Thermostable Water Dispersion of Shark Meat and Its Application to Prepare Protein Powder

Abstract

Gel was prepared from shark myofibrillar proteins by reducing the pH of washed, collagen-free, shark meat homogenate in water to 4.0 by acetic acid. The gel was homogenized in water at a protein concentration of 3% (w/v) to get low viscous (free-flowing) dispersion. Proteins in the dispersion were stable to heating at 100°C. However, the proteins were precipitated when the dispersion was heated after either increase of pH to 6.0 or addition of salts. Spray drying of die dispersion gave colorless and odorless protein powder. Some characteristics of the powder are discussed.     

Chemical Compositions and Functional Properties of Protein Isolated from By-Product of Triangle Shell Pearl Mussel Hyriopsis cumingii

Hyriopsis cumingii is a freshwater mussel widely cultured in China to produce cultured pearls. However, after the pearls are harvested, the mussel is discarded. To make effective utilization of pearl production wastes, proteins were recovered from the pearl mussel meat using pH shift technology. The protein recovery conditions, chemical compositions, and functional properties of the recovered protein were investigated. Results show that the proteins could be well extracted from the meat by 5 volumes of alkali water (pH 11, 20°C, 1 h) followed by acidic precipitation (pH 5.2). The recovered product contained 94.7% of protein with high levels of essential and semiessential amino acids (48.9%). The most abundant essential amino acid was sulfur-containing amino acids (12.82%), followed by lysine (8.89%), phenylalanine (4.69%), and threonine (4.37%). Compared with soybean protein isolate and egg protein, the recovered protein had better water/oil absorption capability, better foaming ability, and similar emulsion capability. These results suggest that the protein isolated from the pearl mussel meat might be utilized as ingredients for the food industries.     

Feasibility study on water solubilization of spawned out salmon meat by conjugation with alginate oligosaccharide

A feasibility study was carried out to determine whether water-soluble salmon meat could be manufactured by conjugating a glycosyl unit using the Maillard reaction. Spawned out salmon meat was washed, mixed with alginate oligosaccharide (AO) and sorbitol, lyophilized, and then heated at 60°C and 5–95% relative humidity (RH) to introduce AO (the mean degree of polymerization was six) into the myofibrillar proteins through the Maillard reaction. The reaction progressed with an increase in the reaction humidity and the amount of AO bound to the protein reached >150 μg/mg at RH 65 and 90%. However, the protein glycosylation under high humidity impaired protein solubility and the meat protein became effectively water-soluble with the conjugation with AO at reaction conditions of 60°C and RH 35%. The improved characteristics of the meat protein were highly stable at room temperature. Further, the water-soluble protein can be prepared from the frozen salmon meat stored at −25°C for 60–90 days. These results indicate that protein glycosylation has strong potential for use with spawned out chum salmon. The suppression of protein denaturation during processing is important to obtain the high water-soluble meat protein.     

Characterization of Sardine Minced Flesh (Sardinella aurita) Washed with Different Solutions

Abstract

Minced sardine was washed with sodium bicarbonate (0.5%) and water to evaluate their effectiveness in removing components such as protein, fat, ash and non-protein nitrogen. Mince washed with NaHCO₃ showed greater reductions in protein and nitrogen compounds and had a lighter color, while water washed mince showed highest reductions in ash and lipid components. Moisture and pH increased with the number of washing exchanges. Centrifugation after each washing cycle did significantly reduce the components compared to a one step centrifugation dewatering process.     

Digestibility, apparent amino acid availability and waste generation potential of soybean flour: poultry meat meal blend based diets for tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings

Nutrient digestibility and amino acid availability were assessed in tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus (L.), fingerlings fed diets containing soybean flour (SF): poultry meat meal (PMM) blends (25:75, 50:50 and 75:25), and 0.5 or 1.0% Cr₂O₃. Although there was variability in individual amino acid availability, average availability was in agreement with the pattern of overall protein digestibility. The best lipid, protein digestibility and amino acid availability values were obtained in the 75:25 SF:PMM blend and 0.5% Cr₂O₃ treatment, which corresponded to the lowest level of faecal crude protein while the best ash digestibility was observed with 25:75 SF:PMM blend and 1.0% Cr₂O₃. Chromic oxide inclusion level appeared to affect nutrient availability. Increased marker level might have resulted in decreased nutrient digestibility coefficients. Protein and lipid of diets containing more soybean flour seemed to be more digestible than those of poultry meat meal while the reverse was the case for ash.     

Digestibility and amino acid availability of three protein-rich ingredient-incorporated diets by Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell) and the Australian shortfin eel Anguilla australis Richardson

In this study, the apparent dry matter (ADM), protein (PD) and energy (ED) digestibility, and the amino acid availability (essential, EAAA; non‐essential, NEAAA; total, TAAA) of diets incorporated with one of three protein‐rich ingredients (soybean meal, shark meat meal waste and meat meal) were evaluated for Murray cod Maccullochella peelii peelii (Mitchell) and the Australian shortfin eel Anguilla australis Richardson. The reference diets (RDs) used for Murray cod and shortfin eel had 50% and 45% protein, and 10% and 15% lipid respectively. The test diets consisted of 30% ingredient and 70% RD, and digestibility estimations were made using chromic oxide as a marker.     

双酶法在鲨鱼肉水解液制备中的工艺改良研究

采用同时添加枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶与木瓜蛋白酶的改良酶解技术，对鲨鱼肉进行水解。正交试验结果表明，上述二酶同时水解的最适条件为：温度45℃，pH7．0，时间3h，酶浓度200U／ml（枯草杆菌中性蛋白酶及木瓜蛋白酶各100U／ml），原料：水＝1．5。蛋白质水解率达83．5％，所得水认的氨基酸含量为45．4mg/ml，其中必需氨基酸总量为19．8mg/ml。     

Chemical and Thermal Properties of Freshwater Prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) Meat

Chemical compositions and thermal properties of cultured freshwater prawn meat (FPM) were studied. FPM contained 83.2% protein (dry basis), 62.7% of which was myofibrillar protein. Pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) and insoluble collagen (ISC) contents were 0.63 and 0.32%, respectively. Both collagens were similar to type V collagen from porcine placenta. Glutamic acid/glutamine, arginine, aspartic acid/?asparagine, and lysine were abundant amino acids in FPM. Glycine, proline, hydroxyproline, and aspartic acid/?asparagine were predominant in both collagens. FPM exhibited thermal transition temperatures (T_max) of 48.3 and 64.7°C, whereas T_max of PSC and ISC were 43.0 and 46.0°C, respectively. Textural changes in FPM during post-mortem storage on ice are plausibly dependent upon its compositional and thermal properties.     

EGCG对尼罗罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白降解的抑制作用

为研究表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯(EGCG)对尼罗罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白在贮藏过程中降解的抑制作用,实验采用质量分数为0.002 5%、0.01%、0.02%、0.03%的EGCG对罗非鱼肌肉进行处理,考察不同浓度EGCG对贮藏过程中罗非鱼肌肉肌原纤维蛋白盐溶性的影响,并采用SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结合质谱技术筛选EGCG抑制降解靶向蛋白质。结果显示,实验条件下不同浓度的EGCG对肌原纤维蛋白降解均有抑制作用,质量分数为0.01%的EGCG抑制效果最佳,肌原纤维蛋白质含量由贮藏初期的(82.42±0.65)降至第12天的(51.89±0.68)mg/g(下降率37.0%),而对照组由(80.86±1.18)降至(35.33±1.16)mg/g(下降率56.3%)。研究表明,通过SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳及质谱技术鉴定,EGCG对尼罗罗非鱼肌原纤维蛋白降解的抑制作用靶向蛋白质分别为MHC、MLC与肌动蛋白,本结果对罗非鱼冷藏保鲜研究具有一定指导意义。     

Effect of pH-shifting on the gel forming characteristics of salt-ground meat from walleye pollack

ABSTRACT:   In order to elucidate the mechanism of the changes in gel forming characteristics of fish meat by pH-lowering, the gelation-temperature curve and the gelation-moisture content curve were examined using the acidified walleye pollack surimi or neutralized one after acidification. In the gelation-temperature curve, the gel strength was highest at 30°C and lowest at approximately 50–60°C, irrespective of pH shifting. The gel strength at 30°C and 80°C decreased with the decrease in pH value. The neutralization of acidified surimi improved the gel strength, but it was considerably lower than the original gel strength. The gel strength at 50–60°C was not affected by pH lowering. The gel strength at 80°C could not be revived to the original by pH readjustment, either in the presence or in the absence of EDTA. These results suggest that irreversible changes of meat protein take place under the low pH, and the oxidation ability of sulfhydryl (SH) groups of protein molecule is not affected by pH-shifting.     

Study on the glass transition for several processed fish muscles and its protein fractions using differential scanning calorimetry

ABSTRACT:   The glass transition behavior of processed fish muscles (bonito, tuna, mackerel, sea bream, cod) and its muscle protein fractions (sarcoplasmic and myofibrillar proteins) were studied using differential scanning calorimetry. Each dried processed fish muscle and the extracted protein fractions showed clear glass transition phenomenon. The T _g values of muscles and myofibrillar proteins from red muscle fishes tended to be lower than those from white muscle fishes though there was no difference on T _g of sarcoplasmic proteins. The T _g value of whole muscle was considerably lower than that of extracted protein fractions because of the plasticizing effects of low molecular weight materials contained in the muscle.     

Comparison of Conventional Washing Processing and pH Shift Processing on Gelation Characteristics of Bighead Carp (Aristichthys nobilis) Muscle Proteins

In this study, gelation characteristics of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) protein isolates prepared by pH shift processing were investigated as compared with those of surimi prepared by conventional wash processing. Results showed that the gel from alkali-aided protein isolate exhibited a higher breaking force than that from conventional washed surimi (p < 0.05). However, the gel from conventional washed surimi had higher whiteness (p < 0.05) and lower expressible moisture (p < 0.05). The rheological study showed that protein isolates exhibited different storage modulus and loss tangent patterns from conventional washed surimi during heating. Acid-aided processing could lead to higher denaturation and dissociation for fish muscle myosin and a coarser gel network from the sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) pattern and the scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Overall, there is a potential to apply pH shift processing, especially alkali-aided processing, to extract more proteins from bighead carp muscle for the production of surimi-based food.     

Solubility of Cod Muscle Myofibrillar Proteins at Alkaline pH

Abstract

The solubility characteristics of proteins are of interest because of their relation to many functional properties. The solubility of the proteins of washed cod muscle mince increased dramatically between pH 8.9 and 9.2 at an ionic strength of 10 mM, whereas a high but constant solubility was observed at 430 mM sodium chloride over the pH range from 7 to 9.5. At pH 9.2, the proteins of the washed cod muscle were greater than 60% soluble at a sodium chloride concentration of 6.6 mM but were salted out at slightly higher concentrations. Above about 100 mM to about 900 mM salt, the proteins were salted in, and greater than 90% solubility was achieved. Maximal extractability was observed with a ratio of 36 volumes of extracting solution to 1 weight of minced muscle at pH 9.2. At pH 8.5, the extractability of the protein increased from 11% to 24% over a range in extraction volumes of 12:1 to 144:1 of volume of extracting solution to muscle tissue weight.     

Proximate Composition and Nutritional Quality of the Meat of the Squat Lobster Munida gregaria (Fabricius 1973)

ABSTRACT

The squat lobster Munida gregaria has been recognized as a potential resource in several countries. However, data about its composition and nutritional value are scarce. This study provides information about the nutrients and nutritional quality of M. gregaria meat. Meat yield, proximate composition, cholesterol content, and fatty acid (FA) and amino acid (AAs) profiles were analyzed, and nutritional quality indexes were estimated. The average meat yield was 9.93%. The yearly average of the proximate composition of the M. gregaria meat (g/100 g meat) was moisture = 77.6, protein = 13.7, lipids = 3.84, and ash = 2.19. The average annual cholesterol content was 6.60 mg/100 g. The predominant FA (%) was C20:5ω3 (23.6), followed by C18:1ω9c (20.9), C22:6ω3 (18.5), and C16:0 (16.3); the unsaturated fatty acids were 72.8% of the total FA. The main AAs (g/100 g protein) were glutamic acid (15.1), leucine (9.47), and aspartic acid (8.51). Regarding the nutritional quality, the polyunsaturated FA/saturated FA ratio (1.99), ω3/ω6 ratio (8.62), atherogenic index (0.26), thrombotic index (0.56), hypocholesterolemic/hypercholesterolemic ratio (4.07), and polyene index (2.58) showed that M. gregaria meat provides lipids that are beneficial to the human diet. Moreover, M. gregaria meat provides high-quality proteins, which are well balanced in their essential AAs composition.     

Preparation of Water-Soluble Chitosan and its Suppressive Effect on the Denaturation of Scallop Adductor Muscle Myofibrillar Protein During Frozen Storage

ABSTRACT

In the present study, investigated were the preparation of water-soluble chitosan (WSC) by hydrolysis of original chitosan with commercial α-amylase and the suppressive effect of WSC on denaturation of bay scallop adductor muscle myofibrillar protein (Mf) during frozen storage at ?18°C for 12 months. The WSC (2.5- to 10-g dry weight) was added to 100 g of the Mf, and the changes in the Ca-ATPase activity, solubility, and sulfhydryl content were examined during frozen storage. The addition of WSC significantly reduced the denaturation of the Mf Ca-ATPase. Moreover, a significant increase in Mf solubility and sulfhydryl content was observed in the WSC-treated bay scallop adductor muscles compared with the control (p < 0.05) during frozen storage at ?18°C.     

Effects of High Pressure on Myofibrillar Protein and Moisture Distribution of Shrimp (Solenocera melantho) Muscle

ABSTRACT

The effects of high pressure (100–500 MPa) treatment on myofibrillar protein (MP) contents and distribution of water in Solenocera melantho muscle were investigated. The results showed that the shrimp treated with 200 MPa had the highest shelling score, and the solubility of MP in meat of shrimp treated with 300 MPa was significantly reduced. Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity of MP increased with increasing pressure. Treatment of shrimp with 200–300 MPa high pressure partially converted the structure of MP from an α-helix structure to a β-sheet structure, allowing for greater exposure of the tryptophan residues present. Treatment of shrimp with 100–200 MPa led to a significant loss in the amount of immobilized water in shrimp muscle. However, the treatment did not significantly change the moisture distribution. Overall, pressures of 100 to 200 MPa are considered the most suitable for the processing of S. melantho.     

竹叶抗氧化物浸泡结合乳清分离蛋白涂膜对冷藏富硒虹鳟食用品质的影响

为延长冷藏富硒虹鳟的货架期,实验以3种浓度的竹叶抗氧化物溶液(AOBS,质量浓度分别为0.5%、1.0%和1.5%)分别浸泡富硒虹鳟鱼块,再进行乳清分离蛋白溶液(WPIS)涂膜,(25±1)°C下鼓风吹干表面水后置于4°C冰箱贮藏1、4、7、10和13 d,测定鱼块的pH值、TVB-N值、K值、菌落总数和嗜冷菌数、结合水分含量和水分状态,分析涂膜对冷藏富硒虹鳟鱼块品质的影响。结果显示,随着冷藏时间的延长,鱼块的pH值、TVB-N值、K值、菌落总数和嗜冷菌数显著增加,水分含量显著降低,结合水和不易流动水向自由水迁移。其中,1.0%AOBS+WPIS组的pH值、TVB-N值、K值、菌落总数和嗜冷菌数的增加速率和水分含量的减少速率最慢,结合水与不易流动水的比例最高。1.0%竹叶抗氧化物浸泡结合乳清分离蛋白涂膜,提升了乳清分离蛋白涂膜的保鲜效果,可有效抑制富硒虹鳟冷藏过程中品质的劣变,延长货架期。根据TVB-N值、K值和菌落总数,1.0%AOBS+WPIS组可延长富硒虹鳟货架期3 d。本研究可以为富硒虹鳟的低温贮藏技术提供科学指导。     

Digestibility of nutrients and amino acids of different protein sources in practical diets by largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (Lacepéde, 1802)

This study evaluated the apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, protein, lipid, energy, calcium, phosphorus, and essential and non‐essential amino acid availability of animal and plant protein sources in practical diets for the carnivorous fish, largemouth bass Micropterus salmoides (8.0±0.5 g; 10.0±0.3 cm). Fish were conditioned to accept artificial feed and those stocked in plastic cages were fed pelleted test diets. Diets contained 30% of the ingredient tested mixed with 70% of a reference ration (RD) containing 40 g 100 g^?1 of crude protein, 19.85 kJ g^?1 crude energy, and 0.5% of chromic oxide. Cages were then transferred to cylindrical, conical‐bottomed aquaria (200 L) where the faeces were collected by sedimentation in a refrigerated container. All the tested ingredients had high ADCs for protein and lipid; ADCs of amino acids of varying protein sources showed significant differences (P<0.01). Plant protein sources did not significantly influence the ADCs of diets. The results allow the inference that the availability of amino acids in plant and animal protein sources varies considerably.     

Apparent digestibility of selected feed ingredients for white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei,Boone

Apparent digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), crude protein, crude lipid, gross energy, phosphorus and amino acids in Peruvian fish meal (FM), fermented soybean meal, extruded soybean meal, soybean meal, peanut meal, wheat gluten meal, corn gluten meal, shrimp byproduct meal, meat and bone meal (MBM), poultry meat meal and plasma protein meal (PPM) were determined for white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). A reference diet (RF) and test diets (consisting of 70% RF diet and 30% of the feedstuff) were used with 0.5% chromic oxide as an external indicator. A total of 1440 shrimp (initial mean body weight 1.05 ± 0.01 g) were randomly stocked into thirty‐six 500‐L fibreglass tanks with 40 shrimp per tank and three tanks per diet. Faeces were collected from triplicate groups of shrimp by a faecal collection vessel attached to the shrimp‐rearing tank. The shrimp were fed to apparent satiation four times a day and the feeding experiment lasted for 6 weeks. Statistics indicate that apparent DM digestibilities for white shrimp (L. vannamei) were the highest for FM, ranged 52.83–71.23% for other animal products and 69.98–77.10% for plant products. The protein and lipid from plant and animal sources were well digested by white shrimp. Apparent protein and lipid digestibility were in the range 87.89–93.18% and 91.57–95.28%, respectively, in plant products, and 75.00–92.34% and 83.72–92.79%, respectively, for animal products. The white shrimp demonstrated a high capacity to utilize phosphorus in the ingredients. The apparent phosphorus digestibility ranges of animal feedstuffs and plant feedstuffs were 58.90–71.61% and 75.77–82.30% respectively. Amino acid availability reflected protein digestibility, except that in MBM, for which the availability of some amino acid was lower, possibly due to protein damage during processing. Digestibility information could promote the use of ingredient substitution in least‐cost formulated diets for white shrimp.     

逆流运动训练对多鳞四须鲃摄食、生长和体营养成分的影响

在室内条件下［水温(28?1) ℃］,设置0.7 BL/s和2.0 BL/s 2个流速组以及一个静水对照组,研究了不同逆流运动训练对多鳞四须鲃幼鱼［体质量(75.21?2.82) g］摄食、生长和体营养成分的影响。实验分1~23 d和23~45 d两个阶段,共进行45 d。实验结果表明,多鳞四须鲃平均日摄食率随流速增加而增大,但体长特定生长率、体质量特定生长率和食物转换率均以0.7 BL/s组最高,静水组次之,2.0 BL/s组最低,且三者间差异显著(P<0.05)。不同流速下多鳞四须鲃肌肉水分和灰分含量差异不显著(P>0.05),但随流速增大,多鳞四须鲃肌肉中蛋白质含量增加,而脂肪含量却显著下降。在实验末期,2.0 BL/s流速组的氨基酸总含量(82.63%)、必需氨基酸总含量(34.34%)和鲜味氨基酸总含量(33.50%)均显著高于静水对照组(78.27%,32.6%,30.63%)(P<0.05)。研究表明,较低流速(0.7 BL/s)的运动训练明显促进多鳞四须鲃的生长,提高食物转化率和增加肌肉蛋白质含量,高流速(2.0 BL/s)的运动训练不利于生长,但却能显著提高肌肉必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸含量。