有机肥施用方式对冀北山区苹果产量和果实品质的影响

通过连续3年(2014年秋至2017年秋)的田间试验,研究了有机肥不同施肥深度和施用量对冀北山区‘富士’苹果新梢生长、产量、果实品质的影响。结果表明:有机肥施肥深度和施用量对冀北山区‘富士’苹果新梢生长、产量及果实品质有一定影响。有机肥最佳施肥深度为20～40cm;有机肥667m~2施用量为5m~3和7m~3时,苹果新梢生长、产量及果实品质均较好且无显著差异,从科学施肥和节约成本的角度分析,最适宜的有机肥667m~2施用量为5m~3。     

生物有机肥对黄州萝卜主要经济性状和效益的影响

为了验证生物有机肥对蔬菜作物生长的促进作用与增产效应,以黄州萝卜为试验材料,探究不同生物有机肥对黄州萝卜产量及品质等方面的影响,设置3个施肥处理:每667 m~2分别施用200 kg生物有机肥+20 kg三元复合肥;200 kg灭活生物有机肥+20 kg三元复合肥;常规施肥(每667 m~2施200 kg饼肥+20 kg三元复合肥)以及空白对照。结果表明:每667 m~2施200 kg生物有机肥+20 kg三元复合肥处理的萝卜667 m~2产量最高,为2 921.5 kg;在品质方面,萝卜含粗纤维7 g/kg,可溶性糖42 g/kg,水分92.6%;综合667 m~2效益最优,达到4 567.3元,产投比最高,为3.5。     

硫酸钾钙镁肥在辣椒上的施用效果

为探明硫酸钾钙镁肥在辣椒上的施用效果,以辣椒品种‘海椒309’为试材,研究了4种施肥水平对辣椒的生长、品质、产量及土壤养分的影响。结果表明,667 m~2施100 kg硫酸钾钙镁肥处理的平均单果质量达59.9 g,显著高于667 m~2施25 kg硫酸钾钙镁肥处理和对照;果径和果肉方面,667 m~2施肥50 kg硫酸钾钙镁肥处理的效果达到最佳,果实纵横径分别为39.90、0.44 mm,分别比对照提高了5.0%和12.8%;在品质方面,667 m~2施75 kg硫酸钾钙镁肥处理的辣椒维生素C和可溶性糖含量达到最大,分别比对照高出7.6%和20.5%;耐贮性方面,采摘后20 d,施用了硫酸钾钙镁肥的所有处理商品果率均显著高于对照,其中商品果率最高的处理是667 m~2施25 kg硫酸钾钙镁肥,为44.73%,比对照高10.12%;提升土壤养分方面,667 m~2施100 kg硫酸钾钙镁肥处理的土壤交互性钙含量(ω,后同)提高最多,达1 851.3 mg·kg~(-1),高出试验前土壤2.4倍,其他处理土壤养分均有不同程度提高;产量方面,667 m~2施100 kg硫酸钾钙镁肥处理的产量最高,达2 382.00 kg,与对照相比增产23.95%。硫酸钾钙镁肥不仅有助于提高辣椒果实单果质量、果长、果肉厚、维生素C含量和可溶性糖含量,而且对于提高辣椒耐贮性和提升土壤养分含量也有一定作用。     

施肥对菜用大豆产量及性状的影响

为研究追肥对菜用大豆产量及性状的影响,对荚长、荚宽、荚厚、荚质量、粒长、粒宽、粒厚、粒质量8个性状变量与产量的关系进行多元回归分析和通径分析。试验结果表明,菜用大豆春风极早品种在现蕾期追肥的最适宜施肥量为基准施肥量的50%,产量达到1 992 kg/667 m~2,比100%追肥高3.3%,差异不显著,比150%追肥高22.9%,差异显著;荚宽13.42 mm,荚厚10.71 mm,粒宽11.09 mm,单粒质量0.88 g;M-3品种在现蕾期追肥的最适宜施肥量为基准施肥量的150%,产量达到1 571 kg/667 m~2。菜用大豆产量和荚宽、粒宽、粒厚等性状有显著的回归关系,回归方程为Y=-7 262.394 5+611.947 8X_2+2 482.237 0X_6-2 917.973 0X_7,决定系数为0.893 4,式中,Y为产量(kg/667 m~2),X_2为荚宽(mm),X_6为粒宽(mm),X_7为粒厚(mm)。当其他变量固定时,荚宽每增加1 mm,产量平均升高611.947 8 kg/667 m~2;粒宽每增加1 mm,产量平均升高2 482.237 0 kg/667 m~2;荚宽每增加1 mm,产量平均降低2 917.973 0 kg/667 m~2。菜用大豆各性状与产量的通径分析结果显示,产量与荚宽的通径系数为0.359 2,与粒宽的通径系数为1.106 1,与粒厚的通径系数为-1.391。     

PO膜对日光温室温光环境和黄瓜产量的影响

为探究PO(polyolefin,聚烯烃)膜在设施黄瓜生产中的应用效果,以覆盖EVA(ethylene-vinylacetate,醋酸乙烯)膜的日光温室为对照,研究了覆盖PO膜对日光温室温光环境和黄瓜产量的影响。结果表明:与对照相比,PO膜覆盖能使日光温室内的光照强度提高20~280μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1),使温室气温和地温分别升高0.2~2.0℃和0.3~1.5℃;对黄瓜瓜把长和瓜直径没有显著影响,但显著增加了黄瓜瓜长,且使黄瓜商品瓜率提高10个百分点;使每667m~2黄瓜前期、中期、后期产量和总产量均明显增加,分别比对照提高52.0%、27.2%、58.6%和43.4%,每667m~2收入提高39.9%,投入产出比提高129%。综上,PO膜在我国北方冬春季节设施黄瓜生产中具有良好的应用前景。     

苹果树施用控释肥试验研究

以苹果主栽品种红将军10年生树为试材,通过控释肥料水中养分释放试验和红将军苹果树肥效试验,研究了控释肥料的养分释放特征及其对苹果树新梢生长、叶片SPAD值、产量和果实品质的影响。结果表明,供试控释肥能显著提高苹果叶片SPAD值、果实品质和产量,但对新梢生长影响不大;与普通肥料处理相比,控释肥处理和控释肥80%处理的叶片SPAD值分别高1.20和1.97,单果重分别增加25.7 g和18.5 g,糖酸比分别提高5.5和7.2,产量分别增加25.1%和7.2%。供试控释肥料与红将军苹果树能够基本实现同步营养,持续供应树体生长和果实膨大所需要的养分,是其显著增产和改善品质的关键。     

辣椒新品种比较试验

通过对6个辣椒品种的抗病性、抗逆性和产量因素的比较试验,结果表明:各品种生育期162~166 d,参试品种均比对照增产明显,增产幅度315~584 kg/667 m~2。其中,‘辣丰3号’和‘香辣美玉’品种的产量分别为1 464 kg/667 m~2、1 383 kg/667 m~2,分别比对照增产65.8%、56.7%,且抗病性和抗逆性较强,适宜在余庆县示范推广;‘卓香27号’和‘长辣7号’品种间产量差异不显著,其余品种间产量差异极显著;对照品种‘三棵树贡椒’产量最低,为883 kg/667 m~2,且不抗疫病;‘卓香27号’品种抗性较差,不宜推广。     

苹果喷施KH_2PO_4

1986年我们进行了喷施KH2PO4的试验,初步看出,元帅、国光苹果于花前、初果期、果实膨大期喷施三次KH2PO4可明显增大叶片、增加叶重、促进新梢生长和果实着色,提高座果率与果实含糖量和硬度,从而提高果品产量和品质。三种喷施浓度中以0.5%KH2PO4较好;0.3%KH2PO4与对照比,除新梢长度差异显著外,其他各项差异都不显著。0.8%KH2PO4与对照比,虽然差异显著,但除新梢长度大于0.5%KH2PO4外,其余各项指标都不如0.5%KH2PO4,且浓度大生产成本高。苹果喷施KH_2PO_4@王淑芳$山东省文登县农牧局…     

“阿美滋”有机水溶肥在大樱桃上的应用初报

以明珠、福星、桑提娜3个品种为试材,研究了"阿美滋"有机水溶肥不同施用方式对3个品种叶片叶绿素含量、树体生长情况、果实品质、产量、经济效益方面的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施+土壤冲施处理效果最好,其次是叶面喷施处理,再次为土壤冲施处理;综合成本分析,叶面喷施是比较好的施用方式,明珠、福星和桑提娜3个品种叶片叶绿素含量、单果重、可溶性固形物含量、产量、效益分别比对照增加了3.48～4.44 SPAD、0.54～1.80 g、0.82%～1.54%、96.5～149.4 kg/667 m~2、1 791.4～3 789.6元/667 m~2。     

大量元素水溶性肥料对黄瓜农艺性状及产量的影响

采用田间试验研究了大量元素水溶性肥料对黄瓜农艺性状及产量的影响。试验结果表明,施用大量元素水溶性肥料可以改善黄瓜农艺和经济性状,具有显著的增产增收效果;游仙区街子乡喷施大量元素水溶肥黄瓜产量比常规施肥增加9.0%,667 m~2新增纯收入902元,比清水对照增加7.6%,667 m~2纯收入增加756元;三台县永明镇喷施大量元素水溶肥黄瓜产量比常规施肥增加9.8%,667 m~2新增纯收入986元,比清水对照增加8.3%,667 m~2纯收入增加842元。     

钛化合物对苹果树生长及果实品质影响的研究

对‘红香蕉’和‘小国光’等品种进行叶面喷施钛化合物表明,钛对苹果树新梢生长、干物质积累及光合作用等具有较明显的促进作用。其中‘红香蕉’喷钛后,果实着红面积≥1/2的数量比对照增多47.0-48.2％,青果数下降54.8-56.5％,果实中游离态Vc含量增高31.2-40.7％,可溶糖增加8.5-14.2％,≥2级果增加2.5-5.4％,等外果减少64.3-88.9％。现已试用500余亩,‘红香蕉’每亩可获纯收益134.97元,‘小国光’为64.42元,产投比分别为12.5:1和10.5:1。     

短截修剪程度对‘红灯’甜樱桃~(13)C和~(15)N分配利用的影响

以2年生‘红灯’(Prunus avium L.‘Hongdeng’)/东北山樱(Cerasus sachalinensis Kom.)为试材,研究了不同短截程度对13C和15N分配和利用的影响。结果表明,新梢生长期,短截处理修剪促进了碳水化合物向根系分配,极重度短截处理使叶片和新梢中13C分配率分别减少了29.15%和7.3%,粗根和细根中13C分配率增加了46.65%和48.43%。随着时间的推移,短截处理的叶片和新梢的13C分配率均显著高于对照,多年生枝干的13C分配率随短截程度的增加而减小,根系的13C分配率以中短截最低,极重度短截最高。各处理15N利用率从高到底依次为中度短截对照极重度短截,在新梢停长期差别最大,3个处理15N利用率分别为6.91%、5.54%和3.60%;多年生枝干15N分配率随短截程度的增加而减小,短截处理叶片和新梢的15N分配率随短截程度的增加而增加。     

Rootstock and pruning effects on first season dry weight distribution in delicious apple trees

Redchief Delicious apple trees on MM. 106 and M.9 rootstocks were left unpruned, dormant headed at planting, or summer headed 12 weeks after planting, to investigate pruning and rootstock effects on dry weight distribution between roots and shoots during the first growing season. Dormant heading stimulated new shoot dry weight and reduced new root dry weight during the first six weeks after planting. However, by 12 weeks differences in new root dry weight and new shoot dry weight were insignificant. Summer heading resulted in a significant increase in new shoot growth and decrease in new root growth. This caused the root/shoot ratio in headed trees to return to the unpruned value within six weeks after summer heading. New root growth was reduced over a longer time by dormant heading trees on MM. 106 than those on M.9. New shoot growth was increased longer in trees on M.9. Allometric constants (K) of new shoot growth relative to new root growth were significantly changed by dormant heading with both rootstocks. Summer heading had the greatest effect on K values by shifting growth heavily toward new shoots. Root/shoot ratios in all treatments for both rootstocks showed no differences 24 weeks after planting.     

砂土1/4根域施用有机肥对苹果幼树生长的影响

以2 a生有机玻璃箱栽植的分根苹果幼树为材料,研究1/4根域施用不同水平有机肥对苹果幼树新梢和根系生长的影响。结果表明,6月中旬以后,10%和30%有机肥处理的新梢二次生长旺盛;20%有机肥处理春梢段节数、占总新梢节数比例、叶面积、比叶重和春梢生长量均显著大于10%和30%处理,10%有机肥处理秋梢长度、节数、叶面积和比叶重均显著大于20%处理,秋梢补偿生长旺盛;不同比例有机肥处理调控梢类组成,10%和30%处理的长梢比例分别占总新梢22.2%和25.0%,而20%处理的仅占11.8%;除6月份外,20%有机肥处理根系总长度在果树整个生长季节内均显著大于10%和30%处理。砂性土壤局部施用适量有机肥可以调控新梢生长和根系的发育,为果园土壤局部改良、集中营养供应等提供理论依据。     

苹果园种植牧草对幼树生长及15N–尿素吸收、利用的影响

以两年生红富士/平邑甜茶为试材,采用田间小区试验及15N同位素标记示踪法,研究了低氮（50 kg ? hm-2）和中氮（100 kg ? hm-2）条件下分别种植3种牧草（白三叶、黑麦草和鼠茅草）对苹果幼树生长及15N–尿素吸收、利用的影响。结果表明,春梢停长期,与单作苹果相比,种植牧草后苹果植株生物量、吸氮量及15N肥料利用率显著降低,这在低氮处理下尤为明显;而到秋梢停长期,与单作苹果相比,种植牧草后苹果植株生物量、吸氮量、15N肥料利用率及根系活力显著提高。至秋梢停长期,0 ~ 20 cm土层15N丰度及总氮含量为种植白三叶 > 种植鼠茅草 > 种植黑麦草 > 单作苹果,而在20 ~ 40 cm及40 ~ 60 cm土层15N丰度及总氮含量为单作苹果 > 种植黑麦草 > 种植鼠茅草 > 种植白三叶,表明种植白三叶、黑麦草和鼠茅草降低了氮素的淋溶损失,有利于氮肥的保持,从而提高氮肥利用率,促进苹果幼树的生长。     

基于苹果叶片表面自由能的吡虫啉田间减量化研究

研究了苹果叶片-苹果黄蚜-药液三者之间的互作关系,为吡虫啉田间应用减量提供数据支持。通过电镜扫描表征苹果新梢叶片表面结构特性,采用WORK(Owens-Wendt-Rabel-Kaelble)法预测叶片表面自由能,并通过药效试验研究三者之间的互作关系。结果表明:叶片近轴面表面自由能显著高于远轴面,且均以色散分量为主。远轴面和近轴面表面覆盖有大量茸毛,茸毛的密度影响表面自由能。助剂浓度增加,吡虫啉3000倍稀释液的表面张力由42.72 mN/m下降到22.87 mN/m,药后3 d对苹果黄蚜的田间防效由80.27%上升到94.25%。苹果新梢叶片近轴面和远轴面属于疏水表面,易被以色散分量为主的非极性溶剂润湿。当喷雾药液的表面张力值接近于苹果新梢叶片表面自由能值时,药液易铺展润湿。吡虫啉防治苹果黄蚜时,喷雾药液表面张力应为20~30 mN/m。     

叶面喷施尿素涂膜液对苹果树的影响

为了验证尿素涂膜液在苹果上的喷施效果,在大田试验条件下,采用叶面喷施尿素涂膜液和清水(CK)的方法研究了苹果叶面喷施尿素涂膜液的增产效果。结果表明:苹果叶面喷施尿素涂膜液新梢生长量、叶片厚度、叶片鲜重、叶面积分别比对照增加50.0%、15.0%、6.2%和9.3%,百果重、果型指数分别比对照提高4.4%和3.3%,产量较对照增产9.8%,增产效果明显。     

Effects of grafting height of MM106 rootstock on growth,lateral shoot formation and yield in apple trees

Summary

Between 2004 and 2008, the effects of different grafting heights on sylleptic shoots were tested in the apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) cultivars ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, and cumulative fruit yields were evaluated. MM106 apple rootstocks were grafted 10, 20, 40, or 60 cm above soil level in August 2004. The results showed that an increased grafting height significantly decreased tree height in both cultivars. The tallest and shortest trees were observed at grafting heights of 10 cm (153.0 and 170.0 cm) and 60 cm (141.3 and 143.5 cm) in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively.Among the various grafting heights tested, 60 cm in ‘Granny Smith’ and 20 cm in ‘Gloster’ gave the largest stem diameters (17.6 mm and 16.8 mm, respectively). The number of lateral shoots increased significantly with increased grafting height in both cultivars. The largest numbers of lateral shoots in ‘Granny Smith’ (10.75) and ‘Gloster’ (2.00) were obtained from a grafting height of 60 cm, while 2.55 and zero lateral shoots occurred at 10 cm grafting height in ‘Granny Smith’ and ‘Gloster’, respectively. Shoot lengths decreased significantly by increasing the grafting height. Grafting heights of 10 cm and 60 cm resulted in the tallest and shortest shoots in both cultivars. Cumulative fruit yields were significantly affected by grafting height in both cultivars. The highest yield was found for a 60 cm grafting height in both ‘Granny Smith’ (11.295 kg tree^–1) and ‘Gloster’ (4.818 kg tree^–1).The results of this study suggest that grafting heights of 40 cm and 60 cm have the potential to promote branching and early bearing for apple fruit production in sustainable and organic agricultural systems.     

Depressing Effects of Virus Infection on Adventitious Root Production in Apple Hardwood Cuttings

Adventitious rooting in dormant hardwood cuttings of MM. 106 apple rootstock was depressed by latent infection with five viruses, viz. rubbery wood, stem pitting, epinasty and decline, chlorotic leaf spot and platycarpa scaly bark viruses.

Both the number of rooted cuttings and the number of roots per rooted cutting were reduced, and fewer unrooted cuttings remained alive, thus representing a further potential loss.

The production of shoots suitable for use as cuttings was decreased from infected hedges, as was the ability of cuttings subsequently to become established and grow in the nursery.