Diffusive isotopic contamination of mafic magma by coexisting silicic liquid in the muskox intrusion

Shifts in (87)Sr/(86)Sr and (143)Nd/(144)Nd ratios measured in cumulates from the upper levels of the Muskox mafic intrusion indicate that isotopic and bulk chemical exchange were decoupled across a mafic-silicic liquid interface during crystallization of the intrusion. Modeling of diffusive exchange between liquid layers demonstrates that isotopic compositions of silicate liquids in layered magma chambers may be strongly affected by this process on time scales of 10(3) to 10(4) years. Diffusive contamination can be used to place constraints on the physical processes and time scales of magmatic systems.     

Low-frequency eddy kinetic energy spectrum in the deep Western north pacific

The frequency spectrum for the low-frequency eddy kinetic energy is estimated from a long-term current meter record obtained in a deep layer in the western North Pacific. The eddy field is characterized by three time scales: an "annual scale" with zonal dominance of eddy motions, a "temporal mesoscale" with meridional dominance, and a "monthly scale" with horizontal isotropy. About two-thirds of the eddy kinetic energy is contained in the temporal mesoscale.     

Resolving the motional modes that code for RNA adaptation

Using a domain elongation strategy, we decoupled internal motions in RNA from overall rotational diffusion. This allowed us to site-specifically resolve a manifold of motional modes in two regulatory RNAs from HIV-1 with the use of nuclear magnetic resonance spin relaxation methods. Base and sugar librations vary on a picosecond time scale and occur within helical domains that move collectively at diffusion-limited nanosecond time scales. Pivot points are short, functionally important, and highly mobile internal loops. These spontaneous changes in RNA conformation correlate quantitatively with those that follow adaptive recognition of diverse targets. Thus, ligands may stabilize existing RNA conformations rather than inducing new ones.     

Physical limits and design principles for plant and fungal movements

The typical scales for plant and fungal movements vary over many orders of magnitude in time and length, but they are ultimately based on hydraulics and mechanics. We show that quantification of the length and time scales involved in plant and fungal motions leads to a natural classification, whose physical basis can be understood through an analysis of the mechanics of water transport through an elastic tissue. Our study also suggests a design principle for nonmuscular hydraulically actuated structures: Rapid actuation requires either small size or the enhancement of motion on large scales via elastic instabilities.     

Equatorial currents in the Western Indian ocean

Measurements were made in the equatorial Indian Ocean during spring and summer 1979 from the Somali coast to 62 degrees E in the interior of the western basin. The detailed vertical profiles of horizontal current show that the energetic dominance throughout the region of variability was on vertical scales of several hundreds of meters, confined to within a few degrees of the equator, as observed in 1976. The near-surface equatorial circulation responded directly to variations in the wind field, and satellite-tracked drifter buoys showed the equatorial surface jet extending across the width of the ocean. This eastward flow is generated by the eastward winds that appear in the interval between the northeast and southwest monsoons. The zonal velocity fluctuations extended in a consistent pattern over the observation region. The time and meridional scales of the variability were similar to those observed in 1976, suggesting that the velocity field is dominated by long-term, equatorially trapped motions with long zonal scales.     

Spatiotemporal patterns in the energy release of great earthquakes

For the past 80 years, the energy released in great strike-slip and thrust earthquakes has occurred in alternating cycles of 20 to 30 years. This pattern suggests that a global transfer mechanism from poloidal to toroidal components of tectonic plate motions is operating on time scales of several decades. The increase in seismic activity in California in recent years may be related to an acceleration of global strike-slip moment release, as regions of shear deformation mature after being reached by stresses that have propagated away from regions of great subduction decoupling earthquakes in the 1960s.     

Diffusing-Wave Spectroscopy of Dynamics in a Three-Dimensional Granular Flow

Diffusing-wave spectroscopy was used to measure the microscopic dynamics of grains in the interior of a three-dimensional flow of sand. The correlation functions show that minutely separated grains fly from collision to collision with large random velocities. On a time scale 10(3) to 10(4) times longer than the average time between collisions, the grains displayed slow, collective rearrangements, which, at the long-time limit, produced diffusive dynamics.     

中亚热带人工针叶林生态系统碳通量拆分差异分析

涡度通量观测可直接获取陆地生态系统与大气之间CO₂净交换量(NEE),但深入认识碳循环过程和校验生态系统模型需要不同时间尺度总初级生产力(GPP)和生态系统呼吸(Re)等碳通量数据。利用中国陆地生态系统通量观测与研究网络(ChinaFLUX)中亚热带人工针叶林生态系统2003-2009年的涡度通量和气象观测数据,分析了两种NEE拆分方法对不同时间尺度GPP和Re评估的影响,结果表明:(1)两种拆分方法得到的生态系统碳通量组分(GPP和Re)的季节动态变化一致,都在生长季7、8月份达到峰值;(2)非线性回归模型拆分得到的全年Re和GPP相较于光响应曲线模型分别高出2%-28.6%和1.6%-23%,最大高出317.6 gC·m^-2·a^-1(2006年),逐月最大差值主要发生在8、9月份;(3)不同时间尺度上,两种方法拆分得到的GPP 和Re之间差值的环境响应因子不同。在广泛采用非线性回归模型进行拆分时,如果当月光合有效辐射接近到905 mol·m^-2·月^-1,月平均空气饱和水汽压差接近1.18 kPa时,需要考虑使用光响应曲线模型拆分该月通量,结合两种拆分方法以减小全年的误差。     

不同时间尺度下黄土塬区19年生苹果树干液流速率与环境因子的关系

【目的】以黄土高原沟壑区的典型代表长武塬为研究区,通过环境因子估算19年生苹果树耗水速率在不同时间尺度上的可行性,以期为黄土塬区有限水资源条件下苹果发展的科学布局、合理制定果园管理措施、增强其生产能力提供理论依据。【方法】选取黄土塬区长武县19年生苹果林生态系统为研究对象,应用热扩散式茎流计（TDP）于2014年5-9月对苹果林内8株标准果树树干液流速率进行连续测定,并通过数据采集器CR1000（Campbell Scientific,UN）对数据进行采集分析,用位于距样地50 m处的自动气象观测站连续监测获取气象数据;分析不同时间尺度下19年生苹果树干液流速率与环境因子的关系,建立不同时间尺度下树干液流速率与环境因子的关系模型。【结果】小时尺度下,苹果树干液流速率与水汽压差相关关系最密切,且与太阳辐射、风速和地表温度均呈极显著相关关系,树干液流速率曲线呈明显的单峰曲线,逐步回归方程为：v=-11.683+2.3VPD+0.009Rs+0.55Ts+0.880Ws,相关系数为0.779。日尺度下,只有地表温度、水汽压差与苹果树干液流速率显著相关。逐步回归方程为：v=1.637+0.404Ts-3.097VPD,相关系数为0.771。月尺度下,19年生苹果树干液流速率整体表现为8月＞7月＞6月＞9月＞5月,进入逐步回归方程的仅有地表温度,逐步回归方程为：v=-3.524+0.509Ts,相关系数为0.981。时间尺度越大,与苹果树干液流速率相关的环境因子越少,但地表温度始终都是其主导因子,且相关系数随着时间尺度的增大而增大;风速只在小时尺度下与树干液流速率极显著相关。水汽压差在小时尺度下与树干液流速率极显著正相关,在日尺度下与树干液流速率极显著负相关;太阳辐射在3种尺度下与树干液流速率的相关关系不明确。3种尺度下的逐步回归方程,以月尺度下的相关系数最大。【结论】在较大的时间尺度上,通过对少量环境因子的监测便能推算整株植物甚至整个林分的耗水量;在较小时间尺度上,液流速率受较多环境因子影响,且对每个环境因子的分辨率较高。因此,用环境因子估算整株植物或整个林分耗水不能达到很高的精准度,还需采用直接测定的方法。     

Femtosecond multidimensional imaging of a molecular dissociation

The coupled electronic and vibrational motions governing chemical processes are best viewed from the molecule's point of view-the molecular frame. Measurements made in the laboratory frame often conceal information because of the random orientations the molecule can take. We used a combination of time-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy, multidimensional coincidence imaging spectroscopy, and ab initio computation to trace a complete reactant-to-product pathway-the photodissociation of the nitric oxide dimer-from the molecule's point of view, on the femtosecond time scale. This method revealed an elusive photochemical process involving intermediate electronic configurations.     

生长调节剂对百合不同品种鳞片扦插繁殖及碳水化合物代谢的影响

为了探讨生长调节剂对百合不同品种扦插繁殖的影响及适宜的埋片时间,通过正交设计研究鳞片位置、生长调节剂种类及质量浓度对5个百合品种鳞片扦插繁殖的影响,并在扦插后60 d统计籽球个数、围径、生根数和生根长度。结果显示：除OT系列的Saltarello外,其余4个亚洲百合品种外层鳞片扦插繁殖效果最好,中层鳞片次之,内层鳞片较差。不同品种扦插时,适宜的生长调节剂种类和质量浓度有所不同：Black Out为100 mg/L的NAA,Cheops为50 mg/L的IBA, Tresor和Vermeer为150 mg/L的6 BA,Saltarello为100 mg/L的IBA。为确定籽球移栽的时间,测定亚洲百合Vermeer扦插后60~120 d鳞片及籽球可溶性糖和淀粉含量的变化,以及平均繁殖系数和籽球围径大小的变化。可见：在扦插90 d后小籽球的可溶性糖含量有所上升,淀粉含量未见积累,且繁殖系数下降,故得出扦插繁殖90 d后适宜分球移栽。     

不同时间尺度山杏树干液流密度对环境因子的响应

确定不同时间尺度树干液流的主要影响因子,对理解液流密度响应环境的驱动机制提供理论基础。以宁夏黄土丘陵区的山杏为对象,在生长季同步监测树干液流密度、气象要素、土壤环境等指标,分析时、日和月尺度树干液流对环境因子的响应关系。结果表明：1)日尺度上,树干液流与太阳辐射(R_s)、饱和水汽压差(V_PD)、气温(T_a)、相对湿度(R_H)、风速(W_a)、降雨量(P_re)、土壤水分(V_SM)、土壤温度(T_s)8个环境因子相关性极显著;时尺度上,树干液流与除W_a外的其他7个环境因子呈极显著相关;月尺度上,树干液流仅与V_SM、T_a呈极显著相关。2)从时尺度到日尺度,树干液流对V_PD和T_s的响应程度逐渐增强;从日尺度到月尺度,树干液流对R_s、V_PD、T_s的响应程...     

Brownian motion of an ellipsoid

We studied the Brownian motion of isolated ellipsoidal particles in water confined to two dimensions and elucidated the effects of coupling between rotational and translational motion. By using digital video microscopy, we quantified the crossover from short-time anisotropic to long-time isotropic diffusion and directly measured probability distributions functions for displacements. We confirmed and interpreted our measurements by using Langevin theory and numerical simulations. Our theory and observations provide insights into fundamental diffusive processes, which are potentially useful for understanding transport in membranes and for understanding the motions of anisotropic macromolecules.     

NAA、2,4-D对崇明水仙(Narcissus tazetta var.chinensis)愈伤组织的诱导及再生的不同影响

目前水仙组织培养过程中愈伤组织的诱导是一大难题.本文以带鳞片的鳞茎盘为外植体,研究了2,4-D、NAA 2种类型的生长素对水仙组织培养中愈伤组织诱导的影响.结果表明,高浓度的2,4-D (3.0～4.0 mg/L)结合6-BA能诱导无色瘤状愈伤组织,中等浓度的2,4-D (0.5 mg/L)有利于芽点的诱导和瘤状愈伤组织的增殖,而较低浓度的2,4-D (0.1 mg/L)有利于诱导出小鳞茎,也能促使瘤状愈伤组织再生成苗.而NAA结合6-BA不能诱导愈伤组织的形成.高浓度的NAA不仅诱导未分化的分生组织细胞分裂,也能促进分化的细胞进行分裂,从而使形成白色凸起状结构.另外,培养基中这2种激素互换可以使组织培养过程中形成的愈伤组织或白色突起发生相互转换.这些结果说明,水仙组织培养过程中愈伤组织的诱导和不同形态的器官发生与培养基中生长素种类和浓度关系密切.     

1960-2015年延吉市降雨量小波分析

以1960—2015年延吉市降雨量为基础,运用Morlet复小波分析方法对降雨序列的多时间尺度变化进行了研究.结果表明,近56年来延吉市降雨量存在着明显的年代际变化和年际变化,短期内可能仍处于降雨偏少期,十几年后降雨将会增加;延吉市降雨包含5个周期变化规律,在25~30和17~23年时间尺度的周期变化最为明显,能量最强;存在4个较为明显的降雨变化周期尺度中心,从22和28年时间尺度上来看,2015年延吉市仍处于丰水期,几年之后将转为枯水期.     

Single-molecule lysozyme dynamics monitored by an electronic circuit

Tethering a single lysozyme molecule to a carbon nanotube field-effect transistor produced a stable, high-bandwidth transducer for protein motion. Electronic monitoring during 10-minute periods extended well beyond the limitations of fluorescence techniques to uncover dynamic disorder within a single molecule and establish lysozyme as a processive enzyme. On average, 100 chemical bonds are processively hydrolyzed, at 15-hertz rates, before lysozyme returns to its nonproductive, 330-hertz hinge motion. Statistical analysis differentiated single-step hinge closure from enzyme opening, which requires two steps. Seven independent time scales governing lysozyme's activity were observed. The pH dependence of lysozyme activity arises not from changes to its processive kinetics but rather from increasing time spent in either nonproductive rapid motions or an inactive, closed conformation.     

中国规模生猪养殖效率测度及其区域差异性研究——基于DEA Malmquist指数方法

基于DEA Malmquist生产率指数法,利用2004-2012年中国15个生猪优势产区的投入产出数据,测度了中国规模化生猪养殖效率的变动情况,并对不同规模的生猪养殖效率进行差异化分析。研究结果表明,总体来看,中国规模化生猪养殖效率均呈现正向增长,其中,小规模养殖效率水平最高,中规模次之,大规模最低;从省际和区域层面看,不同省份不同区域在不同规模养殖下呈现出不同的养殖效率;从时序变化看,研究期内3种规模的养殖效率变化趋势几乎一致,整体呈“W”型。     

Heat flow and convection demonstration experiments aboard apollo 14

A group of experiments was conducted by Apollo 14 astronaut Stuart A. Roosa during the lunar flyback on 7 Fehruary 1971 to obtain information on heat flow and convection in gases and liquids in an environment of less than 10-(6)g gravity. Flow observations and thermal data have shown that: (i) there are, as expected, convective motions caused by surface tension gradients in a plane liquid layer with a free upper surface; (ii) heat flow in enclosed liquids and gases occurs mainly by diffusive heat conduction; and (iii) some convective processes, whose characteristics are not fully known, add to the heat transfer.     

消毒处理对百合鳞片扦插的影响

通过4种常用消毒药剂对百合鳞片消毒处理进行了研究。结果表明:鳞片扦插中, 进行了 鳞片消毒处理的腐烂率明显低于未经消毒处理的腐烂率;鳞片消毒的时间宜控制在30 mi n左右, 消毒药剂的稀释倍数宜控制在1 000倍左右;在鳞片扦插中,若所用鳞片为健壮鳞片,只 需对其进 行单药剂的消毒,无需多药剂处理;鳞片阴干处理有利于鳞片伤口的愈合,可以减少鳞片 的腐烂;不 同消毒处理对产生的小籽球直径影响不显著。     

云冷杉林和针阔叶混交林a-多样性的尺度效应与分形特征

具有环境梯度或小尺度生境异质性的群落,a 多样性在不同尺度及不同空间位置上的测定结果将存在差异。基于甘肃省莲花山国家级自然保护区 2条长 420 m、宽 10 m样带的群落调查数据,采用分形理论和方法研究了云冷杉林和针阔叶混交林群落 a 多样性测度随空间尺度变化的效应,以及 a 多样性测度与取样尺度之间的分形关系。结果表明:1)随着取样尺度逐步扩大,云冷杉林和针阔叶混交林群落物种丰富度指数和Shannon 指数值先急剧增长后趋于平稳,表现出一定范围内尺度对样带 a 多样性测度具有强烈影响。综合物种丰富度指数和Shannon 指数尺度变化曲线的估计,云冷杉林样带 a 多样性研究比较适宜的取样尺度为 60 m,而针阔叶混交林样带为 90 m,即云冷杉林样带上比较适宜的取样尺度明显小于针阔叶混交林样带;2)针阔叶混交林样带上 a 多样性与取样尺度之间的分形关系比云冷杉林样带更趋于多变,表明针阔叶混交林物种组成的空间异质性高于云冷杉林。