云南山地胶园橡胶树专用肥肥效研究

在云南山地胶园,对缺氮(镁)型、缺氮钾(镁)型橡胶树开展专用肥施用效果研究。3 a试验结果表明：与常规施肥相比,施用高氮(镁)型、高氮钾(镁)型橡胶树专用肥,单位面积年平均干胶增产率分别为8.63%、9.69%;年平均增产干胶70.37 、96.04 kg/hm2;减少肥料投入891、679元/ hm2,产生经济效益分别为2 298、2 600元/hm2;橡胶树茎围分别增长6.78%、10.79%;橡胶树叶片N、Mg含量增加,K、Ca含量在正常值范围内。对症施用橡胶树专用肥比常规施肥增产效果好、肥料投入少、经济效益高,改善了橡胶树叶片营养状况,促进橡胶树生长。     

云南山地橡胶树的养分空间变化特征

通过对云南西双版纳、普洱、红河、临沧植胶区的 16 个橡胶种植农场开割橡胶树，进行系统规模化的普查， 并评价其营养类型，以全面了解云南山地橡胶树的养分特征，为制定云南山地胶园专用的肥料大配方提供依据。研究 结果表明，不同植胶区橡胶树营养状况不尽相同，同一植胶区不同农场橡胶树营养状况亦有差异。云南植胶区橡胶树 叶片氮含量 24.62~47.46 g/kg，平均 34.69 g/kg；磷含量 1.57~4.92 g/kg，平均 2.45 g/kg；钾含量 5.67~26.91 g/kg，平均 13.57 g/kg；钙含量 4.03~28.55 g/kg，平均 11.05 g/kg；镁含量 1.41~6.98 g/kg，平均 3.63 g/kg。橡胶树叶片养分含量变 异系数为钙>镁>钾>磷>氮，依次为 26.14%、23.43%、19.04%、13.76%、9.04%。正常型、缺镁型、缺氮磷型、缺钾型 4 种营养类型的橡胶树占总普查橡胶树的 86.11%，为云南橡胶树的主要营养类型。     

海南省儋州市橡胶树施肥管理问题与对策

合理施肥是保持我国天然橡胶高产稳产的重要措施。但目前我国胶园在施肥管理方面还存在很多不合理的地方。本文以海南省儋州市为例,通过调研国营农场胶园和民营胶园的施肥管理情况,发现目前胶园施肥管理存在的一些问题,如土壤样品缺乏代表性、样品化验分析时效性差、施肥配方精准化程度较低和缺乏合理的橡胶树施肥技术等,进而提出制定胶园土壤采样标准、加强快速分析测试技术研究、科学制定橡胶专用肥配方和加强施肥环节指导等具体完善措施,从而为提高儋州胶园施肥管理水平奠定一定基础。     

云南橡胶园肥力变化特点与有机肥施用

云南橡胶园土壤存在明显酸化、有机质下降、有效养分降低、缺素和营养失调等问题。为有效保持胶园肥力和橡胶产业的可持续发展,胶园施肥不宜单施化肥,应重施有机肥,以有机肥为主,配合施用化肥。最好是因土对症（缺素）配方,将配方的化肥加入有机肥中制成有机混合肥施用;施肥时期应与每年产胶高峰期相配合,即秋未冬初和七八月两次施肥。     

试用概率模型估计海南胶农采用农化服务技术的初步研究

通过对海南民营橡胶生产的实地调查,并应用Probit回归模型,分析海南胶农采用农化服务技术的影响因素,认为胶农所受教育年限、橡胶年公顷产量、施肥技术获取途径等因素都显著影响农化服务技术在民营胶园的应用;同时提出了橡胶树农化服务技术应用建议,以期为改进胶农施肥技术,促进海南橡胶树农化服务技术体系的建设提供依据。     

施肥对海南省西华农场2龄橡胶树径围生长的影响

用7种配方肥料，在海南省西华农场上进行了为期1年的2年生橡胶树施肥试验。结果表明：不同施肥处理对胶树径围增长效应之间有极显著的差异。其中，处理6(施氧化镁0.4 kg/株)、处理8(施尿素0.6 kg/株、施过磷酸钙1.2 kg/株、施氧化镁0.4 kg/株、施干牛粪6 kg/株)与对照相比，差异极显著，分别比对照增长25.5%、26.4%；其余处理与对照相比，差异不显著，其中，单施尿素(0.6 kg/株)效果最差，单施氯化钾(0.4 kg/株)效果较差。     

橡胶园施肥穴肥料残留养分空间分布规律研究初报

在施肥6个月后分别对橡胶园施肥穴土壤中氮、磷、钾的空间分布进行取样分析,并对相同位置橡胶树根系进行测定,探讨胶园中土壤肥料养分与根系分布的相关性。结果发现∶NH-N,NO,-N在施肥穴内0~50cm和100~120cm土层含量较高,60~100 cm土层较小,NH4-N的分布与根系分布的相关性较低,而NO,-N则显示出一定的相关性;磷在土壤中从上至下,施肥穴从内往外的差异性都极大,磷肥在局部土壤中可长期保持高浓度,在施肥穴0~60cm 磷的分布与根系的分布一致性较高,但60cm以下磷分布极少;钾含量分布从上到下逐渐减少,与橡胶树根系垂直分布总体趋势一致。施肥穴外氮、磷、钾各养分含量近似于原土壤的养分含量,说明施肥对肥穴外土壤中养分的增加作用不大。     

聚丙烯酰胺对胶园肥穴养分垂直分布的影响

以普通肥料为对照,将聚丙烯酰胺与普通肥料混合施用,研究了聚丙烯酰胺对胶园肥穴养分垂直分布的影响。结果表明:与普通肥料相比,聚丙烯酰胺混施可增加胶园肥穴0~40 cm土层中硝态氮、铵态氮、速效钾含量,且硝态氮、速效钾含量处理间差异显著,同时可降低肥穴40~100 cm土层中硝态氮、铵态氮、速效钾含量;另外,混施处理肥穴0~20 cm土层速效磷含量与普通肥料处理差异不显著。可见,聚丙烯酰胺与普通肥料混施可增加0~40 cm橡胶树根层土壤养分含量,有利于橡胶树根系对养分的吸收,减少养分淋失。     

胶园土壤化学肥力演变及与橡胶树营养关系的研究

对海南橡胶园土壤化学肥力的演变及土壤养分含量与立地橡胶树叶片养分含量的相互关系进行研究。结果表明:我国胶园土壤植胶50多年后土壤肥力发生了较大的变化,其中有机质、全N、速效K含量有较大程度的下降,速效P含量则有降有增,总体土壤肥力下降。在植胶早期,植胶区土壤养分含量与叶片养分含量之间有极显著正相关性,而且土壤养分含量愈缺乏的地区,相关性愈明显。但随着时间的推移,土壤养分含量与立地胶树叶片养分含量的相关程度越来越小,目前近乎无显著相关性。由于橡胶树施肥以局部的穴施为主,加上有许多胶园修建梯田和环山行,较难采集有代表性的土壤,因此土壤分析结果只能作参考。     

豫西南浅山丘陵区小麦测土配方施肥技术研究

为给豫西南浅山丘陵区小麦测土配方施肥技术的推广应用提供参考,以豫西南盆地的典型浅山丘陵区河南南召县为代表,通过对小麦肥料效应和耕地地力等进行系统研究与分析,建立了施肥技术指标体系,并制定出区域肥料配方和提出施肥建议。结果表明,该区麦田土壤全氮含量极低、低、中、高指标分别为0.65、0.65~0.94、0.94~1.34、1.34g·kg-1,有效磷含量分别为10、10~16、16~24、24mg·kg-1,速效钾含量分别为49、49~66、66~89、89mg·kg-1,不同肥力水平下N、P2O5、K2O推荐施肥量分别为120~225、0~120、0~135kg·hm-2;根据丘陵旱作区、山前平原区和水旱轮作区土壤养分供应特点及小麦需肥规律,3个种植生态区一次性施肥方案的肥料配方(N-P2O5-K2O)分别为45%(27-8-10)、40%(25-6-9)、35%(22-5-8);基肥与追肥相结合方案的通用基肥配方为40%(15-10-15),3个种植生态区基肥施用量分别为450~600、420~540、360~480kg·hm-2,在小麦起身至拔节期结合雨水或灌水分别再追施尿素200~260、180~240、150~210kg·hm-2。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.