兔粪堆肥技术初步研究

试验旨在研究兔粪堆肥过程中的参数变化,为规模化兔场兔粪堆肥处理提供技术储备。以兔粪和稻草为原料进行室内堆肥,设置兔粪-稻草组、兔粪-稻草翻堆组和兔粪组,在为期55d的堆肥过程中,测定了各堆体温度、水分、酸碱度(pH)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)、大肠杆菌和种子发芽指数(GI)随时间的变化,并用SAS软件处理数据,用EXCEL作出各种参数变化的趋势图。结果表明:在堆肥过程中,各组高温期温度均能维持5d以上,达到了粪便无害化卫生标准的要求,兔粪-稻草翻堆组高温阶段持续时间最长;各组有机质相对含量总体呈上升趋势,堆肥结束时,有机质均稳定在35%以上;TP和TK总体呈上升趋势;高温期时大肠杆菌数均为0,但随着温度的降低,又出现了少量的大肠杆菌;种子发芽指数总体呈上升趋势,堆肥37d后均能达到腐熟标准。由此可见,生产中对兔粪进行处理,既可以单独利用兔粪进行堆肥,也可以采用兔粪和稻草按7.4:1的比例进行混合堆肥。     

兔粪、菌渣堆肥试验研究

本文研究了兔粪和菌渣混合物在堆肥过程中温度、水分、酸碱度(pH)、碳氮比(C/N)、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、总磷(TP)、总钾(TK)、大肠杆菌和种子发芽指数(GI)的变化特征。结果表明:生产中利用兔粪和菌渣混合堆肥可以达到无害化处理的目的,企业可以利用兔粪和菌渣混合堆肥来生产有机肥料。     

三种菌剂在兔粪菌渣高温堆肥中的应用效果研究

为了提高兔粪资源化利用效率,减少堆肥时间,提高有机肥生产效率和质量,为规模化兔场的兔粪处理提供技术储备,以兔粪、菌渣为原料进行高温堆肥。设置3个试验组和1个对照组,分别使用3种菌剂进行处理,研究了不同菌剂对兔粪菌渣高温堆肥过程中的物理、化学指标变化产生的影响。结果表明:试验组与对照组的堆体温度均达到正常发酵温度,且堆体温度高于50℃的天数大于14天。能够有效地杀死致病菌、蛔虫卵和杂草种子,达到了兔粪无害化处理的目的。堆肥结束后,有机质含量均高于45%,满足有机肥标准中对有机质的要求。但是C/N过高,腐熟程度不高,且总养分含量低于我国有机肥标准,需进行二次堆肥提高腐熟度,增加物料中总养分的质量分数。兔粪与菌渣混合堆肥,能降低物料中Cu、Zn的含量,且辅料添加量越大,Cu、Zn含量降低幅度越大。添加菌剂均能提高堆体高温期温度,延长高温期持续时间,提高堆肥质量,但不能缩短堆肥时间,所以在兔粪堆肥中添加菌剂意义不大。     

兔粪堆肥处理技术简介

通过对兔粪堆肥处理的研究,结合堆肥技术相关资料,总结了一套兔粪堆肥的无害化处理技术,包括兔粪堆肥的目的、原料选择、堆肥方式、基本过程、影响兔粪堆肥效果的主要因素、兔粪堆肥腐熟参考依据6个方面内容,希望对养兔场在进行兔粪无害化处理时有所帮助。     

不同辅料对蛋鸡粪堆肥腐熟度的影响

为比较锯末和稻壳对蛋鸡粪腐熟度的影响,本试验分别用2种辅料将蛋鸡粪水分调节至60%,测定35 d堆肥过程中堆体温度、pH值、种子发芽指数、粪大肠菌群值、有机质和养分的变化。结果表明:堆肥过程中添加锯末和稻壳后其高温天数均大于9 d,堆肥35 d后各项参数均可达到有机肥的国家标准,同时采用稻壳作为辅料可使腐熟期至少提前7 d左右,且可有效降低氮的损失。     

添加不同比例油菜秸秆对猪粪堆肥腐熟效果的影响

试验以猪粪和油菜秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,通过油菜秸秆的不同添加量调节堆肥中的C/N,利用不同C/N在堆肥过程中的温度、发芽指数、全氮、有机质和pH等参数,探讨了不同C/N对猪粪堆肥腐熟度的影响.结果表明:在添加生物菌剂、翻堆间隔天数和其他条件相同的情况下当C/N为22.72即猪鲜粪:油菜秸秆为6.5:1(质量比)时...     

添加高温期堆料对青藏高原羊粪堆肥有机成分降解及酶活性的影响

【目的】探讨堆肥时添加高温期堆料对青藏高原羊粪堆肥有机成分降解及酶活性的影响。【方法】在青藏高原地区将高温期羊粪堆料添加于羊粪和油菜秸秆混合物中，以不添加高温期堆料作为对照，进行了28 d条垛式堆肥试验，通过测定堆肥过程中堆肥温度、pH、总有机碳、总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮、种子发芽指数、有机质、木质纤维素等指标以及各种酶活性来判断高温期堆料对青藏高原羊粪堆肥发酵品质的影响。【结果】添加高温期堆料可促进堆体升温，提升堆体最高温度，并延长堆体高温期6 d；堆肥结束时，与对照组相比，添加高温期堆料可显著降低堆肥中铵态氮与硝态氮比值、E₄/E₆以及碳氮比（P＜0.05）；可显著提高堆肥种子发芽指数（P＜0.05）；可显著提高有机质、半纤维素、纤维素和木质素降解率（P＜0.05）；并可显著提升堆肥过程中蛋白质酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、纤维素酶、β-葡萄糖苷酶、过氧化物酶及多酚氧化酶活性（P＜0.05）。【结论】高温期堆料可促进青藏高原羊粪堆肥有机成分降解，提升堆肥产品腐熟度及提升堆肥过程中多种酶的活性。     

不同复合微生物菌剂对牛粪堆肥效果的影响

为了探讨不同复合微生物菌剂对牛粪堆肥的影响,该试验以70%牛粪+30%玉米秸秆为堆肥材料(C/N=(25~35)/1),设计4个堆肥处理,前3个处理组分别加入0.1%的复合微生物菌剂1(枯草芽孢杆菌+细黄链霉菌(1∶1))、复合微生物菌剂2(里氏木霉+细黄链霉菌(1∶1))和复合微生物菌剂3(枯草芽孢杆菌+里氏木霉+细黄链霉菌(1∶1∶1)),处理组4不加菌剂,每个处理3个重复,经过21 d堆肥处理,研究不同堆肥处理条件下堆体温度、pH、含水率、C/N、种子发芽指数、有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、总养分等堆肥指标的变化。结果表明:4个处理组保持高温时间分别为9、10、9、8 d,说明添加复合微生物菌剂的处理均能延长堆肥的高温期,其中处理组2高温期持续时间最长;对堆肥的pH影响不大;添加复合微生物菌剂处理组温度高,水分蒸发快,有效地促进堆体中有机物的分解和腐殖质的生成;4个处理组的种子发芽指数均达到腐熟状态,其中处理组2优于其他处理组;各处理组的全氮、全磷、全钾、总养分含量均有所增加,处理组2高于其它处理组。研究表明,添加复合微生物菌剂2堆肥效果最好。     

不同反应器好氧堆肥工艺对猪粪中磺胺甲噁唑降解效果研究

为了研究不同反应器好氧堆肥工艺对猪粪堆肥及磺胺甲噁唑(sulfamethoxazole, SMZ)的降解效果,试验参照相应国家标准和已报道文献中的方法对3种不同反应器好氧堆肥工艺(T1处理组为静态堆肥、T2处理组为静态强制通风、T3处理组为强制通风加翻抛)的堆体温度、pH值、碳氮比、含水率、电导率、种子发芽指数、蛔虫卵死亡率、粪大肠菌群数及SMZ含量等指标进行测定,判定堆肥工艺优劣;根据SMZ降解数据建立一级降解动力学模型,分析SMZ与各指标之间的相关性,解析3个处理组SMZ的降解规律。结果表明：堆肥21 d后,T1、T2、T3处理组对于SMZ的降解率分别为80.51%、77.52%、93.83%,T3处理组在SMZ的降解中展现出较大的潜力;T1、T2、T3处理组SMZ在堆肥中的降解半衰期分别为7.49,7.76,4.24 d; SMZ含量与碳氮比、含水率呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与种子发芽指数呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)。说明强制通风加翻抛反应器堆肥工艺可以更有效地促进堆肥腐熟及SMZ的降解。     

猪粪与玉米秸秆好氧堆肥处理及其安全性评价

【目的】探讨以不同比例的猪粪和玉米秸秆为原料进行好氧堆肥对堆肥质量的影响,并对堆肥产品进行安全评价,为猪粪与秸秆的资源化利用研究提供参考。【方法】以猪粪和玉米秸秆为材料,分别按猪粪和玉米秸秆体积比4：6（A组）、6：4（B组）和8：2（C组）混合堆肥。堆肥期共55 d,每天记录堆体和环境温度,在第0、5、15、25、35、45、55天采集堆体样品,并测定样品的含水量、pH和种子发芽指数,以及第0和55天养分含量（全磷、全钾、总氮）、有机质含量、重金属含量（总砷、总汞、总铅、总镉、总铬）、粪大肠菌群数和蛔虫卵死亡率。【结果】试验A、B和C组堆肥温度随着堆肥时间的增加均呈先上升后下降趋势,各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）;含水量随堆肥时间增加均不断减少,各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）;pH均在7.5~9.1之间波动,变化趋势基本一致,各组间差异不显著（P>0.05）。试验A、B和C组堆肥结束时样品总养分含量分别为6.94%、7.36%和6.95%,有机质含量分别为48%、45%和39%,均达到NY/T 525-2021标准的要求;3组种子发芽指数在堆肥结束时都在80%以上,表明腐熟完全,其中A和B组在35 d后均超过100%;A、B和C组堆肥结束时样品重金属含量、粪大肠菌群数和蛔虫卵死亡率的检测结果均低于有机肥标准的限值,其中A和B组的粪大肠菌群数<3个/g,蛔虫卵死亡率均为100%。【结论】猪粪和玉米秸秆按体积比4：6配比更有利于堆肥腐熟,可缩短堆肥周期,并达到了粪便无害化和有机肥料的标准要求。     

Effect of a commercial microbiological additive on beef manure compost in the composting process

We observed the effects of a commercial microbiological additive (MA) on the beef manure composting process and investigated the changes in its physical and chemical components and microbial populations in the composting process. When beef manure compost was inoculated with the MA, its temperature rapidly increased at the beginning of the process, and after the first turning, the ammonia emission from the compost pile and nitrate production decreased quicker than that in the composting process without the MA. During the composting process, the manure inoculated with MA showed a larger numbers of mesophilic and thermophilic aerobes, and a smaller number of thermophilic anaerobes than in the process without the MA. These results suggested that mesophilic aerobes increased in number and metabolized ammonia by assimilation rather than nitrification to accelerate the temperature elevation in the composting process with the MA.     

黄芪药渣好氧堆肥化进程研究

目的：对黄芪药渣好氧堆肥化进程中关键控制参数进行研究。方法：采用温控型堆肥罐进行为期35 d的好氧堆肥试验,测定了堆肥过程不同阶段的温度、pH值、C/N和发芽指数（GI）等控制参数,并对最终堆肥产品进行评价。结果：堆肥高温（〉50℃）持续14 d,最高温度达58℃;C/N持续下降到14;GI达到80%以上;最终堆肥产品的有机质和总养分（N＋P2O5＋K2O）含量分别比我国有机肥料（NY525-2012）标准高28.5%和93.6%。结论：黄芪药渣是一种可堆肥化循环利用的宝贵生物质资源,其堆肥产品可作为优质生物有机肥或土壤改良剂。     

接种复合嗜热菌剂对牛粪堆肥的影响

本研究采用自主筛选的12株嗜热细菌制成复合菌剂添加至牛粪堆肥中,考察接种复合菌剂对牛粪堆肥的影响。堆肥结果表明,经过28d堆肥处理,堆肥初期试验组升温比对照组提前1d到达高温期(≥55℃),试验组最高温度可达64.7℃,高于对照组(60.5℃),且高温期持续时间延长4d;试验组温度高,水分蒸发快,堆肥初期试验组含水率比对照组变化明显,后期变化缓慢,最终都稳定在45%;接种复合菌剂对堆肥的pH值影响不大;试验组种子发芽指数(GI)最终为91%,对照组为86%,试验组比对照组提前6d达到腐熟标准(GI≥85%)。     

添加不同比例油菜秸秆对猪粪堆肥腐熟效果的影响

试验以猪粪和油菜秸秆为原料进行高温好氧堆肥,通过油菜秸秆的不同添加量调节堆肥中的C/N,利用不同C/N在堆肥过程中的温度、发芽指数、全氮、有机质和pH等参数,探讨了不同C/N对猪粪堆肥腐熟度的影响。结果表明：在添加生物菌剂、翻堆间隔天数和其他条件相同的情况下当C/N为22.72即猪鲜粪：油菜秸秆为6.5∶1（质量比）时的各项参数均达到较好的水平,取得较好的堆肥效果。     

Effects of In-House Composting of Litter on Bacterial Levels

Placing 1-d-old chicks on used litter may lead to unexpected health problems due to high bacteriological counts. Composting litter between flocks is one possible method of decreasing bacteriological counts. At the end of two 7-wk broiler growouts, in-house composting of pine shaving litter was performed, and bacterial counts were taken. In the first trial, composted pine shavings attained an internal temperature of 55°C that lasted for 40 h. After the initial temperature gain, the composted litter maintained a steady temperature of 35°C. Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts were lower in composted vs. uncomposted litter. Moisture content was lower in the uncomposted pile than the compost pile. Water activity was higher in the composted pile than in the uncomposted litter. Among the 8 treatments in the second trial, litter that was composted, wetted, and covered achieved the highest internal temperatures of >50°C, which was sustained until trial termination (7 d). The other treatments did not achieve a temperature increase of this magnitude and, if not wetted, the observed temperature increase lasted <24 h. In litter that had been composted for 1 wk, moisture content was lower regardless of treatment. Water activity was highest in treatments that had water added and that were not covered. Composted, covered, not wetted pine shavings produced the lowest aerobic and anaerobic bacterial counts. The results of these 2 trials show that in-house composting of pine shaving litter can reduce bacterial counts, especially when the compost pile is covered.     

粪便发酵环境参数和最佳C/N比组合的确定

本课题在吉林省西部的气候条件下,对白城市畜牧科学研究院与台湾联合开发的固体生物菌剂(MICROBE-LIFTTM)在发酵过程中的不同pH值、含水量、堆肥高度和C/N比进行了处理猪粪生产有机肥对比试验,研究总结出在吉林西部气候条件下畜禽粪便在发酵过程中的pH值、含水量、堆肥高度和C/N比的最佳组合,通过对堆肥处理系统的优化设计,缩短腐熟时间,最终形成有机肥生产技术规程。     

In-House Composting of Layer Manure in a High-Rise,Tunnel-Ventilated Commercial Layer House During an Egg Production Cycle

In-house composting has the potential to improve the viability of the high-rise house for commercial egg production by producing a value-added product from the manure without requiring a separate composting facility. The feasibility of in-house composting depends in part on having the ability to handle the manure mass that accumulates over an extended period. This field study showed that in-house composting is possible for the length of an egg production cycle. Beginning with windrows of a carbon source, fresh pine sawdust or shredded yard waste, upon which manure fell from the cage rows above, compost volume grew rapidly in the first few weeks, but slowed after composting activity peaked, as indicated by compost temperatures. In cold weather, when ventilation rates were low, compost remixing temporarily produced high ammonia levels in the house, but ammonia levels at other times were comparable to or lower than those in an undisturbed house. The final compost was friable and nutrient-rich, although the handling quality of the yard waste compost was reduced by persistence of elongated woody pieces of the original carbon source. The ability to access the manure storage area of a high-rise house over a cycle of production gives potential to deliver manure amendments to improve nitrogen retention in the compost, which would have the effect of improving its fertilizer value and reducing ammonia emission from the house.