紫色土水土流失山地开发性精准治理及圆叶决明种植技术

紫色土富含钙、磷、钾,但有机质含量低,物理风化强烈,土壤固结性差,极易造成水土流失。宁化是全省闻名的紫色土水土流失重点县,到处可见紫褐色荒山秃岭,如何开发性治理紫色土水土流失山地？已成为农业和水保技术人员重点关注和研究的课题。笔者经过多年实践研究,采取“坡改梯+经济作物（油茶）+草（圆叶决明）覆盖”模式进行开发性精准治理,达到开发与治理有机结合的效果。本文从紫色土理化性状入手,分析“坡改梯+经济作物（油茶）+草（圆叶决明）覆盖”模式进行开发性精准治理优势,总结其技术,重点总结圆叶决明的种植技术,为紫色土水土流失山地治理提供借鉴和参考。     

豆科牧草圆叶决明在闽江下游两岸红壤山地橄榄园的应用初探

在闽江下游两岸红壤山地橄榄园进行套种豆科牧草圆叶决明试验,经多年定点观察,在红壤橄榄园套种牧草圆叶决明,能迅速覆盖幼龄果园,提高果园土壤肥力;减少建园前期水土流失,增加局部土壤水分含量,改善果树生长环境;提高果园产量,增加果园效益。     

不同用量圆叶决明栽培巨大口蘑对其产量与氨基酸含量的影响

应用7个不同用量豆科牧草圆叶决明营养配方栽培巨大口蘑结果表明,所有添加圆叶决明处理产量均高于未加圆叶决明对照处理,且达极显著增产水平,其产量与圆叶决明用量呈二次多项式回归关系,当圆叶决明用量达500g/kg时,巨大口蘑产量达最高值。圆叶决明用量与氨基酸总量成极显著直线正相关,判定系数R2为0.9589**。圆叶决明对第1主成分中的必需氨基酸、甜味氨基酸和儿童氨基酸3大类中11种氨基酸影响较大,并继而影响氨基酸总量。     

圆叶决明（Chamaecrista rotundifolia）对重金属镉胁迫的响应及镉吸收效果研究

以圆叶决明2228（Chamaecrista rotundifolia）为材料,采用土培法,研究重金属镉对圆叶决明2228保护酶（SOD和POD）、生长（生物量、株高、SPAD值和含水量等）的影响,同时分析圆叶决明对镉的吸收效果。结果表明,重金属镉胁迫下圆叶决明2228保护酶活性均随着镉处理浓度的升高呈先升后降的趋势,其中20mg·kg^-1镉胁迫下SOD酶活性最强,50mg·kg^-1镉胁迫下POD酶活性最强;镉对圆叶决明的生长抑制表现为抑制植物的生长,降低株高和生物量,但与叶绿素相关的SPAD值无显著变化。通过镉含量分析可知,圆叶决明2228吸收的镉量均未超过镉临界指标含量,因此该植物不是镉超富集植物,但生物富集系数大于1,为镉耐性植物。由于圆叶决明生长过程中生物量大,在生长过程中可通过生物量带走部分重金属镉,圆叶决明2228具有修复轻度镉污染土壤的潜能。     

不同热水处理方式对橡胶园覆盖绿肥种子萌发的影响

通过对10种橡胶园覆盖绿肥种子进行不同时长的热水处理,分析其发芽时间、发芽势、发芽率及发芽指数,研究不同热水处理方式对绿肥种子萌发的影响。结果表明,毛蔓豆、爪哇葛藤、刺毛黧豆的发芽率、发芽势随着热水处理时间的缩短而下降,而印尼乌绿豆则随着热水处理时间的缩短而上升,铺地木蓝、决明先升高后下降,圆叶决明、十一叶木蓝、长果猪屎豆、钝叶决明先下降后升高。绿肥种子2~4 d开始萌发,不同热水处理方式对绿肥种子开始萌发时间影响不大。毛蔓豆、圆叶决明、决明、钝叶决明的发芽持续时间随热水处理时间的缩短而延长,爪哇葛藤、印尼乌绿豆、长果猪屎豆随热水处理时间的缩短而缩短;不同时长热水处理对铺地木蓝、十一叶木蓝、刺毛黧豆的发芽持续时间影响不大,且这3种种子发芽不整齐、持续时间长,可考虑采用育苗后再移栽。毛蔓豆、爪哇葛藤、刺毛黧豆、圆叶决明、钝叶决明5种绿肥种子加热水直至自然冷却处理效果最好,印尼乌绿豆、十一叶木蓝、长果猪屎豆加热水倒掉冷水骤冷处理效果最好,铺地木蓝、决明加热水马上倒掉处理效果最好。     

60Co γ射线诱变选育决明新品种—闽育1号圆叶决明

闽育1号圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia CV.Minyu No.1)是2002年由福建省农业科学院农业生态研究所利用60Coγ射线辐照闽引圆叶决明,经过多代筛选选育而成的决明新品种,2011年经全国牧草品种审定委员会审定通过。2005-2010年进行品种比较试验、区域试验和生产试验,结果表明:闽育1号圆叶决明干草产量10000～15000kg/hm2,比对照品种闽引圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia CV.Minyin)增产20.70%,差异极显著,种子产量220～320kg/hm2,比对照品种增产9.01%,但差异不显著,初花期植株粗蛋白含量为19.15%,适合在我国热带、亚热带(红壤)地区种植。     

^60Coγ射线诱变选育决明新品种一闽育1号圆叶决明

闽育1号圆叶决明（Chamaecrista rotundifolia CV．MinyuNo．1）是2002年由福建省农业科学院农业生态研究所利用^60Coγ射线辐照闽引圆叶决明,经过多代筛选选育而成的决明新品种,2011年经全国牧草品种审定委员会审定通过。2005—2010年进行品种比较试验、区域试验和生产试验,结果表明：闽育1号圆叶决明干草产量10000～15000kg／hm^2,比对照品种闽引圆叶决明（Chamaecrista rotundifolia CV．Minyin）增产20．70％,差异极显著,种子产量220—320kg／hm^2,比对照品种增产9．01％,但差异不显著,初花期植株粗蛋白含量为19．15％,适合在我国热带、亚热带（红壤）地区种植。     

福建省清流县李家乡山地油茶园套种圆叶决明水土保持效果初探

通过对套种圆叶决明的油茶园土壤作为期3年的理化性质及流失量动态变化研究,初步了解茶园套种圆叶决明的水土保持效果,结果表明:1土壤养分随时间变化增幅明显;2土壤质地随时间变化进一步改善,具体表现在其容重降低、孔隙度和持水量增加;3土壤中砂砾含量逐年降低,粉粒含量逐年上升,土壤机械组成更趋合理;4土壤流失量呈逐年降低趋势。表明油茶园套种圆叶决明具有良好的水土保持效果。     

湘南红壤丘陵区幼龄果园豆科牧草培肥效果研究

在幼龄桔园套种了白三叶(Trrifolium repens)、圆叶决明(Chamaecrista rotundifolia)、羽叶决明(Chamaecradta nictitans)、决明86134(Chamaecrista rotundifolia CPI 86134)、大翼豆(Macroptilium lathyroides)和罗顿豆(Lotononis bainesii)6个豆科牧草品种,研究了牧草种植后土壤理化特征的变化,为果园选择适宜的套种牧草种类和处理方式。结果表明,与开展不同耕作处理前的基础样相比,牧草在刈割、保留和翻压处理下土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量总体得到提升,翻压处理升幅最大,土壤速效钾和pH总体呈下降趋势,翻压处理降幅最小;羽叶决明翻压处理的土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、有效磷含量的升幅最大,土壤速效钾含量降幅最小,其次是圆叶决明翻压处理,羽叶决明翻压处理下土壤p H降幅最小。与裸地处理相比,牧草处理提高了桔子产量和单果重,增加了桔树树高、冠径及春秋梢的个数和长度,其中,羽叶决明翻压处理的均最高,其次是圆叶决明翻压处理。羽叶决明翻压处理的牧草生物量最大,归还到土壤中的氮磷也最多,其土壤微生物生物量碳氮和脲酶活性也显著高于其他处理。羽叶决明翻压是一种较好的幼龄果园培肥模式,但在栽培过程中需补充磷肥和钾肥,同时,有必要増施石灰等碱性物质,以防治种植豆科牧草培肥时土壤p H下降。     

处理温度对橡胶园覆盖绿肥种子萌发的影响

为明确不同绿肥种子萌发的最佳处理温度,以常温水为对照,采用初始温度为60、65、70、75、80、85、90℃的热水对在橡胶园具有良好适生性的12种覆盖绿肥种子进行处理,以研究不同处理温度对橡胶园覆盖绿肥种子萌发的影响。结果表明:柱花草种经常温水处理后的发芽势和发芽率均最高,升高处理水温均能明显提高其余11种绿肥种子的发芽势和发芽率。毛蔓豆、圆叶决明种子的最佳发芽处理温度为85℃,大叶千斤拔种子为80℃,刺毛黧豆种子为75℃,爪哇葛藤、钝叶决明种子为70℃,铺地木蓝种子为65℃,印尼乌绿豆、十一叶木蓝、长果猪屎豆、决明种子为60℃。     

水氮耦合对苹果光合特性和果实品质的影响

通过不同灌水量和施氮处理,研究水氮耦合对红富士苹果光合特性及品质的影响。结果表明:红富士苹果的光合特性在不同水肥组合下的变化不同,其光合作用存在明显的“午休”现象。中水高肥和高水高肥的肥水组合对光合速率的保持有一定的作用。低水中肥的肥水组合的蒸腾速率最低,保水效果最好。中度水分供应条件下,施用较多的氮肥可以提高气孔导度利于光合的进行。肥水管理以灌溉量5250m³/hm²、氮肥施用量600kg/hm²方案能获得较高的品质效益。     

Mobility and breakdown of asulam in the soil and the possible impact on the environment

Asulam reaching the soil either directly as spray drift or as rain washings from bracken fronds would, due to its rapid mobility in soil, be expected to leach down the soil profile into the drainage water and thereby contaminate streams and water catchments. The mobility of asulam in soil is influenced by pH, where undissociated asulam will leach less rapidly than the associated form (asulam pK_a 4·82). This is particularly relevant in the case of bracken as it can grow satisfactorily over a wide range of pH values (3·6 – 7·6). Adsorption coefficients expressed as Kd values [(μg asulam/g soil)/(μg asulam/ml solution)] were 2·54, 1·94 and 0·96 at pH readings of 4·0, 4·3 and 4·9 respectively. Another factor involved, the breakdown of asulam, was shown to be temperature dependent, 30·95, 7·65 and 2·50% remaining after 28 days at 5, 18 and 25°C respectively, thus underlining the influence of geographical regions and climatic conditions on asulam behaviour.     

Soil organic matter and the adsorption and decomposition of the herbicides atrazine and linuron

Soil was subjected to a variety of treatments so as to provide a series of materials with different organic residues. These preparations were inoculated with an aqueous extract of untreated soil, then incubated at 20°C with atrazine or linuron and rates of herbicide degradation were followed. The rates were lowest when virtually all the organic matter had been removed by peroxidation. The most rapid break-down occurred in samples which had been successively extracted with ethanol + toluene, hot water, dilute acid and dilute alkali. It is suggested that the organic residue left after this sequence contained hydrolysed materials that were easily metabolized and hence could support the most active microbial population. There was no relationship between extent of adsorption and decomposition rate.     

甘蔗节间蛋白质含量与生长发育关系的研究

选用8个不同基因型的甘蔗，即粤糖86-368、新台糖16号、农林8号、拔地拉、割手密和从甘蔗杂交后代F1中选出的3株种茎的无性系(单株)。在甘蔗伸长初期，测定其 2节间至 8节间的长度、茎径，同时取 3、 5、 8节间，测定其可溶性蛋白质、细胞壁离子型结合蛋白质、细胞壁共价型结合蛋白质及可溶性总糖的含量。结果表明：从 2节间到 8节间，不同基因型的节间长度的变化极为相似，除割手密外，其它基因型甘蔗的节间长度都在 6节达到最长；但其茎径在 6节间以后仍保持稍微的增粗。从 3节间到 5、 8节间，所有基因型的三类蛋白质含量都逐渐下降，而可溶性总糖含量都逐渐提高。其中，三个节间较粗的基因型即拔地拉、粤糖86—368和无性系3号，其三类蛋白质含量相对较高，而可溶性总糖含量相对较低。     

图书馆与大力发展文化创意产业之间的关系

党的十七届六中全会提出了要推动文化创意产业成为国民经济的支柱性产业。图书馆拥有丰富的文献资源和信息服务能力,在为文化创意产业项目提供信息服务的同时,应提升自身形象,谋求更大发展。     

Solods of the Baraba Lowland and the Priobskoe Plateau: Their properties and genesis and the methods of their diagnostics

The properties, hydrological features, and genesis of the solods occurring in the Baraba Lowland and Priobskoe Plateau were studied. Methods for determining the hydromorphism degree are considered; the features of the similarity and differences between the solods and other soils with textural profile differentiation are shown. Depending on the reasons for the waterlogging, the solods should be divided into two groups: the solods of groundwater waterlogging and the solods of surface waterlogging. Criteria for their discrimination are suggested: the ratio between the contents of the clay fraction in the parent rock (or in the B2 horizon) and that in the A2 horizon, the changes in the pH values along the soil profiles, and the content of nonsilicate iron compounds. The solods studied are shown to be formed under the conditions of a stagnant-percolative regime and gleying. This circumstance is an obligatory and sufficient reason for the formation of the light-colored acid eluvial (A2) horizons. According to some basic properties of the soil solid phase (the acidity, the total chemical composition, and the clay pattern in the eluvial part), the gleyed solods are close or identical to the gleyed soddy-podzolic and gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils. At the same time, the solods differ from the gleyed chernozem-like podzolic soils by their thicker A1 (or Ap) horizon and their higher humus content (5–7%).     

突出重点 抓好落实 加快黄河上中游地区水土流失防治步伐

对1999年以来黄河上中游地区生态建设的成绩给予了充分肯定。结合当前水土保持工作面临的各种内外部条件,认为落实科学发展观,推进水土保持工作,最根本的目标就是实现水土资源的可持续利用和生态环境的可持续维护,以此支撑经济社会的可持续发展。围绕“两个可持续”,指出当前和今后一段时间内黄河上中游地区水土保持应进一步抓好以下几项重点工作:加强水土流失区的坡改梯建设;实施好黄土高原淤地坝工程;重视制定生态修复的配套政策,确保其顺利推进;强化水土保持监督执法;注重水土保持社会参与和激励机制、项目管理的监督制约机制以及水土保持生态补偿机制的创新和完善;做好“十一五”规划、水土流失监测评价等水土保持基础工作。     

Mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and micromorphology of the Middle and Late Pleistocene loesses and paleosols in the center of the East European Plain

The mineralogical composition of the clay fraction and microfabrics of the cryogenic soil-loess sequences of the Middle and Late Pleistocene ages have been studied near the northern boundary of loess sediments on the East European Plain. Poorly ordered mixed-layered mica-smectitic minerals with different portions of smectitic layers predominate in the clay fraction; di-and trioctahedral hydromicas occupy the second place. The clay fraction also contains chlorite, clay-size quartz grains, and feldspars. Individual smectite is present in some of the samples. Interstadial chernozem-like paleosols are specified by the higher content of clay, the maximum concentration of smectitic layers in the mixed-layered minerals, and the presence of individual smectite. The clay fraction in the profiles of interglacial paleosols is sharply differentiated: in the eluvial part, it is depleted of smectite and enriched in kaolinite, hydromica, and clay-size quartz. These features allow us to suppose that interglacial paleosols were subjected to podzolization processes. According to the mineralogical indices, Middle Pleistocene paleosols can be differentiated into those subjected to lessivage (the Kamenskii interglacial paleosol) and podzolization (the Inzhavin interglacial paleosol).