水牛分离精子与不同来源卵母细胞体外受精的效果研究

本研究的目的是探讨水牛分离精子与不同来源(活体采卵或屠宰场卵巢采卵)卵母细胞体外受精的效果。活体采卵是选用20头空怀河流型母水牛(其中摩拉母牛12头,尼里-拉菲母水牛8头)每间隔3 d采卵1次,连续采卵5~6周,活体采集卵母细胞;屠宰场卵巢采卵是收集屠宰场水牛卵巢,用10 mL注射器连接18 G针头吸取水牛卵巢上可视的卵泡来收集卵母细胞。将收集的AB级水牛卵母细胞在相同的条件下进行体外成熟、然后用分离或未分离精子进行体外受精以及体外培养至囊胚。结果发现:活体采卵组和屠宰场收集的水牛卵母细胞组用分离精子受精分裂率和囊胚率没有差异(P>0.05);分离精子和未分离精子的体外受精分裂率和囊胚率也没有差异(P>0.05)。由此说明,水牛分离精子可以用于体外生产性控胚胎。     

Improved embryo development in Japanese black cattle by in vitro fertilization using ovum pick-up plus intracytoplasmic sperm injection with dithiothreitol

The purpose of this study was to determine whether dithiothreitol (DTT) treatment of sperm and ethanol activation improve embryo production by intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Further, we compared ICSI with standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) in oocytes obtained from cattle. We demonstrated that DTT reduced the disulfide bond in the bovine sperm head. Using oocytes obtained from a slaughterhouse, ICSI-DTT treatment without ethanol showed the highest rate of blastocyst formation. We applied these results to fertilization using ovum pick-up (OPU). Eleven Japanese black cattle served as donors for OPU plus standard IVF (OPU-IVF). Of them, four donors with low embryo development rates were selected to determine whether embryo development was enhanced by OPU plus ICSI (OPU-ICSI). We assessed effects on embryo development following IVF and ICSI in oocytes obtained using OPU. Blastocyst rates were significantly higher for OPU-ICSI than for OPU-IVF. Our results suggest that OPU-ICSI improves the blastocyst development rate in donors with low embryo production compared with the standard OPU-IVF.     

显微注射针对猪ICSI胚胎的发育和EGFP表达效率的影响

本实验以猪体外成熟卵子以及冷冻解冻后失活的精子为材料,以无BSA且成分明确的TL-HEPES溶液为操作液,探讨显微注射过程中分别使用钝口针和磨口针进行注射,对猪卵子的激活、ICSI胚胎的发育及EGFP表达效率的影响。结果表明:成熟后的猪卵子在不进行精子注射和电激活的情况下,使用钝口针空注射后,卵裂率显著高于磨口针(P<0.05)。分别使用钝口针和磨口针对成熟后的猪卵子进行精子注射,不论进行或不进行电激活,使用钝口针注射,卵子的卵裂率、囊胚率和胚胎EGFP的表达效率均显著高于磨口针(P<0.05)。本实验研究发现,使用钝口针进行注射有利于猪ICSI卵子的激活,胚胎的发育以及胚胎中EGFP表达效率。     

Effect of Pre‐Treatment of Ovine Sperm on Male Pronuclear Formation and Subsequent Embryo Development Following Intracytoplasmic Sperm Injection

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of various methods of sperm pre‐treatment on male pronuclear (MPN) formation and subsequent development of ovine embryos derived from in vitro‐matured oocytes and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The effect of treatment of injected oocytes with dithiothreitol (DTT) on embryo development was also assessed. In Exp. 1, the injected oocytes with non‐treated sperm were activated with three different procedures. The cleavage and blastocyst rates in those activated with DTT was lower (p < 0.05) than those activated with either ionomycin (Io) + 6‐dimethylaminopurine (6‐DMAP) or DTT + I + 6‐DMAP. In Exp. 2, the effects of sperm pre‐incubated with DTT, sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) or DTT + SDS as well as two‐time frozen/thawed sperm (without cryoprotectant) on MPN formation and oocyte activation were examined. The non‐treated sperm served as controls. The MPN formation in DTT + SDS group was higher (p < 0.05) than other groups except for freeze–thaw group. No difference in the rate of activated ICSI oocytes was observed among groups. In Exp. 3, the effect of pre‐treatment of sperm on subsequent development of ICSI embryos and blastocyst cell numbers were examined. The rates of cleavage and blastocyst formation as well as the blastocyst cell numbers were similar among the pre‐treated and control groups. In conclusion, pre‐treatment of sperm with DTT + SDS positively affected MPN formation, although the subsequent development capacity of the resulting embryos remained limited. Moreover, DTT was not effective on oocyte activation compared with Io + 6‐DMAP after ICSI.     

In Vitro Maturation and Fertilization of Buffalo Oocytes: Effects of Storage of Ovaries, IVM Temperatures, Storage of Processed Sperm and Fertilization Media

Studies were conducted to examine the possibility of preserving slaughterhouse‐derived buffalo ovaries at 4°C for 0 (control), 12 and 24 h to maintain the developmental competence of the oocytes (experiment 1), to assess the effect of incubation temperature during oocyte maturation on rates of in vitro maturation (IVM) and in vitro fertilization (IVF) of buffalo oocytes and embryo development (experiment 2), and to examine the effect of storage at 25°C for 0 (control), 4 and 8 h of frozen–thawed buffalo sperm and BO and H‐TALP as sperm processing and fertilization media on cleavage and embryo development in vitro of buffalo oocytes (experiment 3) in order to optimize the IVF technology in buffalo. Results suggested that storage of ovaries at 4°C for 12 or 24 h significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the developmental potential of oocytes. Incubation temperatures during the IVM influenced the fertilization rate but had no significant effect on maturation and subsequent embryo development. The incubation temperature of 38.5°C during IVM was found to be optimum for embryo production in vitro. Storage of frozen–thawed sperm at 25°C for 8 h significantly (p < 0.05) decreased its ability to cleave the oocytes. Sperm processed in BO medium had significantly (p < 0.05) higher ability to cleave the oocytes than the H‐TALP medium.     

Consequences for the bovine embryo of being derived from a spermatozoon subjected to post-ejaculatory aging and heat shock: development to the blastocyst stage and sex ratio

The objective was to determine whether aging of sperm caused by incubation at normothermic (38.5 C) or heat shock (40 C) temperatures for 4 h prior to oocyte insemination affects sperm motility, fertilizing ability, competence of the resultant embryo to develop to the blastocyst stage and blastocyst sex ratio. In the first experiment, the percent of sperm that were motile was reduced by aging (P<0.001) and the reduction in motility was greater for sperm at 40 C compared to sperm at 38.5 C (P<0.01). In the second experiment, oocytes were inseminated with aged sperm. A smaller percent of oocytes fertilized with sperm aged at either temperature cleaved by Day 3 after insemination than oocytes fertilized with fresh sperm (P<0.05). There was no effect of sperm aging on the percent of oocytes or cleaved embryos that developed to the blastocyst stage. Aging of sperm before fertilization at 38.5 C reduced the percent of blastocysts that were male (P=0.08). In the third experiment, incubation of sperm at 38.5 C or 40 C for 4 h did not reduce fertilizing ability of sperm as determined by pronuclear formation at 18 h post insemination. In conclusion, aging of sperm reduced cleavage rate and the percent of blastocysts that were males but had no effect on the developmental capacity of the embryo. The effect of aging on cleavage rate may represent reduced motility and errors occurring after fertilization and pronuclear formation. Aging at a temperature characteristic of maternal hyperthermia had little additional effect except that polyspermy was reduced. Results indicate that embryo competence for development to the blastocyst stage is independent of sperm damage as a result of aging for 4 h at normothermic or hyperthermic temperatures.     

采精员和猪舍环境参数对杜洛克公猪精液品质的影响

【目的】研究采精员、猪舍温湿度、氨气浓度和光照强度对种公猪精液品质的影响,以提高猪精液品质。【方法】选取347头(580±48) d的杜洛克公猪,收集2021年11月至2022年2月共2 966条精液测定记录,采精员做好每天公猪的采精记录,猪舍温湿度、氨气浓度和光照强度参数于每天上午09:00进行测定。使用R软件对采精员记录、环境参数和精液性状进行关联分析。【结果】(1)采精员对精液品质具有显著影响(P<0.05),8号采精员采集的精液精子活力最高、精子畸形率最低。(2)猪舍环境温度为22～25℃时,精子活力显著高于18.5～22℃(P<0.05),精子畸形率显著低于18.5～22℃(P<0.05)。(3)相对湿度在70%～77%时精子活力最高、精子畸形率最低,与相对湿度在46%～60%时差异显著(P<0.05),与相对湿度在60%～70%时无显著差异(P>0.05),相对湿度在60%～70%时精子活力、精子畸形率和总精子数都处于较高水平。(4)随着氨气浓度降低,精子活力和总精子数呈现上升趋势、精子畸形率呈下降趋势,氨气浓度2～4 ppm与5～7.3 pp...     

利用性控精液体外生产奶牛早期胚胎

实验进行了精子处理方法、洗精液中添加抗生素种类及浓度、常规培养小滴(50μL)中入胚数的筛选,按照不同荷斯坦公牛个体分选的性控精液对体外生产的牛早期胚胎发育潜力的影响。结果表明:离心法处理性控精液效果最优。利用经过分选的性控精液进行体外受精(IVF)后都较易导致污染,且受精后的体外胚胎发育效果都较差。在洗精液中添加10μL/mL头孢哌酮钠的IVF胚胎体外发育较好,囊胚率达到16.9%;且在常规培养小滴中适当减少入胚数,能有效抑制利用性控精液制备的奶牛IVF胚胎自身对培养微滴的污染。利用直接离心法处理精液,在洗精液中添加头孢哌酮钠10μL/mL,可以成功进行牛性控精子的体外受精,但目前的受精效果低于用普通精子的体外受精效果。     

Effect of lactoferrin on murine sperm apoptosis induced by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide

Genital bacterial infection is one of the most important causes of infertility, however, bacteria frequently exist in seminal fluid. Sperm express Toll-like receptors (TLRs) on their cell surfaces and bacterial recognition by TLRs induces sperm apoptosis. In this study, we examined the lactoferrin (LF) potentiality on sperm apoptosis induced by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). The TdT-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay indicated that TUNEL-positive sperm cells were scarce in the group treated with LF and LPS (LF/LPS group) compared to the group treated with LPS only (LPS group). In addition, real-time RT-PCR detected lower mRNA expression levels of apoptosis-associated genes in the LF/LPS group compared to the LPS group. These results indicate that LF treatment of semen might decrease LPS-induced apoptosis of sperm.     

"雅士勇"口服液对猪的射精量和精子畸形率的影响

以大白猪和长白猪为研究材料,对照组不饲喂"雅士勇"口服液,两试验组分别饲喂25 mL和30 mL"雅士勇"口服液,研究"雅士勇"口服液对猪的射精量和精子畸形率的影响。结果表明,"雅士勇"口服液对射精量无明显影响(P>0.05),但对种公猪的精子畸形率有显著影响,对照组的精子畸形率均极显著地高于两个试验组(P<0.01),而两试验组之间精子畸形率差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Embryo development of porcine oocytes after injection with miniature pig sperm and their extracts

This study examined embryo development of porcine oocytes after microinjection of sperm extracts (SE) in porcine intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). SE was prepared from miniature pig sperm by a nonionic surfactant, and various concentrations (0.02, 0.04 and 0.08 mg/mL) of SE were injected into the matured oocytes with a first polar body. In the pronuclear stage, the rate of oocytes with two pronuclei and a second polar body (21.4%) in the sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared to other groups. The rate of 2–4‐cell stage in sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was 38.1%, and it was significantly higher than that in the sperm injection group (22.9%). The rate of blastocyst stage in sperm and SE (0.04 mg/mL) injection group was 21.4%, the value was significantly higher than those in SE (0.08 mg/mL) injection group (0%), sperm injection group (5.7%), and sperm and SE (0.08 mg/mL) injection group (2.6%). These results suggest that SE induces activation of porcine oocytes and their further embryonic development, and that SE is effective for porcine ICSI.     

A new alternative for embryo transfer and artificial insemination in mares: ultrasound-guided intrauterine injection

A transvaginal ultrasound-guided intrauterine injection (IUI) technique was developed for embryo transfer and for injection of small quantities of sperm in mares. The target area of a horn was positioned by transrectal manipulation against the wall of the vaginal fornix over the face of a transvaginal transducer. A needle with a catheter containing the embryo or semen was inserted through the needle guide of the transducer into the uterine lumen. The tips of the needle and catheter, the movement of the catheter in the uterine lumen, and the ejection of fluid was monitored on the ultrasound screen. Pregnancy rate 15 days after ovulation for the IUI embryo transfer technique (30/39, 77%) was similar to the pregnancy rate for transcervical (TC) embryo transfer (30/38, 79%). The pregnancy rate for IUI insemination of 20 × 10⁶ progressively motile sperm into the tip of the uterine horn ipsilateral to ovulation was 5/10 (50%). Results indicated that the IUI approach is a viable alternative for embryo transfer. Results also supported the potential of IUI for insemination of low numbers of sperm, but more extensive studies with various doses of sperm are needed.     

甲基-β-环化糊精对猪体外受精及早期胚胎发育的影响

为了优化猪体外受精技术体系,本试验探索了甲基-β-环化糊精(methyl-beta-cyclic dextrin,MBCD)对猪体外受精以及早期胚胎发育的影响。在体外受精0和4 h向受精液(modified Tris-buffered medium,mTBM)中添加不同浓度(0,0.5,1,2,5,10,15,20μmol/mL)的MBCD,受精孵育结束后转至PZM-3培养液中进行胚胎培养。对各处理组卵母细胞的受精情况以及胚胎发育能力进行了系统的检测,并用金霉素(chlortetracycline,CTC)染色法评估了MBCD处理后精子获能状态。结果显示:1)体外受精0 h添加5μmol/mL MBCD组的卵裂率、囊胚率、囊胚细胞数显著高于(P<0.05)对照组和除10μmol/mL MBCD组之外的其他试验组。2)体外受精0 h添加5和10μmol/mL MBCD组、单精入卵率显著高于(P<0.05)对照组和其他试验组,而多精入卵率显著低于(P<0.05)对照组和其他试验组。3)添加5μmol/mL MBCD组,0～1 h,F型精子迅速减少(78.56～19.43),B型精子迅速增加(10.79～69.86);1～4 h,F型精子和B型精子基本保持不变(B型:69.86～78.78,F型:19.43～9.11)。上述结果表明在体外受精0 h向mTBM中加入5μmol/mL MBCD可以显著提高获能精子比例,减少多精受精发生,提高早期胚胎发育潜能。     

Synergistic Effect of Porcine Follicular Fluid and Dibutyryl Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate on Development of Parthenogenetically Activated Oocytes from Pre‐Pubertal Gilts

This study investigated the effect of porcine follicular fluid (PFF) and dibutyryl cyclic adenosine monophosphate (dbcAMP) during in vitro maturation (IVM) of porcine oocytes on meiotic maturation, fertilization and embryo development, and compared the effect of supplementing the embryo culture media with PFF or foetal bovine serum (FBS) on embryo development. Oocytes from pre‐pubertal gilts were IVM for 44 h, and parthenogenetically activated or in vitro‐fertilized. Embryos were cultured in porcine zygote medium (PZM3) for 7 days. Cleavage and blastocyst rates were evaluated at 48 h and 7 days of culture. The supplementation of the IVM medium with 25% PFF and 1 mm dbcAMP for the first 22 h resulted in more (p < 0.05) embryos developing to the blastocyst stage as compared with the inclusion of dbcAMP alone. The dbcAMP + PFF combination increased (p < 0.05) the average number of nuclei per blastocyst as compared with either of these components alone or in its absence. A synergistic effect of dbcAMP + PFF during IVM was also reflected in the capacity of oocytes to regulate sperm penetration and prevent polyspermy, as twice as many oocytes from the control group were penetrated by more than one sperm as compared with those matured in the presence of both dbcAMP and PFF. The supplementation of PZM3 with 10% FBS from days 5 to 7 of culture significantly improved the total cell quantity in embryos derived either from control or dbcAMP + PFF matured oocytes. There was no effect on the total cell quantity when FBS was replaced by the same concentration of PFF. These studies showed that dbcAMP, PFF and FBS can improve both the quantity (57.3% vs 41.5%) and quality (74.8 vs 33.3 nuclei) of porcine blastocysts derived from oocytes recovered of pre‐pubertal gilts.     

使用流式细胞仪分离精子进行仔猪性别控制的研究

本研究旨在探索流式细胞仪分离精子在猪性别控制中的应用。使用流式细胞仪分离猪XY精子,而后通过母猪输卵管授精生产"预知"性别的仔猪,并使用吖啶橙染色法检测粗分离对精子核酸含量的影响。结果,成功利用分离获得的猪X和Y精子对母猪进行输卵管授精,母猪怀孕率、产仔率均为100%;输Y精子母猪产仔雄性率100%(♂6/6),对照母猪产仔雄性率57.14%(♂8/14);3头输X精子母猪产母仔率91.67%(♀11/12),对照母猪产雌性仔猪40%(♀2/5);使用性别分离精子不影响母猪的怀孕率、产仔率,但窝产仔数较低;吖啶橙染色法检测结果表明,流式细胞仪粗分离对猪精子核酸含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)。本研究结果提示,使用流式细胞仪分离精子授精可以有效改变仔猪的性别比例。本研究结果为猪分离精子性别控制技术的推广应用奠定了基础。     

Fertilization and Early Embryonic Development in the Porcine Fallopian Tube

Fertilization and early embryo development relies on a complex interplay between the Fallopian tube and the gametes before and after fertilization. Thereby the oviduct, as a dynamic reproductive organ, enables reception, transport and maturation of male and female gametes, their fusion, and supports early embryo development. This paper reviews current knowledge regarding physiological processes behind the transport of boar spermatozoa, their storage in and release from the functional sperm reservoir (SR), and of the interactions that newly ovulated oocytes play within the tube during their transport to the site of fertilization. Experimental evidence of an ovarian control on sperm release from the SR is highlighted. Furthermore, the impact of oviductal secretion on sperm capacitation, oocyte maturation, fertilization and early embryo development is stressed.     

胚胎移植蒙贝利亚种公牛在北方地区适应性研究

本研究于2008年7月～2011年3月,对进口胚胎移植出生并经选育的9头蒙贝利亚种公牛的环境适应性、生长发育、抗病能力、繁殖性能等进行了观察、测定和分析研究。结果显示,30月龄时平均体高151.89cm,睾丸周径42.11cm,体重922.67kg,平均日增重0.959kg。10月龄开始初次采精,24月龄正式采精;平均每次射精量6.20mL,鲜精活力0.732,精子密度13.083亿个/mL,平均利用率82.8%,均产冻精40 606剂;冻精活力≥0.4,精子畸形率<15%。精液质量达到牛冷冻精液国家标准(GB4143-2008)。适应性研究表明,胚胎移植蒙贝利亚种公牛对北方地区的环境条件较为适应,生长发育状况良好,抗病力强,具有良好的繁殖生产性能。     

影响猪ICSI转基因技术效率的主要因素研究

以猪体外成熟卵子和冷冻解冻的死精子为材料,以pEGFP-N1为模式基因,探讨注射台温度、激活后6-DMAP的处理和精子与PEGFP-N1孵育液添加BSA(牛血清白蛋白)对精子胞质内注射(ICSI)转基因效率的影响。结果表明:注射台温度为30℃时的阳性率为40.07%,而38.5℃时为20.97%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。添加BSA的囊胚转基因率为55.56%,对照组为33.33%,差异极显著(P<0.01)。6-DMAP处理组与对照组的转基因率分别为52.53%和26.25%,差异极显著(P<0.01);而且6-DMAP处理组的囊胚率(9.96%)显著高于(P<0.05)对照组(2.30%)。研究表明注射台温度对转基因效率有明显影响,温度高转基因率低;精子与PEGFP-N1孵育液添加BSA对转基因胚胎发育有一定促进和保护作用,有利于提高囊胚转基因率;激活后用6-DMAP处理能提高转基因率和囊胚率。     

3种稀释液对乐至黑山羊精液品质的影响

旨在评价不同种类稀释液对乐至黑山羊精液品质的影响。配制柠檬酸-Tris（1号）、磷酸盐（2号）和OviXcell（3号）3种稀释液,采集8只乐至黑山羊新鲜精液,采用上述稀释液进行冷冻保存;测定并比较添加不同稀释液冷冻保存的山羊精液在采集后、平衡后以及解冻后的精子活力、精子畸形率、精子顶体完整率。结果表明：在3种稀释液中,添加OviXcell稀释液（3号）的精液其解冻后精子活力和顶体完整率均最高,精子畸形率最低。提示OviXcell稀释液更适用于乐至黑山羊精液的体外冷冻保存。