基于空间特征分类的日常游憩型绿地使用状况调查与分析——以合肥市包河公园为例

日常游憩型绿地是城市空间的重要组成部分,是城市居民开展游憩活动的重要物质载体。本文以合肥市包河公园为研究对象,在对其中的日常游憩型绿地进行空间特征分类的基础上,运用观察法、行为注记、问卷调查等方法,获得了包河公园的绿地使用状况数据,并分析了其中的内在机理,进而对更新优化绿地提出了相应的对策。     

游憩机会谱在森林公园游憩中的应用与研究

游憩机会谱(ROS)是一种有效规划和管理游憩资源的方法,它以游憩需求为导向,依据不同的环境因素对游憩区进行分类管理。该文在概述ROS理论产生的历程和基本内涵基础上,以白云山国家森林公园为例,研究了ROS在森林公园游憩中的应用;并根据不同区域环境、社会和管理的特征,将白云山国家森林公园划分为6个不同等级的游憩机会谱系,使不同等级对应不同的环境保护和开发力度,同时提供不同的游憩活动,以期为森林公园功能分区的科学规划提供参考。     

南京市居住区游憩地植物群落特征分析

对30个游憩地样地的物种组成、植物区系特征、植物类型特征,以及不同区域居住区游憩地的植物群落特征进行分析。并针对南京市居住区游憩地植被结构特征和优势种等应用现状,提出游憩地绿化的优化建议。     

南京市居住区游憩地植物群落特征分析

本文对30个游憩地样地的物种组成、植物区系特征、植物类型特征,以及不同区域居住区游憩地的植物群落特征进行分析;并针对南京市居住区游憩地植被结构特征和优势种等应用现状,提出游憩地绿化的优化建议。     

河流游憩规划的基本问题探讨

在对河流游憩概念认识、发展背景和研究进展进行分析的基础上,从资源保护的视角出发,对河流游憩规划的本质和国外规划实践中所面临的基本问题及其解决方法进行深入探讨,认为游憩利用和保护的关系协调、游憩和其他河流利用的关系协调、游憩利用本身所面临的问题是河流游憩规划需要解决的基本问题,得出保护性利用是河流游憩规划主旋律的结论.     

南京居住区游憩地植物景观配置现状与思考

本文以南京居住区游憩地为调查对象,总结植物配置模式,并从植物种类的丰富性和乡土性、游憩地的安全性和舒适性,以及植物景观和居民游憩行为心理之间的关系等多个层面加以分析,提出改善游憩地植物景观的措施。     

城市游憩型绿道选线的研究

近年来,随着我国城市化进程不断加快,城市人口拥挤、交通堵塞、自然资源流失、生态空间不足等问题日益严重。绿道理论与实践为解决城市化中出现的这些问题提供了新的切入点。现依据绿道以及游憩的相关文献和研究,结合城市规划、景观生态学、行为科学等相关理论,以拓展城市生态空间、改善市民生活环境,展现城市特色、提高市民生活质量为理念,通过对城市游憩型绿道选线原则、策略及选线因子选取等问题的阐述和分析,为我国现阶段城市游憩型绿道选线的研究和实践提供了初步的解决思路和对策,以期推动我国城市游憩型绿道不断完善和发展。     

城市绿地系统游憩规划设计指标体系建立初探

城市绿地系统游憩规划设计指标体系是指从游憩规划设计的角度建立的一套适用于城市绿地系统规划设计的指标体系,可用于城市绿地系统游憩规划设计、游憩现状测评、游憩管理监控等方面.该指标体系以AVC理论为基础,分为4个层次,形成以游憩吸引力、游憩承载力和游憩生命力为核心的指标体系.     

风景游憩林林内景观的游客游憩偏好研究

采用实地问卷调查法,调查南北方游客对于游憩林内景观的偏好情况,包括对植被类型、水环境、声景和香景的偏好。研究结果表明,游憩者更喜欢阔叶林和混交林、临近溪流的树林、林内的虫鸣鸟叫、花香和青草香,而在香景和声景的偏好上南北方游客存在显著差异。进一步提出夏季风景林营建的建议,促进森林游憩的可持续发展。     

什刹海游憩行为研究

什刹海作为北京城内重要的城市水体和公共活动空间,吸引了世界各地的游客旅游参观。行为观测是研究空间影响使用者游憩活动的有效手段之一。通过对人群的性别、年龄、活动类型、活动时间的调查研究,观测评价和分析研究使用者的游憩行为特征,为什刹海的改造研究提供依据。     

Impact of urban park’s tree,grass and waterbody on microclimate in hot summer days: A case study of Olympic Park in Beijing,China

Urban heat island (UHI) often cause negative impact and has been linked to heart stroke rate, morality, human comfort, energy consumption and air pollution. Fortunately, urban green spaces have been considered as an effective element to mitigate UHI through their cooling effect. However, further empirical research is necessary in order to efficiently guide the design and planning of urban green space. We observed the impacts of urban park's tree, grass and waterbody on microclimate inside the Olympic park of Beijing during summer days. The results indicated that, on average, the park was 0.48–1.12 °C cooler during the day, as well as increased air humidity 2.39–3.74% and reduced human comfort index 1.02–2.43 to generate more comfortable thermal environment. Urban park's cluster trees with short ground vegetation generated higher cooling effect than single trees, grass and waterbodies; proper irrigation regime enhanced the cooling effect of grasses, even the irrigated grass have similar cooling effect with small waterbody on sunny, windless summer days. Therefore, we advise to increase undergrowth coverage and grass irrigation management in order to take advantage of cooling effect of urban parks.     

系统论在简阳市鳌山公园绿地规划中的应用

城市系统是一个整体,公园是城市系统的一部分,其自身也是一个完整的体系。规划是一个大型公园必不可少的一个环节。探讨系统论在公园规划中的应用和实际意义,以占地面积约237.4 hm~2的简阳鳌山公园为例,对城市公园综合体的规划设计有实际的指导意义。     

Indicator development for sustainable urban park management in Hong Kong

Urban park managers in densely-populated metropolises such as Hong Kong have to cope with dynamic user expectations, the impacts of recreation, and the shortage of resources over time, and the goal to improve park management strategies is ongoing. Indicators are potentially effective yardsticks for measuring park conditions and explaining the implications of various conditions on sustainable park management. This study solicits an indicator set through a two-tiered process of indicator selection, screening and rating, and a tripartite engagement by 20 park managers, 9 local scholars, and 743 park users in Hong Kong. The findings from the user-perceived level of importance of each indicator suggest that users pay close attention to landscaping, and that users consider the environmental quality of parks to be important management aspects. User-associated components of urban park management are identified, which reveal gradual changes in park features over the years.     

Evaluating geographic and social inequity of urban parks in Shanghai through mobile phone-derived human activities

The equity of urban park access has received great attention from studies on public service provision. However, individuals’ growing demands for recreational activities have brought diversity and complexity to park usages, drawing doubts on traditional measurements of park accessibility. To fill the gap, this study explores park equity issues with a dataset containing 12.03 million mobile phone users who accessed one of the 332 parks in Shanghai. We measured community-level park accessibility with two traditional place-based indicators – park area proportion and Gaussian-based 2SFCA accessibility, and three innovative activity-based indicators – park activity frequency, park activity trip length, and park activity duration. We then explored the geographic and social inequity by calculating Gini index and conducting correlation analysis. The results show that place-based and activity-based indicators presented citywide differences, indicating a significant impact of human activities on urban park accessibility. The geographic inequality of park distribution was undermined by people’s actual park usages. However, residents in communities with higher quality of built-environment had higher park activity frequency while shorter trip length, and social inequity of park access among the total population was more obvious than the low-recreation-demand population. Therefore, policy-makers should rethink how to provide park resources to address the inequity issues brought by human activities. Our study contributes to the existing literature in the following ways: (1) compared place-based park accessibility and activity-based park accessibility in the same context, and (2) identified low-recreation-demand population as a comparison group to explore impacts of recreation demand on park equity.     

基于防灾绿地公园机能体系的研究

防灾绿地公园作为防灾避难场所,在城市规划具有一般公园和防灾公园的双重功能,所以许多时候需要注意进行＂平灾结合＂的场所设计,只有完善的防灾设施才能相对于更大化的保证人民灾时避难的安全。防灾绿地公园在国家防灾系统中占有重要的地位,防灾绿地公园除了需要具有规划、卫生、通信等方面基本的机能体系要求,还需要在公园规划方面进行防灾专业方面的设计与研究。文章对防灾绿地公园的机能体系做了较深的分析和研究,对比国内外一些防灾体系,提出重要论证,尤其是提出在防灾绿地公园方面需要多进行民主的场所使用普及问题。     

Dependence of urban park visits on thermal environment and air quality

Activities in urban parks contribute to greater socialization and a more active lifestyle, yet such health benefits could be mingled with health concerns – e.g., extreme thermal events or hazardous air quality, which received much less attention than the benefits. Particularly, there is a lack of empirical studies on behavioral changes under different thermal and air-quality conditions. To address the research gap, this study quantitatively measured the impact of thermal environmental parameters (air temperature, humidity, wind scale) and air quality parameters (PM_2.5, PM₁₀, NO₂, SO₂, O₃, integrated air quality index (AQI)) on the daily attendance at Haidian Park – a neighborhood park – and Chaoyang Park – an urban recreational park – in Beijing covering consecutive days from April 1, 2020 to March 31, 2021. The analysis revealed the degrees to which urban park visits were influenced by temperature and air quality. Temperature had the greatest impact on the attendance, while the impact was asymmetric: The effect of low temperature showed more elasticity than that of high temperature. The influence of air quality was not as significant as that of the air temperature. The analysis also showed that such impacts of thermal and air-quality conditions on park visits were mediated by type of activities (the everyday-recreational continuum), days (weekday/weekend), and seasons. The findings provide useful implications for tackling the wicked problem of promoting outdoor activities in parks while controlling adverse effects of thermal and air-quality conditions.     

Dwindling resources and fragmentation of landscapes around parks: wetlands and forest patches around Kibale National Park,Uganda

Landscapes surrounding parks in most of the developing world, while still containing considerable biodiversity, also have rapidly growing human populations and associated agricultural development. Since the establishment of Kibale National Park first as a Crown Forest Reserve in 1932 and later as a park in 1993 in western Uganda, most access and resource extraction has been prohibited. The park has become nearly a complete island of forested land cover surrounded by intensive small-scale agriculture and some large-scale tea plantations, along with a network of wetland and forest patches. As the population grows outside the park and land becomes more scarce, remaining forests and wetlands are being used more intensively for material resources (e.g., fuelwood, building poles) and converted to other land uses (e.g., pasture, agriculture). This study uses both discrete and continuous data analyses of satellite imagery to examine these diminishing resource bases at the landscape level placing the results within the social context of conservation and parks. Findings reveal that the park boundaries have remained fairly intact whereas, the landscape surrounding the park has become increasingly fragmented. From a landscape perspective, while the park has indeed maintained its forest cover, it has become increasingly islandized with wetland and forest patches in the surrounding landscape becoming smaller in number and size. Those that have survived are now more isolated and even lower productivity than in 1984, which may be a precursor to their eventual loss in this landscape.     

Multiparametric model of urban park cooling island

This paper presents a study of mitigation of the heat island effect in the built environment with urban (city) parks. The park cooling island (PCI) effect, considering park grass cover and trees’ density and age, is determined for selected extreme summer days at various wind speeds under the optimum soil water conditions in the root zone based on an all-day quasi-stationary thermal response. PCI was determined numerically by coupling a CFD model of an urban park and quasi-steady state, two-zone thermal response boundary condition models of each park element. The boundary models are evaluated in form of multi-parameter approximation polynomials taking into account the sensible and latent heat transfer and the geometrical, optical and thermal properties of park elements. Three-dimensional CFD modelling was used for the determination of temperature, humidity and air velocity fields in an urban park with a size of 140 m × 140 m. Based on the comparison of the measured and numerically determined air temperatures in the tree crowns, we proved that the method of linking the models is adequate for temperature and flow condition modelling in the city park environment.The results are presented in the form of local PCI as the difference between local air temperature in the pedestrian zone and the reference air temperature preceding the park. The study proved that it is possible to normalise the cooling effect using the specific dimensionless coefficient of leaf area (LAI_sp), which includes an approximation of the density of trees planted in the park and their size or age. It was found out that the cooling effect of the park is up to ?4.8 °C at LAI_sp, equal to 3.16, which corresponds to a planting density of 45 trees per hectare, with an age of 50 years. It was also found that with the length of the park cooling effect change decreases. The optimal length of the park with a LAI_sp 3 is 130 m.     

The fate of urban green spaces: Assessment of the ownership,availability and conditions of parks in Accra,Ghana

Globally, the loss of green spaces threatens the sustainability of many cities. Among other factors, complex land ownership and management regime reportedly disrupt land administration and development; but with inconclusive empirical evidence on how this influences the conditions, availability and development of parks. This study, using Accra, thus employs document analysis, 16 key informant interviews and observation of majaor parks to: (i) explore the spatial location of parks and the relationship between their ownership and conditions, (ii) examine the factors which have influenced the decline in park size and conditions, and (iii) examine the institutional response to improving upon park planning, availability and conditions. The findings show distributive injustice of parks as most of them are located in high- and middle-income neighborhoods. There is also evidence of decreasing available park land per 1000 population between 1991 and 2022. Parks managed by private institutions were found to be in very good state compared to those managed by state institutions. The existing dualistic and complex land tenure regime have largely led to the decline in park availability and conditions. Other reported factors were rapid urbanization, land litigation, low priority to park development and planning, laxity in the enforcement of regulations, and political interference. The study makes recommendations to improve upon existing practices and generally enhance park creation, availability and conditions.     

Park user preferences for establishing a sustainable forest park in Taipei,Taiwan

In Taiwan, urban parks have mainly cared for demands associated with recreational use and landscape aesthetics, while ecological functions have often been neglected. The purpose of this study was to examine park users’ awareness of the functions of urban parks, their attitudes toward Amsterdam Bos Park as well as their preferences and support for a sustainable forest park in Taipei metropolitan area. Moreover, the study intended to inform the decision makers in Taiwan about people's perception of urban parks. The findings suggested that participants were moderately aware of the economic benefit of urban parks, and highly aware of urban parks’ benefits regarding landscape beauty, social values, health and safety, and ecological conservation. Participants moderately agreed with the financial demand, and highly agreed with the development strategy, managerial operation, and design approach of the Bos Park. In addition, participants liked the concept of the Bos Park very much, and strongly supported the establishment of a sustainable forest park in Taipei metropolitan area. Based on the findings, recommendations were made to the Taipei City government for the decision-making in the development of a metropolitan park, as well as to landscape architects in the planning and design of urban parks.