不同脂肪源对中国对虾亲虾产卵量、孵化率及卵脂肪酸组成的影响

用玉米油、亚麻油、鯷鱼油和猪油为饵料单一脂肪源,配制亲虾饵料,对中国对虾亲虾产卵前进行60天投喂试验,以测定和评估四种脂源对亲虾产卵量、孵化率和卵脂肪酸组成的影响。亲虾饲喂以猪油为脂源的饵料产卵量少,卯孵化率低。饲喂以玉米油或亚麻油为脂源的饵料效果较好,饲喂以鯷鱼油为脂源的饵料效果最佳。脂肪酸分析结果,饲喂以鱼油为脂源的亲虾卵,其ω—3高度不饱和脂肪酸含量很高,占总脂肪酸的27.6％,而饲喂以亚麻油、玉米油或猪油为脂源的亲虾卵,其ω—3HUFA的含量分别占总脂肪酸的19.5％,14.0％和12.8％。卵孵化率可能与卵中长链ω—3 HUFA的含量有关。     

野生和人工养殖鲫鱼脂肪酸含量的差异

本文通过气相色谱分析法,对野生银鲫背部肌肉脂类脂肪酸的组成和人工养殖银鲫、白鲫相比较。野生银鲫和人工养殖银鲫、白鲫背部肌肉脂类中饱和脂肪酸的含量基本相同,野生银鲫饱和脂肪酸的含量为24.55～27.30%,人工养殖银鲫为23.35～23.97%,白鲫为23.73%;—烯酸的含量野生银鲫比人工养殖银鲫、白鲫低,野生银鲫—烯酸的含量为23.97～29.53%,人工养殖银鲫为41.81～42.52%,白鲫为46.53%;多烯酸的含量野生银鲫比人工养殖银鲫、白鲫高,野生银鲫多烯酸的含量为41.53～46.77%,人工养殖银鲫为28.91～32.58%,白鲫为27.46%;其中ω_3族脂肪酸的含量野生银鲫亦比人工养殖银鲫、白鲫高,野生银鲫ω_3族脂肪酸的含量为25.74～27.99%,人工养殖银鲫为11.86～12.99%,白鲫为6.43%,而且ω_3/ω_6族脂肪酸的比率,野生银鲫也同样大于人工养殖银鲫、白鲫;野生银鲫ω_2/ω_6族脂肪酸的比率为1.37～1.74.人工养殖银鲫为0.60～0.87,白鲫为0.31.     

海水养殖和低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾脂肪酸分析比较

对饲喂同一种配合饲料分别在海水及低盐水体中饲养的凡纳滨对虾Litopenaeus vannamei肌肉及肝胰脏的脂肪酸组成进行了分析比较.结果显示,(1)海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中的多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)和总含量低于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05), 而单不饱和脂肪酸(MUPA)总含量高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05), 二者的饱和脂肪酸总量(SAFA)无显著差异(P>0.05).海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肌肉中ω3系列脂肪酸总量显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05),而ω6系列脂肪酸总量显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05),ω3/ω6比率海水养殖凡纳滨对虾显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05).(2)海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA)、单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和饱和脂肪酸(SAFA)总含量均显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P< 0.05).海水养殖凡纳滨对虾肝胰脏中ω3系列脂肪酸总量显著高于低盐养殖凡纳滨对虾(P<0.05),而ω6系列脂肪酸显著低于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05), ω3/ω6比率海水养殖凡纳滨对虾显著高于低盐养殖对虾(P<0.05).     

ω—3及ω—6不饱和脂肪酸对中国对虾幼虾存活,蜕皮和生长的影响

用高纯度单一ω-3和ω-6系列脂肪酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、花生四烯酸以及二十二碳六烯酸,分别以饵料1％的含量添加到含脂类4％棕榈酸和油酸的基础饵料中,组成四种试验饵料。对照饵料的脂类组成为5％的棕榈酸和油酸。对中国对虾幼虾进行32天的投喂试验,测定ω-3和ω-6系列不饱和脂肪酸对幼虾存活、蜕皮和生长的影响。结果表明,投喂不含ω-3和ω-6系列脂肪酸的对照饵料,幼虾生长几乎停止,存活率极低。添加1％的亚油酸或亚麻酸或花生四烯酸,效果较好;添加1％的二十二碳六烯酸,效果最佳。说明ω-3和ω-6系列不饱和脂肪酸对中国对虾幼虾的存活和正常生长是必需的。     

中国对虾（Penaeus orientalis Kishinouye）的几种必需脂肪酸营养价值的比较研究

用四种试验饵料，其中分别含有１％高纯度的ω－３及ω－６不饱和脂肪酸（亚油酸Ｃ１８∶２ω６、亚麻酸Ｃ１８∶３ω３、花生四烯酸Ｃ２０∶４ω６、二十二碳六烯酸Ｃ２２∶６ω，ＤＨＡ）以及一种对照饵料含有５％棕榈酸Ｃ１６∶０和油酸Ｃ１８∶１ω９混合物对中国对虾（ＰｅｎａｅｕｓｏｒｉｅｎｔａｌｉｓＫｉｓｈｉｎｏｕｙｅ）幼虾进行了为期３２天的投喂试验，从成活率、蜕皮次数及增重等实验结果可见二十二碳六烯酸（ＤＨＡ）对中国对虾幼虾具有最高的营养价值。同时，对海捕和人工养殖的中国对虾的脂肪酸组成进行了比较，两者都含有大量的ω－３系列的高度不饱和脂肪酸；但是与海捕虾相比较，人工养殖对虾的ＤＨＡ含量较低，而亚油酸含量较高。上列结果表明在对虾饵料中补充富含ＤＨＡ的脂肪源将有效地促进对虾增产。     

水产动物脂肪营养及应用(下)

<正>关于鱼类特别是淡水鱼类必需脂肪酸的认识在实践层面一直存在一定的误区。很多人认为淡水鱼不需要ω3系列的脂肪酸。这是不正确的,所有的鱼虾都不具备的从头合成ω3和ω6系列脂肪酸的能力。从(表2)可以看到,淡水鱼体内有很高比例的ω3脂肪酸存在,只是相对于海水鱼类而言,ω6     

养殖水体中非离子氨的简易测算

养殖水体中的无机态氮如溶解氮气(N_2—N)、氨(铵)态氮[NH_3(NH_4~-)—N]、硝酸态氮(NO_3~—N)、亚硝酸态氮(NO_2~—N)等是水中浮游植物生长繁殖所需的营养物质。众所周知,氨(NH_3)可以在一定条件下渗入养殖生物体内对其产生毒害作用。因此,少量的NH_3—N是饵料生物生长繁殖的营养物质,而当NH_3—N超过一定限度则对水生生物产生直接危害或使水质变坏而间接影响养殖动物。     

中华鲟幼鱼饵料生物及人工饲料的蛋白质和脂肪酸营养价值评价

分析了中华鲟幼鱼4种饵料(3种饵料生物:斑尾刺虾虎鱼、安氏白虾、河蚬和1种人工饲料)及2组中华鲟幼鱼(野生和人工养殖)肌肉的一般营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成.通过计算4种饵料分别相对2组中华鲟幼鱼肌肉的必需氨基酸比率比值(a/A)和必需氨基酸指数(EAAI),评价4种饵料的蛋白质营养价值;通过分析4种饵料和2组中华鲟幼鱼的脂肪酸组成和含量,评价4种饵料的脂肪酸营养价值.结果表明:斑尾刺虾虎鱼、安氏白虾、河蚬、人工饲料、野生和人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼肌肉的粗蛋白含量分别为80.57%、67.84%、51.88%、54.20%、91.83%、83.40%.以野生中华鲟幼鱼蛋白为参比,斑尾刺虾虎鱼、安氏白虾、河蚬、人工饲料的EAAl分别为0.938、0.913、0.918、0.956;以人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼肌肉蛋白为参比,EAAI分别为0.940、0.913、0.915、0.953,说明4种饵料相对2组中华鲟幼鱼而言均是优质蛋白源,基本能满足中华鲟幼鱼的蛋白需求.通过比较4种饵料的脂肪酸组成和含量发现,中华鲟幼鱼3种饵料生物中含n-3 puFA较多,能为中华鲟幼鱼的入海洄游提供丰富的n-3puFA营养,而人工饲料中含n-3 puFA较少,不能满足用于放流的人工养殖中华鲟幼鱼对n-3 puFA的营养需求.综合来看,不同饵料的营养成分不同,天然饵料生物的粗蛋白、氨基酸和重要脂肪酸的含量较多,故在研制和开发中华鲟幼鱼的饵料时,应根据其天然饵料生物的营养组成情况,适当地添加其所需的氨基酸和脂肪酸来满足其生长、存活和洄游的营养需求.     

隆线溞营养成分分析及高温胁迫对抗氧化酶活性的影响

为了分析隆线溞(Daphnia carinata)作为饵料生物的价值和其在不同温度下抗氧化损伤能力的情况,测定了重庆荣昌境内隆线溞的氨基酸和脂肪酸含量;同时研究了温度对超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和过氧化物酶(POD)3种酶活性的影响。结果显示:17种氨基酸含量占干重29.82%,9种必需氨基酸占18.91%,组氨酸含量最高(7.83%),蛋氨酸含量最低,未能检测到色氨酸;主要脂肪酸为C20∶5ω3(EPA)、C16∶0、C16∶1和C18∶1,必需脂肪酸高达38.88%,不饱和脂肪酸高达70.54%,ω-3高不饱和脂肪酸(ω-3 HUFA)高达27.41%,同时含有C20∶4ω6(AA)和C22∶6ω3(DHA)。温度20～35℃对隆线溞抗氧化酶活性影响显著(P<0.05),25℃以上的高温使SOD与CAT酶活显著下降,35℃的高温胁迫导致二者抗氧化能力急剧减弱。     

微藻饵料在经济棘皮动物养殖中的应用及研究进展

棘皮动物因其富含蛋白质、氨基酸、不饱和脂肪酸和其他生理活性物质,有较高的食用及药用价值,是我国一类重要的水产经济动物,需求日益提升,因此,发展棘皮动物养殖研究及其产业化十分紧迫。微藻富含蛋白质、碳水化合物、维生素、类胡萝卜素和丰富的多不饱和脂肪酸等营养物质,在新型水产饲料资源开发中备受关注。微藻作为幼体动物的鲜活饵料,在促进幼体生长、提高存活率方面显著优于人工饵料,在棘皮动物养殖中也得到广泛应用。本文对近年来微藻及其生物活性物质在经济棘皮动物(海参和海胆)养殖中的应用及研究进展进行概括总结,首次围绕微藻在经济棘皮动物生长、发育、变态过程中的作用以及微藻饵料在经济棘皮动物养殖中的应用进行综述,概括了经济棘皮动物养殖常用微藻种类,分析了微藻对海参、海胆脂肪酸组成以及免疫功能的影响,对经济棘皮动物养殖中存在的问题进行探讨并提出建议,以期为我国海参、海胆养殖业的发展提供参考。     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

An analysis of the food of 274 specimens of Tilapia aurea (Steindachner), which had been collected in Lake Kinneret, showed that this species is mainly a zooplankton consumer.A study of the quantitative dynamics of the food components in the course of a year has proved that the species in question feeds more intensely in spring, this being the time when zooplankton forms are more abundant in the water of the lake. Vegetable detritus, mixed with plankton and benthos forms, served as additional and alternative food.The lack of clearly positive degree of food component selectivity, as well as the low values of the intestine repletion index and of the condition coefficient, account for the slowness in growth of Tilapia aurea in Lake Kinneret.The low values of the growth and feeding indices are due, according to the authors, to the pressure brought to bear by the other local fish species, which are competitors for the same food.     

Food and feeding habits of Tilapia zillii (Gervais) (Cichlidae) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Analysis of the gut content of 329 specimens of T. zillii (Cichlidae) collected from Lake Kinneret, has shown great variation in the sorts of food.A study of seasonal dynamics has proved the prevalence in the food of Chironomida pupae (Diptera) in winter and spring and of zooplankton forms in summer and autumn. The additional food consisted of the various groups of algae, the most frequently found being Cyanophyta (100%) and Pyrrophyta (64.16%). An extremely voraceous species, it consumes — while searching for its preferred food — anything that comes its way in the water: algae, scraps of macrophytes, autochthonous and allochthonous insects, and forms of benthic origin, such as Nematoda, Ostracoda, Porifera and Chironomida (larvae).The satiation index is high (between 4.08 and 5.63), in contradiction to the low values of the coefficient of condition (between 3.05 and 3.51), and with the slow rate of growth in Lake Kinneret. The main food of Tilapia zillii, consists of arthropod species with a chitin content (which is eliminated unchanged) of more than 50% of the total weight, and this may account for the poor exploitation of the trophic base.This species of fish may be considered as being detrimental to others (i.e. commercially important species) because of its successful competition for food, and not, as is often incorrectly assumed, because it is an aggressive consumer of their spawn and fry.     

叶尔羌高原鳅胚胎发育与胚后发育观察

采用形态学和生态学方法,对叶尔羌高原鳅[Triplophysa(Hedinichthys)yarkandensis(Day)]胚胎发育和胚后发育阶段全过程进行观察、拍照并测量。结果显示:叶尔羌高原鳅,卵微黏性,略有沉性,受精卵呈卵圆形,卵径为(0.60±0.052)mm,在水温(20.0±1.0)℃下,历时65 h 34 min完成整个胚胎发育分为7个生理阶段过程;胚后发育主要根据卵黄囊、体色、鼓鳔和须的变化分为仔鱼期、稚鱼期、幼鱼期。初孵卵黄囊仔鱼全长(2.0±0.65)mm,出膜后7 d,卵黄囊吸收完毕,完全消失;初孵仔鱼继续培育至16日龄,仔鱼鳃盖后缘鼓鳔明显长出,须清晰可辨,体色加深,心脏红色素明显,体色与成体相似,标志后期仔鱼发育完全进入稚鱼期,此时鱼苗全长(8.0±0.45)mm;培育至30日龄,仔鱼鼓鳔完全,鳃盖张合明显,身体透明特征消失,稚鱼阶段完成发育进入幼鱼期,此时全长达(13.0±0.55)mm,其外部形态和生态习性均与成鱼相似。试验中,卵黄囊长度(LY)和出膜天数(D)的关系式:LY=0.0286D2–0.0636D+3.1196(R2=0.9050);用直线方程拟合卵黄囊长度(LY)和卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)的关系式:LY=–1.315LT+5.368(R2=0.8199);拟合卵黄囊仔鱼全长(LT)和出膜后仔稚鱼天数(D)的关系式:LT=–0.0263D2+0.5113D+1.6169(R2=0.9890)。本研究旨在通过了解叶尔羌高原鳅的早期发育特征为该物种的保护和增殖对策提供科学依据,并对其苗种生产提供理论指导。     

Extinction of Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) in Lake Kinneret (Israel)

Daphnia lumholtzi (Sars) was found in Lake Kinneret until the late nineteen-fifties. Lake Kinneret was the northern-most limit of the distribution of this species. It is suggested that fingerlings of grey mullets and Sarotherodon aureus that were introduced into Lake Kinneret caused the extinction of D. lumholtzi.     

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) (Laminaria japonica) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) (Halocynthia roretzi) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus,Reeve 1846)

Substitution effect of sea tangle (ST) with tunic of sea squirt (SS) in diet on growth and carcass composition of juvenile abalone was determined. One thousand four hundred and seventy abalones were distributed into 21 containers. Six formulated diets in triplicate were prepared. A 200 g/kg ST was included into the ST0 diet. The 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 g/kg of ST were substituted with the same amount of tunic of SS, referred to as the ST200, ST400, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets, respectively. Finally, Undaria was prepared to compare effect of the formulated diets on performance of abalone. The experimental diets were fed to abalone for 16 weeks. Weight gain of abalone fed the ST400 diet was higher than that of abalone fed the ST0, ST600, ST800 and ST1000 diets and Undaria. Weight gain of abalone fed the formulated diets was higher than that of abalone fed the Undaria. The chemical composition of the carcass of abalone was affected by dietary substitution of ST with tunic of SS. In conclusion, ST could be completely substituted with tunic of SS without retardation in performance of abalone. Abalone fed the ST400 diet substituting 400 g/kg ST with tunic of SS achieved the best growth.     

褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(♂)杂交F1及其亲本肌肉营养成分分析与比较

褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)为东亚地区重要的海水养殖鱼类,在中国、日本和韩国海水养殖业中占有重要的地位.目前,褐牙鲆经过连续多代缺乏选择的人工繁育和养殖,造成养殖群体种质发生退化,生长速度和抗逆性下降,极大制约了牙鲆养殖业发展.以选育生长迅速、抗逆性强、饵料转化率高的牙鲆类养殖新品种为目的,作者对褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(Paralichthys dentatus)(♂)的杂交育种进行了研究.本实验对褐牙鲆(♀)×犬齿牙鲆(♂)杂交F1及其亲本肌肉营养成分进行测定.结果显示,杂交F1含水率显著低于双亲(P＜0.05),粗蛋白含量显著高于双亲(P＜0.05),粗脂肪含量介于二者之间;杂交F1的氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸、半必需氨基酸与鲜味氨基酸总量都显著高于褐牙鲆与犬齿牙鲆(P＜0.05);脂肪酸含量方面,脂肪酸总量、不饱和脂肪酸总量3种鱼由高到低排列顺序为褐牙鲆、犬齿牙鲆、杂交F1,三者饱和脂肪酸总量差异不显著(P＜0.05).对3种鱼肌肉的营养品质进行了评价,杂交F1的必需氨基酸指数EAAI(90.30)明显高于褐牙鲆(77.75)与犬齿牙鲆(79.34),在蛋白质品质上表现出一定杂种优势.上述结果表明,杂交F1的肌肉具有蛋白和氨基酸含量较高、脂肪酸含量较低的特点.     

Complete developmental cycle of Myxobolus pseudodispar (Gorbunova) (Myxosporea: Myxobolidae)

Myxobolus pseudodispar (Gorbunova) is a common parasite of the muscle of roach, Rutilus rutilus L., whereas its actinosporean development occurs in two oligochaete alternate hosts. This paper reports the complete developmental cycle of this parasite in the oligochaete alternate host Tubifex tubifex and the roach. In laboratory experiments, parasite-free T. tubifex specimens were infected by myxospores of M. pseudodispar collected from roach in Lake Balaton. Parasite-free roach fingerlings were infected with floating triactinospores (TAMs) released from oligochaetes on day 69 after challenge. Young plasmodia and spores in roach were first recorded on day 80 post-exposure (p.e.). Myxospores collected from experimentally infected roach initiated a new development in T. tubifex and the resulting TAMs infected roach. No infection of roach resulted from feeding oligochaetes containing mature triactinospores.     

Development of embryos in Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) (Mesopotamian spiny eel) (Mastacembelidae)

In this study, the embryonic development of the eggs in the Mastacembelus mastacembelus (Bank & Solender, 1794) was examined. At the same time, possibilities of artificial breeding through artificial insemination were investigated. Artificial insemination was achieved by mixing the eggs of the mature female and sperm of the mature male samples caught with gill nets (22 × 22) in Ataturk Dam Lake in Turkey. To this end, first in a Petri dish (100 × 20), the testes were cut into small pieces with a lancet and the mixture of sperm–testes‐tissue was obtained. The fertilization rate of the eggs was found to be 80%. The diameter of the eggs ranged from 2.015to 1.147 mm. The perivitelline space formed 0.5 h after insemination. The first cleavage occurred at the animal pool 4 h after insemination. The oil droplets had fused to a single droplet 19 h after insemination. The blastoderm became an embryonic shield 30 h after insemination. The blastoderm covered almost half the egg 40 h after insemination and embryonic body was formed. The blastoderm covered almost the whole egg 50 h after insemination. Some somites were discernible 59 h after insemination. The embryonic body reached two‐third of the circumference of the egg 70 h after insemination. The tail bud began to separate from the yolk 77 h after insemination. A newly hatched larva was observed at 85 h after insemination.     

Use of Onion (Allium cepa) and Garlic (Allium sativum) Wastes for the Prevention of Fungal Disease (Saprolegnia parasitica) on Eggs of Rainbow Trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study was designed to prevent fungal disease (Saprolegnia parasitica) that occurs on rainbow trout eggs (Oncorhynchus mykiss) by using wastes of onion (Allium cepa) and garlic (Allium sativum) plants. For this purpose, fertilized rainbow trout eggs were exposed to garlic skin, garlic stem and onion skin aqueous methanolic extracts by bathing in concentrations of 0.4, 0.8, 1.6 and 3.2 g/L, whereas the control group was left untreated. The larvae in all groups were monitored until they become free-swimming larvae, the number of eggs died due to fungus was recorded, and the data obtained from experimental groups and control group were compared. As a result, it was determined that onion skin had no effect on the number of eggs that died due to fungus (p > .05), while garlic skin and garlic stem extracts significantly reduced the number of fungal infestations without affecting the number of live larvae or the embryological development of the eggs (p < .05). In light of these data, we conclude that garlic skin (0.4, 0.8, and 1.6 g/L) and garlic stem (0.8 and 1.6 g/L) aqueous methanolic extracts are effective at preventing Saprolegnia parasitica infestation on rainbow trout eggs and may be used in aquaculture.     

中华倒刺（鱼巴）人工繁殖试验

中华倒刺鱼巴Barbodes (Spinibarbus) sinensis (Bleeker),地方名青波、青板、乌鳞,以肉质细嫩、肉味鲜美为人们所喜食,具有生长快、个体大、食性广、耐低氧、抗病力强、经济效益高等特点,深受养殖户的青睐.近年来,由于江河野生资源日益枯竭,市价居高不下,一些养殖单位都竞相饲养,但种苗的数量受到限制,仅从江河捕捞的鱼苗根本不能满足成鱼规模养殖所需.开展中华倒刺鱼巴的人工繁殖,对渔业生产的发展具有重要的现实意义.