A recommended rate for application of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chaetomium globosum</Emphasis> ND35 fungus fertilizer on poplar plantations in China

Previous studies showed that Chaetomium globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer can improve the microbial community structure and enzyme activities of replanted soil. However, it remains unclear whether can improve the physiological and ecological characteristics of plants under successive rotation. In this study, we investigated the photosynthetic, physiological, and biochemical indexes including photosynthetic parameters, chlorophyll fluorescence, and chlorophyll content of 1-year-old poplar seedlings under seven different doses (range from 0 to 1.67 g kg^?1) of C. globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer to study the effects of fungus fertilizer on photosynthesis of Poplar. Our results showed that: (1) With increasing application of fungus fertilizer in replanted soil, chlorophyll content of poplar leaves (Chl) increased, while physiological indexes such as electron transport rate (ETR), net photosynthetic rate (P _n), quantum efficiency (Φ), nitrate reductase (NR) activity and root vigor initially increased and then declined. Meanwhile, heat dissipation that depended on the xanthophyll cycle declined and non-photochemical quenching (NPQ) initially increased and then decreased. When the dose of C. globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer was 0.67 g kg^?1 (T3) and 1.00 g kg^?1 (T4), excess light energy of photosynthetic apparatus was reduced, and photosynthetic apparatus distributed more light energy to the direction of photochemical reactions, which improved the efficiency of energy use. Plant height and biomass of leaves, stems, and roots were maximum at T3. We conclude that applying appropriate amounts of C. globosum ND35 fungus fertilizer can improve root physiological activity and capacity for use of light by poplar leaves. This can improve the operating states of the photosynthetic apparatus and lead to increased photosynthetic efficiency of poplar leaves and accumulation of dry matter. This suggests a strategy to alleviate the successive rotation obstacle of soil nutrient depletion.     

不同连作土壤处理对再植水蜜桃苗生长状况及光合特性的影响

为了比较分析不同连作土壤处理水蜜桃再植苗的生长状况及其对主要营养元素的吸收差异,以探讨连作土壤对再植桃苗生长的影响机制,设置了4个土壤处理即重茬土(T_1)、重茬土+生石灰(T_2)、重茬土+活性炭(T_3)、重茬土+微生物肥(T_4)进行试验,分别测定了再植桃苗的生物量、气体交换参数、光合色素含量、叶绿素荧光参数及各组织中N、P的含量。试验结果表明:T_1处理的再植桃苗生长缓慢,其生物量最低,T_2、T_3和T_4处理则均明显地促进了再植桃苗的生长,其中T_4处理的长势最佳;T_1处理的再植桃苗其生长受到抑制,其影响因素为叶片气孔关闭和光合色素合成受阻、P元素缺乏等非气孔因素;T_4处理可促进再植桃苗叶片光合色素的合成,能明显提高其净光合速率,使其光合机构分配到光化学反应中的光能明显增多,光能利用效率明显提高,各组织中的P含量明显增加。研究结果表明:连作条件下再植桃苗的生长受到明显抑制,但施入微生物肥能有效缓解连作土壤对再植桃苗生长的伤害。     

水肥处理对杨树光合特性的影响

以杨树扦插苗为试验对象,通过采用不同的水肥处理研究水肥对杨树叶片的叶绿素含量和光合指标的影响。结果表明:杨树叶片叶绿素含量随着水肥处理量的增加而上升;水肥处理对杨树叶片的光合指标也影响显著,光合速率和水分利用效率都是在高水量的施肥处理中较高,而蒸腾速率在低水量施肥处理中较高。     

肥料对山旱地核桃叶片矿质元素与光合特性的影响

为给西北山旱地核桃土壤养分管理提供科学依据,以6年生核桃品种‘鲁光’为试料,采用随机区组设计方法,研究不同肥料(核桃专用肥ZY_1、核桃专用肥ZY_2、复合肥FH、不施肥CK)处理对山旱地核桃叶片叶绿素含量、矿质营养含量和光合特性的影响,并探讨核桃叶片矿质营养含量、叶绿素含量及净光合速率(Pn)间的相关性。结果表明:不同肥料处理下核桃叶片Pn日变化均呈双峰曲线,4个肥料处理按照光合性能由强到弱排列依次为ZY_1、ZY_2、FH、CK。CO_2饱和浓度下的最大净光合速率比饱和光强下的高,说明核桃叶片强光下(接近或超过光饱和点)光合速率的增加主要是受CO_2供应的限制。叶片矿质营养中大量及中量元素含量均为ZY_1处理最高,CK最低;微量元素中除Fe元素含量ZY_2处理高于ZY_1处理外,Mn、Cu、Zn含量均为ZY_1处理最高,其次为ZY_2处理,CK最低。4个肥料处理按照叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素(a+b)含量由高到低排列依次均为ZY_1、ZY_2、FH、CK。核桃叶片的各矿质营养含量、叶绿素含量和Pn之间大多呈显著正相关(P0.05)。其中,N含量与Pn的相关性达极显著水平(P0.01),Mg含量与叶绿素b含量的相关性达显著水平(P0.05),叶绿素b含量与Pn的相关性达极显著水平(P0.01),相关系数为0.757。综合来看,核桃专用肥优于复合肥,能显著提高山旱地核桃叶片叶绿素含量、矿质营养含量,有效提高叶片的光合能力,且ZY_1肥料效果最佳。     

杨树内生菌球毛壳抗生物质的培养基优化、检测和动力学

以杨树内生真菌球毛壳ND35为供试菌株,采用L<,16>(4<'5>)正交试验法对液体培养基进行优化;利用pH纸色谱、捷克八溶剂系统纸色谱方法及紫外-可见光谱扫描法对该内生菌的抗生物质进行理化性质初步分析;用薄层层析、高效液相色谱及平板抑菌法检测分析该菌粗提液的活性成分及对杨树腐烂病菌的抑菌效果;对抗生物质液体培养的主要动力学指标进行分析.结果表明:优化后培养基配方为:1%葡萄糖,1%蔗糖,0.5%牛肉膏,0.02%硫酸亚铁,0.01%维生素B<,1>,pH值为7.球毛壳ND35菌株的抑菌作用分为活菌体的抑菌作用和代谢活性物质的抑菌作用,液体培养后的菌丝胞内和胞外均产生抗生物质,并具有较好的热稳定性.该抗生物质pH值为7,易溶于有机溶剂,难溶于水.球毛壳ND35抗生物质在221 nm处有最大的吸收峰,该抗生物质有4个组分,均对杨树腐烂病菌有抑菌活性.生长动力学表明,在液体发酵培养过程中,球毛壳ND35抗生物质的产量、吸光值、pH及其抑菌率是连续变化的.     

稀土微肥对桃叶片光合生理特性的影响

本试验以二年生桃树为试材，研究了稀土微肥为叶绿素、蛋白质含量和光合速率的影响。结果表明，低浓度稀土可显著提高桃功能叶叶绿素和蛋白质的含量，延缓桃衰老叶叶绿素的降解，从而提高桃叶片的光合效率；高浓度的稀土对桃叶片叶绿素、蛋白质含量和光合效率的提高具有不利的影响；稀土对叶绿素、蛋白质含量以及光合作用的影响效应存在明显的滞后期。     

不同氮磷钾施肥量对平欧杂种榛光合性能及产量品质的影响

[目的]以新疆9年生的平欧杂种榛为研究对象,探讨氮、磷、钾不同施肥量对平欧杂种榛光合特性、产量和品质的影响,为新疆榛子产业发展提供合理施肥依据。[方法]采用“3414”田间肥料效应试验,测定氮、磷、钾不同施肥配比条件下对果仁膨大期榛子叶片的叶绿素含量和叶绿素最大光能转化效率的日变化及对产量和品质的响应。[结果]表明:平欧杂种榛的叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)随着N肥的增加而增加;T5(N2PK2)对Fo、Fv和丽有显著调控作用;T9(N2P2Kj)榛果的纵径、横径、侧径、单果质量、果仁质量及出仁率比Tj(NoPoKo)分别平均增加9.96%、9.77%、11.99%、31.94%、10.13%和5.56%,粗脂肪和粗蛋白比Ti分别平均增加11.56%和16.67%。[结论]在新疆土壤养分中等条件下,N、P2O5、K2O施肥量纯量分别为1205.6、485.00、329.3 kg·hm^-2榛果达到了优质高产,有利于提高新疆平欧杂种榛的经济效益。     

不同苗龄南方红豆杉幼苗的光合特性比较

用 LI-COR 6400便携式光合作用测定仪系统研究南方红豆杉的光合特性,结果表明:①1-4年生南方红豆杉幼苗的光饱和点为1000～1999μmol /m2.s,光补偿点为87-44.81μmol /m2·S,最大净光合速率为1.32～3.00μmol/m2.sl,接近耐阴喜光性植物的光合特征.②不同苗龄南方红豆杉幼...     

土壤养分变化对红花槭叶绿素含量的影响

研究了3种不同肥料配方的3个浓度梯度对土壤养分变化的影响,及其对红花槭叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明:施肥提高了土壤的EC值,降低了土壤的pH值,使土壤的养分含量明显增加,处理效果一般为高浓度>中浓度>低浓度;施肥增加了红花槭叶片叶绿素a、叶绿素b和总叶绿素含量,增加幅度分别为12.6%~21.3%,4.4%~16.3%和10.5%~20.1%,不同的处理对叶绿素含量的影响不同,以Ⅰ2、Ⅲ3、Ⅱ1处理效果较佳;土壤肥力的提高尤其是土壤中N含量的增加,促进了植物光合色素的合成,进而提高植株的光能固定能力。     

花吊丝竹对干旱胁迫的光合和生理响应

通过盆栽实验,研究了花吊丝竹在自然耗水的干旱胁迫处理下土壤含水量、叶片水势、叶片光合作用参数、叶绿素荧光参数以及相关酶类生理指标的变化。结果表明:(1)干旱胁迫下,土壤含水量与叶片水势显著下降,叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度和蒸腾速率均有不同程度下降,胞间CO2浓度呈先降后升的趋势,而气孔限制值则呈先升后降的趋势,说明轻度干旱胁迫下,气孔限制是花吊丝竹净光合速率降低的主要因素,重度干旱胁迫下,非气孔限制是净光合速率降低的主要因素。(2)花吊丝竹叶片光系统Ⅱ的实际光化学效率、表观光合电子传递速率和非光化学猝灭系数在胁迫后段(15~30 d)呈显著下降趋势,而叶片初始荧光在后期呈上升趋势,表明随胁迫程度加重,PSⅡ的结构受到较严重的损伤。(3)随干旱时间的延长,脯氨酸和丙二醛的含量均显著上升,而超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶的活性则先升后降,这表明随胁迫程度加深花吊丝竹细胞结构被破坏。综上所述,干旱胁迫环境下,花吊丝竹叶片光合作用和保护酶类均发生相应的变化,其自身能够提高叶片对光能的捕获能力、提升光能转化效率、增强叶片中的酶活性以及减少热能的耗散等形式,实现对干旱胁迫较强的忍耐性和较好的适应性。     

施肥处理对杨树黄化苗木叶部氧化酶及叶绿素含量的影响

在前期土壤分析的基础上对苏北杨树黄化苗木进行了施肥处理：根施硫镁复合肥＋叶面喷施叶肥。通过对处理组与对照组不同部位、不同黄化级别的叶片内生化物质含量的分析表明：处理组对杨树黄化苗木各项生化指标均有影响,其中对叶片叶绿素含量、POD酶含量以及PPO酶含量的升高均有促进作用,施肥处理使得它们分别提高了2．3倍、3．6倍和2...     

不同土壤水分条件下雷公藤的生长及光响应特征

选择2年生雷公藤盆栽扦插苗为实验材料,研究了不同土壤水分条件下(土壤含水量分别为土壤田间持水量的80%、60%、40%和20%)雷公藤的生长及光响应特征,结果表明:在4种水分条件下,雷公藤枝条和叶片的生长量及叶片质量均随土壤含水量的增加而逐渐增加,土壤含水量为80%时生长量较好,叶绿素含量及比叶鲜重、干重均较高,土壤含水量为20%时生长相对较差,与各处理间差异显著;随着水分胁迫的加重,雷公藤的光合和蒸腾速率逐渐降低,不同土壤水分条件下,雷公藤光合与蒸腾的光响应均表现出一致的变化趋势,即随着光照强度的增加,其光合与蒸腾速率均呈先上升后下降的趋势。     

施肥对10个墨西哥柏种源幼苗生长的影响

对温室条件下的10个墨西哥柏种源幼苗进行施肥试验,并测定了其苗高、地径、叶片叶绿素含量和叶片N、P、K浓度。试验设3个处理水平:正常温室养护管理,为对照(CK);施用复合肥N、P、K质量比为1∶1∶1,总养分≥45%(T1);施用复合肥N、P、K质量比为4∶1∶1,总养分≥48%(T2);施用尿素(N 46%)(T3)。结果表明,10个墨西哥柏种源对不同施肥处理的吸收效率各不相同;施肥能显著促进墨西哥柏苗木的生长,不同施肥比例对生长指标的影响各不相同,其中T2>T3>T1;T1、T2处理水平很好的促进了叶绿素的积累,其中T1>T2,而T3对墨西哥柏叶绿素影响不显著;处理T2下的10个种源叶片N、P、K元素浓度与CK差异最显著,其次是T1、T3。     

Photosynthetic light response of flooded cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda) seedlings grown in two light regimes

Two-year-old cherrybark oak (Quercus pagoda Raf.) seedlings raised in full or partial (27%) sunlight were flooded for 30 days to study the effects of light availability and root inundation on photosynthetic light response. Compared with seedlings receiving full sunlight, seedlings receiving partial sunlight developed leaves with 90% greater blade area, 26% less mass per unit volume, and 35% lower nitrogen (N) concentration per unit area, leading to a 15% reduction in leaf photosynthetic capacity when carbon exchange rates were based on blade area. However, when carbon exchange rates were based on leaf mass, leaves acclimated to partial sunlight exhibited a 15% greater photosynthetic capacity realized primarily through an increased initial slope of the photosynthetic light response (A/PPFD) curve and increased net photosynthesis at leaf saturation (Amax). Short-term flooding increased leaf mass per unit area more than 19%, reduced foliar N concentrations per unit dry mass by 19%, and initiated reductions in Amax and apparent quantum yield (phi) of seedlings in both light regimes. Greatest impairment of Amax (56% area basis, 65% mass basis) and phi (40%) were observed in leaves receiving full sunlight, and the declines were concomitant with a 35% decrease in chlorophyll concentration. Flooding also depressed instantaneous photosynthetic N-use efficiency (PPNUE) such that Amax decreased 54%, and the initial slope of PPNUE/PPFD curves decreased 33 and 50% for leaves acclimated to partial and full sunlight, respectively. The A/PPFD patterns indicated that the magnitude of flood-induced inhibition of the photosynthetic mechanism of cherrybark oak seedlings is determined partly by the light environment.     

荧光假单胞菌及红绒盖牛肝菌接种对NL-895杨生长和光合特征的影响

2009年3月在南京林业大学植物生长室采用荧光假单胞解磷细菌(JW-JS1)及红绒盖牛肝菌外生菌根真菌(Xc)2种菌剂接种,通过温室盆栽30天、60天、90天、120天及150天后,测定其对NL-895杨生长和光合特征的影响。结果表明,JW-JS1、Xc单接种和双接种均能明显促进NL-895杨的生长和改善植株的光合特征,且双接种效应优于单接种。双接种150天后,NL-895杨的苗高、地径、生物量、侧根数和菌根侵染率分别比对照增加了24.79%、23.60%、56.35%、150.00%和64.11%;双接种在增加NL-895杨叶片叶绿素含量和改善其净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和气孔导度(Gs)上表现出显著的正交互效应。研究结果为减少林业生产中化肥的施用量和开发杨树复合菌肥提供了理论依据。     

Effect of soil water changes on photosynthetic characteristics of Taxodium distichum seedlings in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir area

Four different kinds of water treatment were applied to examine the photosynthetic characteristics of baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) seedlings in the hydro-fluctuation belt of the Three Gorges Reservoir area. The aim was to shed light on the physio-ecological adaptation of this species to changing water levels for revegetation purposes. The water treatments were normal growth water condition (CK), light drought water stress (T1), growth under soil water saturation (T2) and growth with soil submersion (T3). T3 had the lowest content of photosynthetic pigment; T1 and T2 did not differ from CK in the content of chlorophyll and carotenoid. The ratio of chlorophyll a to b in the four groups ranged from 2.04 to 2.69 and the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid from 3.08 to 4.51. In group T1, the seedling of baldcypres had lower apparent light use efficiency, lower apparent CO₂ use efficiency and a lower net photosynthetic rate, with the net photosynthetic rate 24.9% lower than that of group CK. However, T2 and T3 did not differ from CK in apparent light use efficiency, apparent CO₂ use efficiency and net photosynthetic rate. Water use efficiency of the four treatments consistently increased as treatment was prolonged; the average water use efficiency of T3 was the lowest while that of CK was the highest. Correlation analysis showed that the net photosynthetic rate of baldcypress seedlings was positively related to transpiration rate, stomatal conductance, water use efficiency, apparent light use efficiency and apparent CO₂ use efficiency, but highly negatively related to the ratio of chlorophyll a to b. Net photosynthetic rate was not significantly related to the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid, the ratio of chlorophyll to carotenoid, relative air humidity and intercellular CO₂ concentration. The transpiration rate was positively correlated with stomatal conductance and negatively related to water use efficiency. The results showed that different water treatments could effectively influence the baldcypress seedlings’ content of photosynthetic pigment, leaf gas exchange and apparent resources use efficiency. The results verified that the species T. distichum takes on the features of a water-tolerant and hydrophilic plant, which can be considered as one of the species for the building of a forest protection system for the hydro-fluctuation belt in the Three Gorges Reservoir area. Baldcypress should not be planted in drought-stricken soils. __________ Translated from Acta Ecologica Sinica, 2005, 25(8) [译自:生态学报, 2005, 25(8)]     

遮光对野鸦椿幼苗生长和光合生理特性的影响

为了解不同光照条件下野鸦椿幼苗的生长发育状况和光合生理特性,探讨野鸦椿幼苗生长发育的最佳光照条件。采用遮光方式模拟不同光照强度(全光照,遮光30%、60%和90%),研究野鸦椿幼苗的生长、生物量、光合色素含量、生理指标和光合日变化等光合特性的响应规律。结果表明:随着遮光程度的增加,野鸦椿幼苗的生长量均高于对照,以遮光60%的苗高、地径、根长、根幅的增幅最大;遮光30%、60%处理下其生物量积累较多,植株长势良好,叶色较深;遮光处理后,野鸦椿幼苗的叶绿素a、叶绿素b及叶绿素总量(Chla+Chlb)的含量增加,叶绿素a/b值降低;遮光处理使野鸦椿幼苗叶片可溶性蛋白含量降低,使叶片可溶性糖含量增加;遮光30%、60%处理条件下,叶片中MDA的含量显著低于全光照和遮光90%;随着遮光程度的加强,光合速率不断下降,以遮光30%处理下光合速率较高。因此,在育苗生产中,建议有效辐射强度保持在遮光率为30%~60%的范围,可培育出优良健壮的野鸦椿苗木。     

Increase of nitrogen to promote growth of poplar seedlings and enhance photosynthesis under NaCl stress

The solution culture method was used to study the effect of increasing nitrogen on the growth and pho-tosynthesis of poplar seedlings under 100 mmol L-1 NaCl stress. I Increase in nitrogen reduced stomatal limitation of leaves under NaCl stress, improved utilization of CO2 by mesophyll cells, enhanced photosynthetic carbon assimi-lation capacity, significantly alleviated saline damage of NaCl, and promoted the accumulation of aboveground and root biomass. I Increased nitrogen enhanced photochemical efficiency (ΦPSⅡ) and electron transport rates, relieved the reduction of maximum photochemical efficiency (Fv/Fm) under NaCl, and reduced the degree of photoinhibition caused by NaCl stress. Increased nitrogen applications reduced the proportion of energy dissipating in the form of ineffective heat energy and hence a greater proportion of light energy absorbed by leaves was allocated to photo-chemical reactions. Under treatment with increased nitro-gen, the synergistic effect of heat dissipation and the xanthophyll cycle in the leaves effectively protected pho-tosynthetic PSⅡ and enhanced light energy utilization of leaves under NaCl stress. The increased nitrogen promoted photosynthetic electron supply and transport ability under NaCl stress evident in enhanced functioning of the oxygen-evolving complex on the electron donor side of PS Ⅱ. It increased the ability of the receptor pool to accept electrons on the PSII electron acceptor side and improved the sta-bility of thylakoid membranes under NaCl stress. Therefore, increasing nitrogen applications under NaCl stress can promote poplar growth by improving the effi-ciency of light energy utilization.     

油茶果实生长期光合特性与经济性状关联分析

为了选筛选出不同光效水平的油茶种质,利用LI-6400便携式光合仪对6个进入盛果期的油茶品种的光合日变化、光响应曲线和CO2响应曲线进行了研究,同时检测了叶片中叶绿素含量和成熟后种籽与果实含油率等经济性状,分析了油茶果实生长期光合特性与经济性状的相关性。结果表明,不同油茶品种间各光合特性参数、叶绿素含量和经济性状指标等均存在差异,‘国油13’和‘湘林210’由于具有较好的光能和CO2利用率、较高的叶绿素含量和含油率等,以及较低的暗呼吸速率,表现出较高的光合效率。最大净光合速率、表观量子效率、羧化效率、光呼吸速率和CO2饱和点与含油率等经济性状呈显著正相关,暗呼吸速率、光补偿点和光饱和点与含油率等经济性状呈显著负相关。     

营养液对毛竹叶片效应的研究 Ⅱ.营养液对叶片光合性状影响

在毛竹丰产林中 ,设置 4块标准地 ,1 996年 1 1月注射毛竹营养液 ,1 997年夏在各注射和未注射营养液的标准地中取 1 992～ 1 997年生毛竹枝叶测定光合速率、光呼吸、暗呼吸、CO2 补偿点、光补偿点等光合性状。结果表明 ,施用毛竹营养液后叶质重、叶绿素含量明显提高 ,净光合速率增大 ,暗呼吸有所提高 ,光呼吸速率减小 ,CO2 补偿点和光补偿点明显下降 ,这些指标的改变有利于提高光合作用、增加有机质积累 ,有利于培养高产稳产竹林。