储藏物害虫生物性防治技术研究现状和展望

有效的杀虫剂和熏蒸剂种类的减少,以及它们对环境的污染和对人畜健康的影响,使得生物性的防治技术在储藏物害虫的控制上显得越来越重要。近年来,有关储藏物害虫生物性防治技术的研究报道越来越多。根据过去20年的文献,特别是根据刚出版的第七届国际储藏物保护会议的有关论文,评述了储藏物害虫生物性防治技术的研究现状,展望了将来的发展。内容涉及到天敌昆虫、昆虫信息素、病原微生物、抗虫品种和遗传防治等领域,着重于它们在实践中的应用。     

仓库害虫的生物防治研究进展

在仓库中(特别是粮仓)长期使用化学保护剂和熏蒸剂防治仓库害虫,污染了储藏物和环境,影响仓储人员身体健康,以及害虫抗药性等问题;因而仓库害虫生物防治已引起人们的重视。近年来国内外利用昆虫激素、病原微生物、天敌昆虫(包括螨)防治仓库害虫,有许多新的发展。     

昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中对天敌生物的影响研究进展

昆虫病原真菌是一类重要的微生物杀虫剂,广泛应用于农林害虫的生物防治。由于寄主范围广和主动侵染的特点,昆虫病原真菌在侵染、致死靶标害虫的同时,对包括天敌昆虫在内的非靶标节肢动物等会产生潜在的致病或亚致死风险。本文总结了昆虫病原真菌在害虫防治中的研究进展及对天敌生物的影响,并展望了昆虫病原真菌作为极具潜力的生物农药与天敌生物联合防治害虫的未来发展方向。     

茶园主要害虫微生物防治研究现状与展望

病原微生物作为一类特异性强、环境友好的生防因子,在茶园害虫防治中有广阔的应用前景。笔者按照真菌、细菌、病毒3个类别对茶园主要害虫的病原微生物进行归纳,论述其在茶园害虫防治中的研究和应用现状,提出微生物制剂在研发和生产应用中存在的毒力稳定性和环境稳定性不佳、规模化生产及应用技术研究不足等问题,并从加强病原微生物筛选和改良、剂型配方及应用技术优化等方面给出建议。     

食用菌害虫综合防治研究进展

综述了食用菌害虫综合防治技术,详细阐述了应用杀虫剂、真菌杀虫成分、捕食性天敌、寄生性天敌、激素、病原微生物防治食用菌害虫的研究情况.对目前存在的问题及应用前景进行了展望.     

松叶蜂病原微生物的研究进展

本文对我国松叶蜂几个危害区幼虫期或茧期的病原进行了调查，统计了松叶蜂类害虫的为害和病原的寄生情况。详细描述了国内外已分离的主要松叶蜂病毒各自超微结构的特征、所属类型、及其一系列研究近况。总结了近年来国内外利用松叶蜂病原微生物防治该类害虫取得的成果、目前所存在的问题。还就我国利用松叶蜂病原防治该虫进行了展望。     

利用微生物防治害虫的现状及展望

本文较为系统地评述了利用微生物防治害虫的现状及展望,内容涉及到微生物杀虫剂的种类、特点、用法,昆虫病原生物的利用现状及存在问题,并提出了利用生物工程技术来解决这些问题的尝试。     

十字花科蔬菜害虫生物防治研究进展

十字花科蔬菜主要害虫有菜青虫、小菜蛾、甜菜夜蛾、猿叶虫等,其中有些害虫抗药性的迅速增加导致频繁暴发,因此生物防治对于防治十字花科蔬菜害虫是至关重要的。本文综述了国内外目前对十字花科蔬菜害虫天敌昆虫、病原微生物的调查研究进展,并探讨对植物提取物和昆虫生长调节刑等的利用现状。     

应用昆虫的病原真菌防治害虫

昆虫病原真菌是昆虫病原微生物中的一个最大类群,共约750种;寄主范围广泛,已达5个目24个科200余种昆虫。用实验手段证明昆虫由微生物感染致病,是从病原真菌开始的。Bassi(1835)实验证明白僵菌使家蚕发生白僵病,首志着人们对昆虫疾病的认识;也奠定了昆虫病理学的基础。系统地利用昆虫病原微生物防治害虫,也是以病原真菌为最早。在俄     

昆虫病原真菌和捕食螨间的互作关系及二者联合应用研究进展

昆虫病原真菌和捕食螨是害虫治理中的两类重要生防作用物。由于二者在控害方式上存在互补性，其联合应用对害虫防治具有潜在的增效作用。然而，昆虫病原真菌与捕食螨是否兼容一直存在争议，二者在田间的联合应用受到限制。本文总结了昆虫病原真菌和捕食螨的互作关系、二者联合应用的现状，并对存在的问题和未来发展方向进行了探讨。     

微孢子虫防治农业害虫研究进展

微孢子虫是一种重要的昆虫病原原生动物,作为一种生物杀虫剂,它对环境安全,能垂直传递,可持续控制害虫。本文介绍了昆虫微孢子虫的分类、致病机理、传播途径、大量增殖及其防治农业害虫的应用研究进展。     

Note: Effects of plant oils and adhesive stickers on the mycelia growth and conidiation ofVerticillium lecanii, a potential entomopathogen

Oils enhance the efficacy of entomopathogens used as augmentative biological control agents. The effect of cheap and commonly available various plant oils,viz., sunflower oil, neem oil, pongamia oil, castor oil, gingili oil, coconut oil, groundnut oil, and the adhesive stickers laboline and Triton-X100, onVerticillium lecanii, an entomopathogen recommended for the control of major sucking pests of horticultural importance, was studied. The first four oils screened, significantly enhanced mycelia growth and conidiation. Gingili oil, coconut oil, groundnut oil and Triton-X100 were found to be poor carriers ofV. lecanii in relation to mycelia growth and conidiation. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting July 14, 2005.     

The complex symbiotic relationships of bark beetles with microorganisms: a potential practical approach for biological control in forestry

Bark beetles, especially Dendroctonus species, are considered to be serious pests of the coniferous forests in North America. Bark beetle forest pests undergo population eruptions, causing region wide economic losses. In order to save forests, finding new and innovative environmentally friendly approaches in wood-boring insect pest management is more important than ever. Several biological control methods have been attempted over time to limit the damage and spreading of bark beetle epidemics. The use of entomopathogenic microorganisms against bark beetle populations is an attractive alternative tool for many biological control programmes in forestry. However, the effectiveness of these biological control agents is strongly affected by environmental factors, as well as by the susceptibility of the insect host. Bark beetle susceptibility to entomopathogens varies greatly between species. According to recent literature, bark beetles are engaged in symbiotic relationships with fungi and bacteria. These types of relationship are very complex and apparently involved in bark beetle defensive mechanisms against pathogens. The latest scientific discoveries in multipartite symbiosis have unravelled unexpected opportunities in bark beetle pest management, which are discussed in this article.     

Evidence of soil-located competition as the cause of the reduction of sunflower verticillium wilt by entomopathogenic fungi

The increasing limitation of agrochemicals for disease control is a major challenge for European agriculture and a spur to developing environmentally friendly approaches such as biological control. Entomopathogenic fungi, which have been used in the control of insect pests for a long time, also have other uses, such as being antagonists of fungi, including plant pathogens. We determined the in vitro effect of three strains of Metarhizium brunneum and two of Beauveria bassiana against Verticillium dahliae and Cadophora helianthi, causal agents of sunflower wilts. Both M. brunneum and B. bassiana were able to inhibit the mycelial growth of the sunflower pathogens and, according to the dual culture and microscopy results, two types of antagonism were observed as being dependent on the strain: competition and/or antibiosis. Greenhouse experiments showed that, after soil treatments with entomopathogens and plant inoculation by root immersion in conidial suspensions of V. dahliae, the entomopathogens were able to efficiently persist in the soil, and three of the four strains even significantly reduced the severity of symptoms in sunflowers. Interestingly, molecular analysis showed that all the strains were able to establish themselves as endophytes in sunflowers in the absence of V. dahliae. When the plants were inoculated with V. dahliae, we detected the pathogen, but not the entomopathogen, in the sunflowers by molecular methods. The results of this work suggest that the protection conferred by M. brunneum and B. bassiana against verticillium wilt might not be plant-located, but is probably the consequence of their competition with V. dahliae in the soil.     

Designing the ideal habitat for entomopathogen use in nursery production

BACKGROUND: Greenhouse and nursery producers use entomopathogens (nematodes and fungi) to control soil pests. Although it is known that the physical and chemical properties of mineral soil significantly impact upon soil pathogens, the influence of soilless media used for plant production on entomopathogen performance is poorly understood. RESULTS: Survival and foraging distance were differently affected by sand:peat, bark and sawdust media for entomopathogenic nematodes, but not for the immobile fungus Metarhizium anisopliae. Redwood sawdust medium consistently had a negative impact upon entomopathogenic nematodes. Dividing media into individual components supported the hypothesis that redwood sawdust reduced foraging and infection abilities of S. riobrave and H. bacteriophora. Physically altering the components by adding sand significantly improved foraging and infection success for S. riobrave in media not optimum for foraging. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to highlight the importance of selecting the appropriate soilless media and pathogen species combinations to increase efficacy of biological control. H. bacteriophora was able to find hosts in a wider diversity of medium components than S. riobrave, although both nematode species performed well in peat moss and recycled plant material. These results suggest that peat moss, recycled plant material and hardwood bark are components amenable to EPN biological control programs. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

星天牛生物防治研究进展

星天牛Anoplophora chinensis Forster为亚洲本土的林木钻蛀性害虫，近年来已入侵到一些欧洲国家，被列为重要的国际检疫对象。本文综述了国内外有关星天牛的自然天敌种类及其人工利用的研究进展。我国古代曾用黄猄蚁Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius防治危害柑橘树的星天牛，近年来开展了野外释放天敌昆虫花绒寄甲Dastarcus helophoroides Fairmaire成虫和卵卡防治星天牛的实践，都取得了较好的防治效果。川硬皮肿腿蜂Sclerodermus sichuanensis Xiao对星天牛低龄幼虫具有一定的控制作用，天牛卵长尾啮小蜂Aprostocetus fukutai Miwa&Sonan显示出了良好的生物防治利用前景，在意大利对星天牛的卵寄生率最高达72%。一些欧洲本地拟寄生蜂种类，如柄腹茧蜂Spathius erythrocephalus Wesmael也可寄生入侵当地的星天牛自然种群。此外，利用昆虫病原微生物控制星天牛，也具有较好的防治前景，如用布氏白僵菌Beauveria brongniartii Petch制成的无纺布菌条已经在日本开发成为一种商品，真菌侵染可引起天牛高致死率。昆虫病原线虫夜蛾斯氏线虫Steinernema feltiae Filipjev和小卷蛾斯氏线虫S.carpocapsae Weiser也具有作为生物杀虫剂用于控制星天牛幼虫的开发前景。本文还讨论了目前星天牛生物防治中存在的不足及其原因，展望了今后研究的重点和方向。     

Tying pest insects in knots: the deployment of spider‐venom‐derived knottins as bioinsecticides

Spider venoms are complex chemical arsenals that contain a rich variety of insecticidal toxins. However, the major toxin class in many spider venoms is disulfide‐rich peptides known as knottins. The knotted three‐dimensional fold of these mini‐proteins provides them with exceptional chemical and thermal stability as well as resistance to proteases. In contrast with other bioinsecticides, which are often slow‐acting, spider knottins are fast‐acting neurotoxins. In addition to being potently insecticidal, some knottins have exceptional taxonomic selectivity, being lethal to key agricultural pests but innocuous to vertebrates and beneficial insects such as bees. The intrinsic oral activity of these peptides, combined with the ability of aerosolized knottins to penetrate insect spiracles, has enabled them to be developed commercially as eco‐friendly bioinsecticides. Moreover, it has been demonstrated that spider‐knottin transgenes can be used to engineer faster‐acting entomopathogens and insect‐resistant crops. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry     

Entomopathogens (Beauveria bassiana and Steinernema carpocapsae) for biological control of bark-feeding moth Indarbela dea on field-infested litchi trees

BACKGROUND: The bark-feeding moth Indarbela dea (Swinhoe) is one of the major pests of litchi (Litchi chinensis Sonn.) in Asia. Effects on larval mortality and web production were tested by repeated, single and combined tree trunk applications of the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bals.) Vuill. and the entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae (Weiser). Two separate application trials were conducted in different seasons on young and older larvae respectively. RESULTS: In both trials, complete or nearly complete mortality (100% and 95%) of the larvae was achieved 3 weeks after application of S. carpocapsae alone and 2 weeks after the combined application of B. bassiana and S. carpocapsae (100% in both trials). However, in the combined application, all larvae were killed by one treatment, while the application of S. carpocapsae alone needed to be repeated to reach the same result. The effectiveness of the combined entomopathogen application and of the application of S. carpocapsae alone was not influenced by the age of the larvae. However, the single applications of B. bassiana were only effective on young larvae. In both trials, web production of surviving larvae was very significantly reduced by the application of S. carpocapsae in single and combined treatments. CONCLUSIONS: As the results show, only one application is necessary in the combined application of the two entomopathogens to control I. dea, which implies that such treatment is probably the economically most relevant solution.     

The potential of entomopathogens in biological control of white grubs

Abstract

White grubs are highly polyphagous and most destructive soil pests inflicting damage to a wide variety of crops. In India, more than 1000 species of white grubs are known of which over 40 species attack wide range of plants. White grubs are naturally infected by various entomopathogens which include fungi, bacteria and nematodes. Entomopathogenic fungi offer great potential and members of genera Beauveria and Metarhizium are widely used against white grubs. Several commercial products of entomopathogenic fungi like Bio Green, ORY-X, Grub X 10G, Betel, Biotrol FMA and Meta-Guard have been developed for the control of white grubs. In India, good control of white grubs in paddy, ginger and sugarcane has been achieved with different entomofungi. Among EPNs, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora is moderately effective against Popillia japonica and Rhizotrogus majalis. H. indica and H. bacteriophora are effective against potato white grubs in India. Paenibacillus popilliae cause milky disease in P. japonica grubs. The bacterium is pathogenic to Holotrichia consanguinea, H. serrata and Leucopholis lepidophora. In north-western Himalaya, B. cereus is highly toxic to the grubs of H. seticollis and Anomala dimidiata.