寄主因素对白虫小茧蜂产卵的影响

在实验室观察了白虫小茧蜂的产卵行为,从化学及物理的角度探讨了寄主因素对白虫小茧蜂产卵的影响。这些寄主因素包括寻主利它素、寄主表皮的化学物质,显微结构和柔软性。实验表明:寄主表皮的柔软性是影响该小茧蜂产卵的关键因素。寻主利它素、寄主表皮的化学物质和结构均对产卵没有影响。     

影响两种蚜茧蜂日产卵量因素的研究

本文以桃蚜为寄主,研究了寄主密度、接蜂时间和环境温度对烟蚜茧蜂、菜蚜茧蜂的日产卵量及寄生率的影响。结果表明3种因素均对两种蚜茧蜂的产卵量有不同程度的影响。两种蚜茧蜂的日产卵量随寄主密度增加而增加,在27～32℃时,烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂活动频繁,羽化后第一天的产卵量多于低温(≤23℃)下的产卵量,从第二天起日产卵量下降,说明持续高温不利于雌蜂产卵。本研究认为:人工繁殖烟蚜茧峰时,温度为23℃,寄生蜂与寄主比为1:100的条件较为适宜。     

寄主大小对中红侧沟茧蜂产卵和发育的影响

以室内饲养的棉铃虫和中红侧沟茧蜂为材料,研究了寄主大小对中红侧沟茧蜂产卵和生长发育的影响。结果表明,中红侧沟茧蜂成蜂产卵行为对寄主大小有显著的选择性。成功寄生率随寄主体重的增加而降低。寄主体重介于2～6mg时,成功寄生数占总寄生数的54．03％。被茧蜂成功寄生的95．51％为体重小于14mg的寄主幼虫,大于14mg的棉铃虫幼虫不适宜该寄生蜂产卵。对数据的相关分析表明,寄主体重与中红侧沟茧蜂茧重、茧重与成蜂重以及成蜂重与成蜂寿命之间存在极显著的正相关,寄主体重与中红侧沟茧蜂的卵和幼虫期在0．05水平上存在负相关,而茧期不受寄主大小的影响。     

烟蚜茧蜂种内寄主识别与内部竞争

为明确寄生桃蚜Myzus persicae(Sulzer)的单性内寄生蜂烟蚜茧蜂Aphidius gifuensis Ashmead的种内识别与内部竞争,研究测定不同寄主密度对烟蚜茧蜂雌蜂卵的分布影响,以及不同产卵时间间隔对自身和同种寄主识别、种内内部竞争的影响。结果显示,烟蚜茧蜂在寄主密度为30头以下时,过寄生率高于31.16%;而寄主密度为50头以上时,过寄生率低于6.64%。在24 h以上的产卵时间间隔下,烟蚜茧蜂的自身过寄生率高于37.04%,而同种过寄生率在22.45%~25.93%之间;而且龄期较高的幼虫在种内内部竞争中获胜的概率高于72.00%。表明烟蚜茧蜂在低寄主密度下倾向于过寄生,在高寄主密度下有避免过寄生的趋势;烟蚜茧蜂倾向于自身过寄生,而对同种过寄生表现出一种产卵限制;在烟蚜茧蜂的种内内部竞争中,龄期较高的幼虫一般具有优势。     

二化螟绒茧蜂生物学特性的研究

二化螟绒茧蜂以低龄幼虫在滞育的二化螟幼虫体内越冬。实验条件下还可寄生芦苇螟和荻蛀茎夜蛾。该蜂行两性生殖和产雄孤雌生殖。雌蜂平均产卵119粒,在寄主体内的出蜂量与寄主龄期呈线性正相关,寄生在4龄寄主体内的发育速率最快,蜂体大小与寄主出蜂量呈线性负相关。     

蜡螟绒茧蜂对大蜡螟幼虫的寄生作用

以大蜡螟的低龄幼虫为寄主,在实验室条件下对蜡螟绒茧蜂的寄生作用进行了研究。结果表明：蜡螟绒茧蜂一生最多产卵68粒,平均45.85粒。蜡螟绒茧蜂卵产于寄主体内的位置多在1～4腹节;多数在寄主体内只产1粒或2粒卵。该蜂能寄生大蜡螟1～4龄幼虫,但2～4龄幼虫同时存在时,偏爱寄生2、3龄幼虫,其选择系数分别为0.35和0.42。     

瘦怒茧蜂的发育与生殖及对草地螟的控制作用

瘦怒茧蜂Orgilus ischnus Marshall是草地螟Loxostege sticticalis L.初龄幼虫寄生蜂。为探究它的生物学特性及其对草地螟的控害作用,本文在23 ℃、16L：8D光周期条件下,以1龄草地螟幼虫为寄主,测定了瘦怒茧蜂的发育历期和茧重、成虫生殖行为特征、能力和寿命,研究了瘦怒茧蜂对草地螟幼虫的功能反应和寄生率,探究了寄主幼虫的取食量及虫体大小与正常幼虫的差异。结果表明,瘦怒茧蜂卵和幼虫期为12.8 d,预蛹和蛹期10.5 d,世代历期23.2 d,平均茧重为4.1 mg。成蜂羽化当天即可交配产卵寄生,属卵育型,平均交配时间为49 s,雌蜂平均产卵量为100.5粒,产卵高峰期分别为交配后第4 d和第8 d,雌、雄蜂寿命分别为11和14 d。在5～40头/瓶（650 mL）8个密度条件下,瘦怒茧蜂的寄生量随草地螟幼虫密度的增加而增加,当密度≥15头/瓶时,寄生率会随幼虫密度的增加而减小,功能反应属HollingⅡ型;寄主幼虫一生取食量为106.7 mg,仅为正常幼虫的21.3%,寄主幼虫第6和12 d的体重、大小均极显著低于正常幼虫。本文研究结果明确了瘦怒茧蜂基本的生物学特性,证明该蜂对草地螟控害作用显著,为改善、提高草地螟的可持续控制技术提供技术支撑。     

前裂长管茧蜂个体发育研究

前裂长管茧蜂Diachasmimorpha longicaudata(Ashmead)是许多双翅目实蝇类害虫的重要寄生性天敌。在实验室条件下,以桔小实蝇Bactrocera dorsalis(Hendel)为繁育寄主,系统观测了前裂长管茧蜂个体发育过程中各虫态的特征及其相应的发育历期。观察结果表明,前裂长管茧蜂整个生活史由卵、幼虫、蛹及成虫四个阶段组成。其幼虫可划分为四个龄期,一龄幼虫具几质丁的坚硬头壳和镰刀状的颚,形态特征与行为习性与二、三、四龄幼虫完全不同。前裂长管茧蜂约需20天完成世代发育。卵、一龄幼虫、二龄幼虫、三龄幼虫及四龄幼虫的历期依次为1.91、2.02、1.75、2.04和2.31d;蛹的历期介于8~10d,雌性个体发育时间长于雄性。前裂长管茧蜂通常比未被寄生的寄主迟3~5d羽化,雌、雄蜂在羽化后即能交配、产卵,被寄生的桔小实蝇幼虫体表上会留下明显的深褐色产卵孔,寄主化蛹后产卵孔仍保留在其蛹壳上。     

寄生粘虫的绒茧蜂

我国寄生粘虫Leucania separata Walker的绒茧蜂已知3种:螟蛉绒茧蜂Apanteles ruficrus (Haliday)、粘虫绒茧蜂A.kariyai Watanabe及粘虫小绒茧蜂A.cirphicola Bhatnagar。 本期封面彩色照片为粘虫绒茧蜂,是我国北方粘虫幼虫期常见寄生蜂之一。成虫体长约2.5毫米,黑色,产卵于粘虫幼虫体内,随即孵化,取食粘虫体内物质,至寄主6龄老熟时,蜂蛆亦发育成熟,自粘虫体内钻出,同时吐丝做茧,呈白色丝绒状茧块。茧块大小及形状依叶面形状及位置不一,长约9—18毫米。每     

卷叶螟绒茧蜂寄生棉大卷叶螟的行为及其与寄主密度的关系

卷叶螟绒茧蜂Apanteles derogatae Watanabe是棉大卷叶螟Sylepta derogata Fabricius幼虫期的一种重要内寄生蜂,对棉大卷叶螟种群有较好的控制作用。在实验室条件下,运用人工接虫观察法研究卷叶螟绒茧蜂对棉大卷叶螟幼虫的寄生行为。结果表明,该蜂搜寻寄主的时间平均为2．38 min,处理寄主的时间仅需0．86 min;寄生寄主的最适龄期为寄主2龄幼虫;对1龄幼虫的致死率达32%,但其寄生率仅为16%,其余16%的个体为穿刺致死。饲喂蜂蜜水能显著增加该蜂的产卵量,延长其产卵历期和增强其穿刺能力。寄生蜂的寄生能力与寄主密度的关系呈抛物线型:在寄生蜂均为16头/m~3雌蜂条件下,当寄主密度从80头/m~3增加到320头/m~3时,寄主的被寄生个体数随之增加,但当寄主密度超过320头/m~3后,寄主的被寄生个体数反而随寄主密度的上升呈下降趋势。     

斑痣悬茧蜂对受药寄主幼虫的选择性及其后代表现

为探究受到杀虫剂亚致死影响的寄主幼虫对寄生蜂的寄主选择及其子代蜂的影响,以容性寄生蜂斑痣悬茧蜂Meteorus pulchricornis为研究对象,以氯氰菊酯亚致死浓度处理的甜菜夜蛾Spodoptera exigua4龄幼虫为寄主幼虫,进行非选择性和选择性试验。非选择性试验表明,斑痣悬茧蜂成功寄生（完成化蛹）的概率随受药寄主的体重增大而提高,而且受药寄主有效存活的概率亦随其体重增大而提高;与对照寄主相比,寄生蜂对受药寄主的寄生率降低60.2%、子代蜂发育历期显著延长、子代蜂体型（用后足胫节长度表示）显著增大。与来自对照寄主的子代蜂相比,来自受药寄主的子代蜂的寄生能力（用寄生率表示）未受影响,但其后代的结茧率降低10%、发育历期显著缩短、体型显著增大,说明羽化蜂的发育适合度得到了提高。选择性试验结果得出不一致的结论,根据对寄生蜂攻击次数的分析,未发现其在对照与受药寄主之间存在显著偏好;但根据第2次攻击的寄主识别期变量进行的风险分析,受药寄主被寄生风险显著低于对照寄主（低59.7%）,说明寄生蜂偏好攻击对照寄主幼虫。研究结果说明,斑痣悬茧蜂通过偏好体型较大的寄主幼虫,而减轻了受到杀虫剂亚致死效应的间接不良影响。结果表明该寄生蜂具有鉴别出接受亚致死杀虫剂不久的寄主幼虫的能力。     

寄主卵排列对松毛虫赤眼蜂寄生的影响

本文描述了群聚寄主卵和间隔分布的寄主卵对松毛虫赤眼蜂子代分配的影响。单头雌蜂产卵于群聚寄主卵时,平均每粒寄生卵的子蜂数明显少於单粒寄主卵时的子蜂数,但每头雌蜂所产的总子蜂数和被寄生的寄主卵数随着寄主卵群的卵数增加而增加。表明,雌蜂产卵于群聚寄主卵时能减少在每粒寄主卵中所分配的子蜂数,而增加寄生的寄主卵数目。密度制约是限制每头雌蜂寄生寄主卵数目的因素。在分散的寄主卵中,平均每粒寄生卵的子蜂数随着卵粒间距离增加而增加,但每头雌蜂所产的总子蜂数和被寄生的寄主卵数并没有明显地随着寄主卵粒间的距离大小而改变。可见,在分散寄主卵中,雌蜂的生殖力则是限制每头雌蜂寄生寄主数目的一个重要因素。     

赤眼蜂寄生行为研究(Ⅰ)——过寄生与子代分配

寄生蜂的过寄生现象是经常发生的。Ullyett(1949)认为,一种有效的昆虫寄生蜂,往往以蜂卵在寄主上的分布这种方式来使其达到最高存活率。Smith(1916)指出,由于蜂卵在寄主上的分布不同,形成了过寄生。关于过寄生对寄生蜂种群繁殖率的影响,国     

麻竖毛天牛幼虫大小对松褐天牛肿腿蜂产卵决策的影响

为探讨寄主大小对松褐天牛肿腿蜂产卵决策的影响，进而为其人工繁育和林间应用提供科学依据。本研究选取重量0.10～0.15、0.15～0.20、0.20～0.25、0.25～0.30、0.30～0.35 g的麻竖毛天牛幼虫为寄主，接入已交配的雌性松褐天牛肿腿蜂，观察并记录其寄生和产卵行为，统计子代数量和子代性比（雄性占比）。结果表明寄主大小对松褐天牛肿腿蜂的寄生率影响不明显，但可影响子代适合度；子代数量与寄主大小呈正相关关系；雄性占比随寄主个体增大而降低，但子代发育历期不受寄主大小影响。研究结果证实，寄主大小可影响松褐天牛肿腿蜂的寄生决策。     

Valuation of gamma irradiation for proficient production of parasitoids (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae & Eucoilidae) in the management of the peach fruit-fly,Bactrocera zonata (Saunders)

Recognizing the potential significance of using nuclear techniques in biological control, investigations were conducted on the rearing of parasitoids of the peach fruit-fly, Bactrocera zonata (Saunders) (Diptera: Tephritidae) to lead to a greater flexibility in the use of irradiated hosts. For improving mass production of the biological control agents, the use of irradiated fruit-fly larvae at the dose of 15 Gy proved useful for enhancing the parasitism and adult emergence of the larval parasitoid, Trybliographa daci (Weld) (Hymenoptera: Eucoilidae) due to no negative repercussions on parasitoid development. Overall, parasitism by the parasitoid increased with age of the host larvae; however, significantly higher parasitism occurred on 4 d-old irradiated larvae of B. zonata compared to those aged 5 d. The female parasitoids preferred the irradiated larvae, and significantly higher numbers of larvae were parasitized compared with non-irradiated larvae. There was no significant difference in adult parasitoid emergence with respect to the sex of the host. A radiation level of 80 Gy was the best dose for rearing of the pupal parasitoid, Dirhinus giffardii (Silvestri) (Hymenoptera: Chalcididae) owing to broad tolerances in the use of irradiation for the rearing of fruit-fly's parasitoids. Percentage parasitism by D. giffardii varied with host pupal age, and the preference of the female parasitoid was lower on 48 h old host pharate pupae due to optimum size and mass of host. Present findings further revealed that the 24 h old host pupae of B. zonata were relatively more suitable for the maximum parasitism and progeny production of D. giffardii. Parasitisms by D. giffardii and T. daci were significantly higher on B. zonata host when parasitoids were released at a density of 3000 individuals per acre (7500 per hectares) than the other release rates of parasitoids for the management of fruit-flies in mango orchards. The implementation of these findings ought to help improve the mass production of parasitoids and the effectiveness of releases of biocontrol agents for control of B. zonata in mango plantations.     

Effects of a juvenile hormone analog,pyriproxyfen, on Thrips tabaci (Thysanoptera: Thripidae)

Effects of a juvenile hormone analog, pyriproxyfen, on various developmental stadia of the onion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, were determined on cabbage leaves in the laboratory. Pyriproxyfen was applied at 0.064 or 0.128 g AI liter(-1) on leaves (residual contact-ingestion), thrips (direct contact) and leaf-thrips (residue contact-ingestion-direct contact). Pyriproxyfen did not have any significant lethal effects on thrips pupae in any treatment. Lethal effects on thrips larvae varied depending on application method and dosage. In the leaf and the leaf-thrips treatments, few larvae and pre-pupae molted to the next stage, and none developed to adults. In contrast, in the thrips-only treatment, pyriproxyfen did not show any significant lethal effects. The developmental times of larvae and pre-pupae were prolonged when larvae were treated with pyriproxyfen, and those of pre-pupae and pupae were shortened when pre-pupae and pupae were treated. The longevity and survival rates of thrips adults were generally shorter when they contacted and ingested pyriproxyfen-treated leaves than those in water control. Significantly fewer progeny (0.22-1.15 larvae per female) were produced by females that had fed on and been in contact with the pyriproxyfen-treated leaves than by those in the water control (11.94 larvae per female). However, the number of progeny produced by the thrips females increased significantly (3.32-7.28 larvae per female) when the females were transferred to untreated leaves after feeding on treated leaves for 5 days; the daily larval hatching pattern was similar to those in water control, indicating that female adults were able to produce viable eggs when untreated food was offered.     

Inoculation

Terpenes and biogenically related phenols commonly found in plant essential oils are known to be toxic to insect pests. Accordingly thymol was tested for acute toxicity via topical application to diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and its parasitoid, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjunov) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae under laboratory conditions. Topical application to adult female parasitoids versus second instars of P. xylostella showed that thymol was about 62 times less toxic to the parasitoid than to the host larvae with 24 h LD₅₀ of 0.052 and 0.0008M, respectively. Although thymol was less toxic to the parasitoid, some biological parameters of the progeny at sublethal doses of surviving parasitoids were impaired such as rate of emergence and development time of larvae and pupae. The impact on detoxification enzymes was also studied and there was no significant induction in cytochrome P450 and carboxylesterase activities in both treated male and female wasps. Results obtained suggest that parasitoid is able to withstand the impact of thymol significantly.     

Effect of methoprene on the progeny production of Tribolium castaneum (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae)

BACKGROUND: Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle) is a serious insect pest of stored products around the world. Current control measures for this species have several limitations: loss of registration of insecticides, insecticide resistance and consumer concerns about chemical residues in food. The objective of this study was to determine whether methoprene affects progeny production of T. castaneum. Late‐instar larvae or young adults were exposed to methoprene‐treated wheat, and progeny production was determined. The pairing of male and female adults was performed as untreated × untreated, treated × untreated or treated × treated, to study sex‐based effects. RESULTS: There were three outcomes to late‐instar larvae held on methoprene‐treated wheat kernels (0.001 and 0.0165 ppm): (1) failure to emerge as an adult; (2) emergence as an adult, and almost no offspring produced; (3) emergence as an adult and normal production of offspring. Male larvae were more susceptible to methoprene than female larvae. In contrast, young adults exposed to methoprene (1.67–66.6 ppm) showed no reduction in offspring production. CONCLUSION: Methoprene concentrations will decline with time following its application. However, this research indicates that methoprene can still reduce populations of T. castaneum by reducing their progeny production, even if adults emerge. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Development of Procamallanus saccobranchi (Nematoda: Camallanidae), a parasite of a freshwater fish in India

The development of the nematode Procamallanus saccobranchi Karve, 1952, a parasite in the stomach of the fish Heteropneustes fossilis (Bloch), was studied in Mesocyclops crassus (Fischer) and Mesocyclops leuckarti (Claus). After being ingested by the copepods the nematode first-stage larvae penetrated into the haemocoel of the intermediate host; there they moulted twice (on days 3 and 5 p.i. at 28-30 degrees C) attaining the third, infective stage. The definitive host H. fossilis acquired infection by feeding on copepods harbouring infective-stage larvae; in the stomach of this definitive host, the larvae were observed to undergo two more moults. The third moult occurred on day 13 p.i. and the fourth moult on day 38 p.i. and day 66 p.i. in "male" and "female" larvae, respectively. The larval stages, including the moulting forms are described and illustrated.