叶面喷施沼液肥对高温胁迫下辣椒幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以朝天椒‘辣椒王’为试验材料,研究了叶面喷施沼液肥对高温胁迫下辣椒幼苗生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,在胁迫8 d,叶面喷施沼液肥20倍液处理的生长指标和生理指标均最好,其中幼苗鲜质量、干质量分别比对照高32.13%和40.74%,叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、根系活力分别高27.38%、49.31%、18.4%,叶片净光合速率和POD、CAT酶活性分别高75.8%、46.2%和63.1%,叶片MDA含量和O~-_2产生速率分别比对照低18.78%和16.32%,热害指数比对照低33.3%。综合以上指标,喷施沼液肥20倍液对缓解辣椒高温伤害的效果最好。     

日光温室延后栽培‘红地球’葡萄喷施尿素对叶片及果实糖含量的影响

以日光温室延后栽培的‘红地球’葡萄为试验材料,在果实转色前叶面喷施尿素,以清水为对照,分别在喷施后10、20、30、40 d测定功能叶面积、叶绿素相对含量、蔗糖含量、葡萄糖含量、果糖和淀粉含量,以及果实可溶性固形物和可滴定酸含量。结果表明:叶面喷施不同浓度的尿素均可促进叶片增长,增加叶片中叶绿素相对含量,其中喷施0.75%尿素可延缓生育后期叶片叶绿素的降解;喷施尿素可促进叶片中碳水化合物的积累,0.5%和0.75%尿素处理后,叶片蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖在较长时间内保持较高的水平,喷施后40 d时3种糖含量为对照的1.2倍以上;喷施尿素增加了叶片中淀粉的积累,喷施0.75%尿素后,在生育后期叶片淀粉含量显著增加,达8.0 mg/g。喷施尿素后果实中糖酸含量变化明显,喷施后40 d,0.5%和0.75%尿素对果实可溶性固形物含量的增加最显著,但喷施0.75%尿素显著增加了同时期果实中可滴定酸含量。喷施0.5%尿素显著增加了果实大小、单粒重及穗重。因此,建议在‘红地球’葡萄果实转色前叶面喷施0.5%尿素溶液,可改善果实品质。     

几种不同的叶面肥对板栗坐果率的影响

以确山紫油栗和红油栗板栗品种为试材,选择立地条件和管理水平基本一致的板栗园,在板栗盛花期叶面分别喷0.5%尿素、0.3%硼砂、0.3%磷酸二氢钾和0.3%食用白糖,以不喷任何叶面肥为对照。结果表明,喷施一定浓度的叶面肥对提高板栗坐果率均有一定的促进作用,以喷施0.3%硼砂液对提高板栗坐果率效果最好,紫油栗和红油栗的坐果率分别比对照提高25.9%和19.5%。     

钾与钙和硅混合喷施对番茄抗逆性物质含量的影响

研究了钾、钙和硅的混合喷施对番茄叶片中的可溶性糖和水溶性总酚含量的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施钾溶液及其与钙和硅溶液的搭配使用均可显著提高叶片中可溶性糖的积累量,分别增加了68%和129%,即钾、钙和硅溶液同时使用的效果最显著;而对于水溶性总酚含量,叶面喷施钾溶液的效果最好,显著地高于其它处理,其次是混合喷施钾、钙和硅溶液,显著高于对照处理,2个处理分别比对照增加了10.1%和5.2%。     

施用沼渣沼液肥对PEG渗透胁迫下辣椒幼苗生理特性的影响

以朝天椒‘辣椒王’为试验材料,PEG(聚乙二醇)模拟干旱胁迫,以根施营养液、叶面喷清水为对照,研究了根施沼渣腐殖酸肥、叶面喷施不同浓度沼液肥对干旱胁迫下辣椒幼苗生理特性的影响。结果表明,施用沼渣沼液肥显著促进了辣椒幼苗的生长发育,减轻了干旱胁迫的伤害。叶面喷施20倍液处理的各项生理指标最好,在干旱胁迫48 h时,与对照相比,叶绿素a、叶绿素b和类胡萝卜素含量分别高14.6%、16.6%和7.8%,根系活力达到最高327.92μg·g-1·h-1,比对照提高24.8%,叶片净光合速率、蒸腾速率分别提高69.9%和64.3%,SOD、POD、CAT酶活性分别提高4.37%、33.8%和16.8%,同时叶片MDA含量和O2-产生速率分别比对照降低11.4%和18.7%,萎蔫系数降低25%。可见,在干旱胁迫下,根施沼渣腐殖酸肥(500倍液)、叶面喷施沼液肥(20倍液)可通过增强辣椒幼苗抗氧化酶活性,提高净光合速率,减少活性氧积累,减轻干旱对辣椒幼苗的伤害。     

延缓苹果叶片衰老试验报告

<正> 赤霉素(GA_3),尿素对延缓叶片衰老、维持叶功能有显著效果。试验表明,秋季叶面喷施GA_3、尿素可以减缓叶绿素降解,调节叶片气孔开度,维持叶片光合速率,提高树体的营养水平。对翌年花下叶叶面积、比叶重、数量、叶绿素含量,幼果生长发育均有显著的促进作用。因此,为使苹果壮树、丰产、优质,秋季叶面喷施赤霉素和尿素,将是一项行之有效的技术措施。     

葡萄巧施叶面肥

葡萄喷施叶面肥,叶片受肥面广、肥效迅速、省工省肥,是葡萄常用的施肥方法.一般肥液喷后2小时即开始吸收,尿素喷施后24小时内可被吸收88%.花期喷施尿素与硼肥混合液,可提高座果率;幼果和浆果成熟期喷施过磷酸钙溶液,能使果品含糖量明显提高,并增强抗病力;浆果迅速生长前喷施钾肥,产量可提高7%—10%,含糖量增加1.5%—2.5%;浆果变软初期喷施稀土溶液,增产又增甜.叶面喷肥要取得最佳效果,应掌握以下技术要点:     

叶面铁肥对浙江海涂地缺铁‘瓯柑’叶片及果实的影响

【目的】针对浙江海涂地种植柑橘易出现缺铁的症状,筛选出适合海涂地条件下矫正‘瓯柑’缺铁失绿症的铁肥。【方法】采用叶面喷施法,对8 a(年)生‘瓯柑’树分别施用相同浓度的Fe SO4和3种自配铁肥EDTA-Fe、Vc-Fe、有机液-Fe,研究不同叶面铁肥对‘瓯柑’叶片和果实铁含量、叶片叶绿素含量及果实品质的影响。【结果】浙江海涂地种植条件下,叶面喷施铁肥可显著增加‘瓯柑’叶片和果实中有效铁含量,提高幅度分别为53.9%~91.6%和28.7%~83.2%,其中以Vc-Fe肥效果最明显,叶片和果实分别比对照提高91.6%和83.2%,达到113.91 mg·kg~(-1)和11.38 mg·kg~(-1),叶片含量位列柑橘叶片诊断标准的适量水平。喷施铁肥可增加‘瓯柑’叶片叶绿素含量,叶绿素a、b及总量增加幅度分别为4.1%~24.7%、6.8%~32.2%、4.7%~26.5%,其中Vc-Fe肥处理分别比对照提高24.7%、32.2%、26.5%。叶面喷施铁肥还可提高‘瓯柑’果实品质,果实可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量比对照分别增加4.6%~11.6%和6.2%~13.4%,其中以有机液-Fe肥处理效果最佳,可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量分别比对照提高1.10和0.93个百分点。【结论】本研究中Vc-Fe肥提高‘瓯柑’叶片和果实铁含量幅度最大,这与维生素C抑制铁离子氧化、延长二价铁的有效时间有关,有机液-Fe肥处理对于提高‘瓯柑’果实可溶性固形物含量和可溶性糖含量及叶片复绿具有明显作用,其原因除了有机液-Fe肥中的铁元素外,还可能与含有大量的有机质可促进叶片生长和吸收有关。此研究结果可为研发适合浙江海涂地条件的柑橘专用铁肥提供参考。     

采果后叶面喷施尿素好处多

果树春季萌芽、开花、坐果和新梢生长所需要的养分,主要是由前一年秋季贮存在树体内的养分供给。苹果采收后,给叶面喷施高浓度的尿素液,对提高树体养分积累有良好作用。因此时新梢正值停止生长期,叶片开始衰老,衰老的叶片能忍耐高浓度的尿素。叶片吸收     

EM微生物菌剂不同施用方法对大棚辣椒产量和品质的影响

研究了EM微生物菌剂不同施用方法对大棚辣椒产量、营养品质和安全品质的影响。研究结果表明,EM微生物菌剂不同施用方法对辣椒生长与结果的影响效果差异显著,以EM微生物菌剂发酵处理有机肥的施用方法增产效果最显著,辣椒VC、氨基酸含量明显提高,硝酸盐含量降低,分别比EM微生物菌剂土壤灌施、叶面喷施和不施用EM微生物菌剂增产19.44%、44.05%和71.14%;其次是EM微生物菌剂土壤灌施,分别比叶面喷施和不施用EM微生物菌剂增产9.07%和20.60%;叶面喷施效果不明显。     

生草覆盖条件下不同施肥模式对红富士苹果生长发育、产量及品质的影响

通过随机区组试验,研究了果园生草覆盖条件下不同施肥模式对红富士苹果生长、产量及品质的影响。结果表明:苹果园在生草覆盖条件下不同施肥模式处理均能提高叶片质量,促进新梢生长,其中以有机无机配施(NPKM)处理效果最为显著;同时各个施肥处理也能提高叶片矿质元素的含量,以NPKM处理最高;施肥能增加单株产量和单果重,改善果实品质,与CK对照比较,传统施肥(NP)、单施有机肥(M)、单施化肥(NPK)和有机无机配施(NPKM)处理分别增产15.40%、19.27%、30.15%和54.49%,在一定程度上降低了可滴定酸含量,果形指数、可溶性固形物、维生素C、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比也有不同程度的提高。综合分析,从土壤可持续效用的角度,M处理和NPKM处理的效果最为明显,既能增强树势,又能提高产量和改善果实品质。     

PP333对元帅苹果幼树生长,结果的影响

对5年生的‘元帅’苹果幼树,叶面喷施不同浓度的PP_(333)。结果表明,PP_(333)处理树新梢生长受抑制,叶片面积增大,厚度和叶绿素含量增加,叶数不减少;促进成花,提高座果率,最终增加产量。处理对果实L/D值无明显影响,不减少单果重。5—6年生的‘元帅’,处理当年即显示出抑制生长、促进成花的作用。处理后第2—3年的效应表现更为明显,并提高座果率。     

砂土1/4根域施用有机肥对苹果幼树生长的影响

以2 a生有机玻璃箱栽植的分根苹果幼树为材料,研究1/4根域施用不同水平有机肥对苹果幼树新梢和根系生长的影响。结果表明,6月中旬以后,10%和30%有机肥处理的新梢二次生长旺盛;20%有机肥处理春梢段节数、占总新梢节数比例、叶面积、比叶重和春梢生长量均显著大于10%和30%处理,10%有机肥处理秋梢长度、节数、叶面积和比叶重均显著大于20%处理,秋梢补偿生长旺盛;不同比例有机肥处理调控梢类组成,10%和30%处理的长梢比例分别占总新梢22.2%和25.0%,而20%处理的仅占11.8%;除6月份外,20%有机肥处理根系总长度在果树整个生长季节内均显著大于10%和30%处理。砂性土壤局部施用适量有机肥可以调控新梢生长和根系的发育,为果园土壤局部改良、集中营养供应等提供理论依据。     

北方主要落叶果树对在土壤中施用不同量的PP333的反应

对苹果、桃、樱桃和葡萄进行了盆栽土施不同剂量PP333的试验。结果表,由于PP333在植物体内移动缓慢,PP333的抑制效果不能立即表现出来。PP333在植物体内的移动速度在苹果中较慢,在桃和樱桃中较快,葡萄介乎二者之间。 PP333对加长生长的抑制作用主要表现为节间的缩短和较早地停止生长,以及由此产生的节位数的减少。此外还表现在茎粗,单叶面积,叶片总面积,茎及叶的鲜,干重的降低以及副梢数目的减少和长度的降低上。PP333对根系也有抑制作用,但比地上部小,从而改变了根/冠比。土施PP333 1.0ppm以上的剂量有强烈的抑制作用,PP333抑制生长的强度与使用的浓度呈指数曲线相关关系。PP333促使新老叶片加厚。     

几种砧木对苹果新梢及叶特性的影响

对几种苹果砧木嫁接的四年生苹果树新梢及叶的特性进行了研究。结果表明,八棱海棠砧苹果树新梢和叶的总生长量高于用各类矮化砧木嫁接的苹果树。各矮化砧苹果树中短梢及其上叶的总生长量占全树新梢及叶总生长量的比例,高于乔砧树;矮砧树中短枝的单枝鲜重、比枝重、单枝叶数、单枝叶面积、单枝叶鲜重等指标,高于乔砧树。这是矮砧树树冠小、易成花结果的主要原因。以两个矮化砧木双重嫁接的苹果树,各类枝的质量明显好于以其中一个砧木嫁接的苹果树。     

Apple Mosaic Viruses Host Reactions and Strain Interference

The annual growth of an apple tree in the vegetative condition is distributed in a definite pattern between leaves, stems and roots ; when a crop is borne, this constitutes an additional end-point for growth materials. The disturbances in the pattern of vegetative growth caused by this additional region of utilization are described. Two-year-old apple trees were deblossomed at flowering or defruited on 30th May, and their growth was compared with that of cropping trees. The increments in weight were estimated by samples taken at treatment times.

After deblossoming, the trees made extra growth in terms of dry weight, more and larger leaves, and longer stems. The periods of greatest and least growth were the same as for cropping trees. Defruiting also resulted in extra growth, but this came later, and so was out of phase with the growth of fruiting trees. This extra vegetative growth (including more trunk thickening and root growth as well as leaves and new shoots) weighed more than the crop on the fruiting trees. Defruiting had slightly less effect than deblossoming.

The diversion of metabolites to the crop changed the pattern of growth in the rest of the tree. Cropping trees had 50% more leaf proportionate to total vegetative increment, and 50% less root, than deblossomed ones. The intervening regions varied roughly according to their position. Despite this greater leafiness of cropping trees, they produced significantly more total dry matter (vegetative growth plus crop) per unit area of leaf.

These results are attributed to the greater demanding power of the growing crop in diverting photosynthates from the lower parts of the tree and in increasing the rate of removal of photosynthates from the leaves.     

红富士苹果郁闭园间伐试验

于2007～2009年,在陕西省白水县对乔砧红富士苹果郁闭园进行间伐试验。结果表明:间伐可显著地促进苹果树外围新梢生长和叶片发育,其外围新梢生长长度、粗度分别比对照增加6.9 cm、0.24 mm;百叶鲜重、单叶面积分别比对照增加10.4 g、扩大7.75 cm~2;单果重、着色指数、可溶性固形物含量、特优级果(80 mm以上)率、667 m~2产量、667 m~2产值、667 m~2纯收益,分别比对照增加23.3 g、12.3、0.36个百分点、21.0个百分点、515.5 kg、2 019.0元、1 319.0元,表明说明间伐可以显著地提高苹果产量、质量和效益。     

Effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on young apple tree growth and fruit yield under orchard conditions

The effects of rootstocks (M9 and MM 106), cultivars (Granny Smith and Stark Spur Golden) and growth promoting rhizobacteria (OSU-142, OSU-7, BA-8 and M-3) on the tree growth and yield at apple (Malus domestica Borkh) trees were studied in a clay loam soil in the eastern Anatolia region of Turkey in 2002–2004. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were capable of producing indole acetic acid (IAA) and cytokinin, but three of them (OSU-7, BA-8 and M-3) were also able to dissolve phosphate. Maximum shoot number of apple trees was found after inoculation with BA-8 followed by OSU-7 and M-3. All the inoculated PGPR strains contributed to the increase in fruit yield of apple when compared to control but it was strongly depended on rootstocks, cultivars and treatments. Plant growth responses were variable and dependent on bacterial strains, rootstock and cultivar and growth parameters evaluated of young apple trees. Newly planted apple trees inoculated with OSU-142, OSU-7, BA-8 and M-3 PGPR increased average shoot length by 59.2, 18.3, 7.0 and 14.3% relative to the control and fruit yield by 116.4, 88.2, 137.5 and 73.7%, respectively. Bacterial inoculation increased shoot diameter from 7.0 to 16.3% when compared to control. The production of plant growth hormones has been suggested as one of the mechanisms by which PGPRs stimulate young apple sapling growth. The growth-promoting effect appears to be direct, with possible involvement of the plant growth regulators indole-3-acetic acid and cytokinin. In view of environmental pollution due to excessive use of fertilizers and high costs of the production of fertilizers, PGPR strains tested in our study have potential to be used for the sustainable and environmentally benign horticultural production.     

Breaking the rest of apple buds by narrow-distillation-range oil and dinitro-o-cresol

The effect of various combinations of dinitro-o-cresol (DNOC) and narrow-distillation-range mineral oil (NRO) was tested during 4 consecutive years on breaking bud-rest and on fruiting of ‘Golden Delicious’ apple trees under mild winter conditions. Breaking of lateral leaf buds was directly correlated with oil concentration between 2.4 and 8.8%, while DNOC did not increase bud break at concentrations over 0.12% in the rest-breaking spray. Lower phytotoxicity of NRO compared with winter oil allowed safe use of higher concentrations of the former.Increased lateral leaf bud-break resulted in formation of more spurs and thus increased the yield in subsequent years. These higher yields were not accompanied by reductions in mean fruit weight or in trunk diameter, suggesting an increase in overall bearing potential of the tree by the best rest-breaking treatments.     

Flower thinning method affects mineral composition of `Braeburn' and `Fiesta' apple fruit

Summary

Fruit mineral concentrations measured at harvest can have major effects on apple fruit quality on the tree or during storage. Orchard practices must therefore seek to optimize fruit mineral composition. The purpose of this study was to describe and elucidate the effects of hand thinning on whole trees and individual spurs on apple fruit mineral composition. Two methods of flower and fruitlet thinning were compared with no thinning on `Braeburn' and `Fiesta' apple trees. Alternate whole flower/fruitlet clusters or all but one flower/fruitlet within every cluster were removed at full bloom or 14±21 d after full bloom. Alternate-cluster thinning reduced final fruit numbers per tree and fruit Ca concentrations by up to 22%, while increasing final fruit size by up to 21%, compared with no thinning. These effects on fruit Ca concentrations were also measured across a range of fruit size classes. Within-cluster thinning at full bloom or up to 21 d after full bloom also reduced fruit numbers per tree but increased fruit size substantially, by up to 65% compared with no thinning, this effect being less for later thinning. However, fruit mineral concentrations were not influenced by this treatment. Some fruiting spurs were singled to one fruit 14 d after full bloom on alternately flower cluster thinned trees and on trees that had not been thinned at bloom, and compared with unthinned spurs on the same trees. Fruit Ca concentrations, primary spur leaf areas and primary spur leaf areas per fruit were greater for spurs bearing a single fruit (achieved by thinning manually or through natural abscission) than for multi-fruited spurs on the same trees. Spurs bearing one fruit on unthinned trees had greater fruit Ca concentrations, primary spur leaf areas and primary spur leaf areas per fruit, but lower fruit weight than the same spurs on alternate-cluster thinned trees. However, spurs on unthinned and alternate-cluster thinned trees with the same primary leaf areas per fruit had similar final Ca concentrations. Fruit size and crop loads were found not to be important in explaining fruit Ca concentration differences between thinning methods. However our results suggest that thinning method may affect Ca accumulation in apple fruit by altering the relationship between fruit numbers and leaf areas on individual spurs.