于人工固沙林定植初级阶段,沙地土壤含水量维持在2.32%～3.41%,基本满足固沙植被水分需求。但在降雨量较低的月份,部分固沙模式土壤含水量表现出较低水平,影响固沙植物的正常生长需求。7种人工固沙植被配置模式蒸散量占同期降雨量94%以上,基本能够维持土壤水量平衡。柠条纯林(525株/hm2)、山竹岩黄芪+沙蒿混交(沙蒿2 800株/hm²、山竹岩黄芪500株/hm²)、山竹岩黄芪（3 300株/hm²)的人工固沙配置模式适合初期建立的固沙工程应用。虽然山竹岩黄芪纯林(3 300株/hm²)固沙模式盖度较高,防风固沙效果好,但由于土壤耗水大,应采取措施,降低其密度。由于小叶杨纯林(1 350株/hm²)的固沙模式土壤耗水较高、植被盖度低,在固沙初级阶段,相对其他6种固沙模式,综合效果较差。     

Planting density affected biomass and grain yield of maize for seed production in an arid region of Northwest China

Field experiments were conducted from 2012 to 2015 in an arid region of Northwest China to investigate the effects of planting density on plant growth, yield, and water use efficiency(WUE) of maize for seed production. Five planting densities of 6.75, 8.25, 9.75, 11.25 and 12.75 plants/m~2 were conducted in 2012, and a planting density of 14.25 plants/m~2 was added from 2013 to 2015. Through comparison with the Aqua Crop yield model, a modified model was developed to estimate the biomass accumulation and yield under different planting densities using adjustment coefficient for normalized biomass water productivity and harvest index. It was found that the modified yield model had a better performance and could generate results with higher determination coefficient and lower error. The results indicated that higher planting density increased the leaf area index and biomass accumulation, but decreased the biomass accumulation per plant. The total yield increased rapidly as planting density increased to 11.25 plants/m~2, but only a slight increase was observed when the density was greater than 11.25 plants/m~2. The WUE also reached the maximum when planting density was 11.25 plants/m~2, which was the recommended planting density of maize for seed production in Northwest China.     

Ridge-furrow plastic mulching with a suitable planting density enhances rainwater productivity,grain yield and economic benefit of rainfed maize

Soil surface mulching and planting density regulation are widely used for effective utilization of limited rainwater resources and improvement of crop productivity in dryland farming.However,the combined effects of mulching type and planting density on maize growth and yield have been seldom studied,especially in different hydrological years.A field experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of mulching type and planting density on the soil temperature,growth,grain yield(GY),water use efficiency(WUE)and economic benefit of rainfed maize in the drylands of northern China during 2015-2017.Precipitation fluctuated over the three years.There were four mulching types(NM,flat cultivation with non-mulching;SM,flat cultivation with straw mulching;RP,plastic-mulched ridge plus bare furrow;RPFS,plastic-mulched ridge plus straw-mulched furrow)and three planting densities(LD,low planting density,45.0×10^3 plants/hm^2;MD,medium planting density,67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2;HD,high planting density,90.0×10^3 plants/hm^2).Results showed that soil temperature was higher with RP and lower with SM compared with NM,but no significant difference was found between RPFS and NM.More soil water was retained by soil mulching at the early growth stage,but it significantly varied at the middle and late growth stages.Maize growth was significantly improved by soil mulching.With increasing planting density,stem diameter,net photosynthetic rate and chlorophyll content tended to decline,whereas a single-peak trend in biomass yield was observed.Mulching type and planting density did not have significant effect on evapotranspiration(ET),but GY and WUE were significantly affected.There were significant interacting effects of mulching type and planting density on biomass yield,GY,ET and WUE.Compared with NM,RPFS,RP and SM increased GY by 57.5%,50.8%and 18.9%,and increased WUE by 66.6%,54.3%and 18.1%,respectively.At MD,GY increased by 41.4%and 25.2%,and WUE increased by 38.6%and 22.4%compared with those of at LD and HD.The highest maize GY(7023.2 kg/hm^2)was observed under MD+RPFS,but the value(6699.1 kg/hm^2)was insignificant under MD+RP.Similar trends were observed for WUE under MD+RP and MD+RPFS,but no significant difference was observed between these two combinations.In terms of economic benefit,net income under MD+RP was the highest with a 9.8%increase compared with that of under MD+RPFS.Therefore,we concluded that RP cultivation pattern with a suitable planting density(67.5×10^3 plants/hm^2)is promising for rainwater resources utilization and maize production in the drylands of northern China.     

疏叶骆驼刺幼苗根系生态学特性对水分处理的响应

通过人工壕沟挖掘法,对疏叶骆驼刺幼苗在不同水分条件下的根系生态学特性的季节变化进行研究.结果表明:①在土壤水分较好的环境中,疏叶骆驼刺幼苗大量拓展水平根,并产生分蘖植株竞争光照资源;而在土壤水分相对缺乏时垂直根系发达,向深层土壤拓展资源空间.根系形态的可塑性是疏叶骆驼刺幼苗获取水分适应干旱环境的重要策略之一.②根冠比随土壤水分的减少而增加,且在生长季后期这种趋势更加明显,增加根冠比是疏叶骆驼刺幼苗适应干旱的策略之一.③幼苗根系的扎根深度和垂直生长速度随着土壤水分的减少而增加.④根系生物量、根系表面积随土壤深度的增加而减小,并在垂直剖面上呈倒金字塔状分布.根系生物量形成过程符合Logistic"慢-快-慢"的S型生长曲线,总生物量随着土壤干旱程度的增加而降低.