秸秆还田对中国农田土壤温室气体排放的影响

为了更好地了解和掌握秸秆还田对中国农田土壤温室气体排放的影响,笔者根据历年国内相关文献,就秸秆还田对中国农田土壤CO2、N2O和CH4等主要温室气体排放的影响进行较全面的综述。研究表明：秸秆还田能增加农田土壤CO2和CH4的排放通量,对N2O排放通量的影响表现为不确定性,分析了秸秆还田对农田土壤温室气体排放的影响因素,探讨了该领域存在的问题及未来的研究方向。秸秆还田对中国农田土壤温室气体排放有一定影响,对各温室气体影响程度和影响机理不同。     

干旱地区农田生态系统土壤温室气体排放机制

CO2、CH4和N2O是目前几种最主要的温室气体,在对全球气候变暖贡献中,农业作为重要的温室气体排放源对其有不可低估的作用。一般而言,旱地农田生态系统是大气CO2和N2O的排放源,黄土高原等旱地是CH4的吸收汇。CO2排放主要包括植物呼吸作用和土壤呼吸作用;CH4排放包括有机物的还原和氧化吸收两个过程;N2O排放包括硝化作用和反硝化作用两个过程。土壤微生物、土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤质地、施肥等均从不同角度影响着温室气体的释放与吸收。近些年,免耕、秸秆还田、地膜等保护性耕作技术在干旱地区农田生态系统中得到广泛应用。其中免耕可以减少CO2和N2O的排放量,增加土壤对CH4的吸收量;秸秆还田和覆膜对N2O排放的影响结果尚未统一,但秸秆还田促进CO2排 放抑制CH4吸收,而覆膜促进CH4吸收抑制CO2排放。加强且更深入更全面的研究旱地农田生态系统温室气体排放应该作为今后重点研究领域,为全球气候变暖提供更为准确的理论基础。     

生物炭对稻田温室气体CH4和N2O排放的影响综述

稻田是大气CH4和N2O的重要排放源,减少稻田CH4和N2O排放对缓解全球气候变暖具有重要意义。生物炭具有含碳量高、难分解、比表面积大、疏松多孔等特性。利用生物炭可改善稻田土壤理化性质及微生物学性质,减少温室气体的排放,提高水稻产量。在现有相关研究的基础上,结合国内外研究进展,回顾了国内外生物炭的研究历史及特性,全面评述了生物炭影响稻田温室气体排放的作用机理,以及对稻田温室气体CH4和N2O排放、综合温室效应(GWP)、温室气体排放强度(GHGI)、净生态系统经济预算(NEEB)的影响等国内外研究进展,提出了未来生物炭在稻田温室气体排放方面的研究方向。     

生物炭对CH_4和N_2O排放的影响综述

稻田是大气CH4和N2O的重要排放源,减少稻田CH4和N2O排放对缓解全球气候变暖具有重要意义。生物炭具有含碳量高、难分解、比表面积大、疏松多孔等特性。利用生物炭可改善稻田土壤理化性质及微生物学性质,减少温室气体的排放,提高水稻产量。在现有相关研究的基础上,结合国内外研究进展,回顾了国内外生物炭的研究历史及特性,全面评述了生物炭影响稻田温室气体排放的作用机理,以及对稻田温室气体CH4和N2O排放、综合温室效应(GWP)、温室气体排放强度(GHGI)、净生态系统经济预算(NEEB)的影响等国内外研究进展,提出了未来生物炭在稻田温室气体排放方面的研究方向。     

内蒙古典型草原土壤N2、N2O、NO和CO2排放的研究——土柱培养实验

为了进一步了解内蒙古典型草原生长季内主要温室气体氧化亚氮(N2O)、一氧化氮(NO)和二氧化碳(CO2)及反硝化终产物N2的排放。采用氦环境培养-气体同步直接测定法,在不同土壤温度(5℃和20℃)和不同土壤含氧量(10%和20%)条件下,关注不同放牧处理土壤N2、N2O、NO和CO2排放。结果显示:不同放牧处理土壤N2、N2O、NO和CO2排放速率分别为0.3~2.0μgN/(h.kg)、0.02~0.4μgN/(h.kg)、0.08~0.7μgN/(h.kg)和0.01~1.9 mg C/(h.kg),N2排放为N2O的8~17倍。由于较大的空间变异性,并未观测到不同放牧处理对土壤N2、N2O、NO和CO2排放的影响。土壤温度升高和湿度增加能促进N2、N2O、NO和CO2的排放,而土壤O2含量对其排放的影响不显著。     

浅析农田温室气体排放的影响因素

本文论述了三种主要温室气体排放的研究进展以及农田温室气体排放的影响因素。结果表明农田温室气体排放受肥料、耕作方式、土壤水分、温度、质地、有机质、地膜覆盖、机械化操作等多种因素影响。针对农田温室气体减排应主要从减少排放、加强移除、替代(避免)排放等3方面着手,因地制宜,发展新型肥料、合理灌溉、科学地耕作和管理土壤,实现增产增汇减排的可持续发展农业。     

保护性耕作对黄土高原旱地春小麦成熟期农田温室气体通量日变化的影响

为了预测农田生态系统中CO2、N2O、CH4的排放对全球气候变暖的响应,及其温度对温室气体排放日变化的影响,利用CO2分析仪、静态箱-气象色谱法,对黄土高原旱区农田生态系统传统耕作(T)和保护性耕作(NTS)措施下春小麦成熟期CO2、N2O、CH4气体通量日变化进行原位观测。结果表明：2种耕作措施下农田土壤均表现为大气CO2、N2O的源和CH4的汇。CO2、N2O、CH4都有明显的日变化特征,传统耕作措施下CO2排放通量明显高于保护性耕作。CO2日排放通量最高峰出现在12:00,最低峰出现在2:00。N2O日排放最高峰出现在16:00,最低峰出现在0:00。保护性耕作措施能增加农田土壤N2O通量的排放。2种耕作措施下CH4吸收通量的最高峰均出现在14:00,保护性耕作措施下CH4吸收通量的最低峰出现在22:00,传统耕作措施则出现在2:00。采取保护性耕作措施能促进农田土壤对CH4通量的吸收。地表温度,5 cm地温与CO2排放通量都有极显著的正相关关系,且都与CO2通呈指数函数关系。N2O与各个耕层的土壤温度都有极显著的正相关关系,且与N2O排放通量呈线性函数关系。2种耕作措施下,CO2通量与地表温度的相关系数最高,N2O与10 cm地温的相关系数最高。CH4与地表温度具有极显著的负相关关系。     

水稻田土壤N2O和CO2排放日变化规律及最佳观测时间的确定

采用静态箱（暗箱）-气相色谱法,对水稻田土壤中温室气体的排放进行了连续观测,以探索水稻田土壤N2O和CO2排放日变化规律,确定最佳观测时间。结果表明：氮肥的施用对N2O和CO2的排放具有显著的促进作用,各处理水稻田土壤N2O排放日变化规律有明显差异,而CO2排放的日变化规律差异不显著。在整个观测时期内（120 h）,对照处理水稻田土壤N2O的排放变化不大,且排放通量较低。施氮处理在施肥前24 h和施肥后24 h N2O的排放通量变化不明显,而在施氮肥后48~96 h内排放通量增大较显著,在96~120 h内,N2O的排放逐渐减少。各处理水稻田土壤CO2排放的日变化规律较相似,在施氮肥前,各处理水稻田土壤CO2排放无显著差异。在施氮肥后24~48 h、48~72 h、72~96 h和96~120 h观测时间段内,自当日15：00至次日9：00,各处理CO2的排放通量均呈现先减小后增大的趋势,且施氮处理CO2的排放通量显著高于对照处理。通过对120 h内水稻土壤N2O和CO2排放通量进行矫正分析,在9：00—11：00进行观测时,CO2和N2O的排放通量与一天的平均值最接近,能够代表一天温室气体排放通量。     

内蒙古典型草原土壤N2、N2O、NO和CO2排放的研究

为了进一步了解内蒙古典型草原生长季内主要温室气体氧化亚氮（N2O）、一氧化氮（NO）和二氧化碳（CO2）及反硝化终产物N2的排放,本研究采用氦环境培养--气体同步直接测定法,在不同土壤温度（5°C和20°C）和不同土壤含氧量（10%和20%）条件下,关注不同放牧处理土壤N2、N2O、NO和CO2排放。结果显示,不同放牧处理土壤N2、N2O、NO和CO2排放速率分别为0.3~2.0 [μgN/(h?kg)]、0.02~0.4 [μgN/(h?kg)]、0.08~0.7 [μgN/(h?kg)]和0.01~1.9 [mg C/(h?kg)],N2排放为N2O的8~17倍。由于较大的空间变异性,并未观测到不同放牧处理对土壤N2、N2O、NO和CO2排放的影响。土壤温度升高和湿度增加能促进N2、N2O、NO和CO2的排放,而土壤O2含量对其排放的影响不显著。     

生物炭对土壤N2O和CH4排放影响的研究进展

为了探讨生物炭对土壤N2O和CH4排放影响的途径和机理,在综合评述前人研究的基础上,就生物炭对土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响因素、途径和影响机理进行了分析,提出了不同土壤的生物炭施用原则,并指出了今后生物炭研究应注意的问题:(1)明确土壤中2种温室气体排放特点,园地制宜地选择合适的生物炭类型;(2)注意生物炭的添加时机和用量;(3)目前学者所用的生物炭类型以及土壤种类不同,关于生物炭影响土壤N2O和CH4排放的研究结论不同.在这方面的研究工作还应在完善生物炭施用标准的基础上,继续进行生物炭还田的本地化试验验证,才能为生物炭对土壤N2O和CH4排放的影响得出更明确的结论.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Mechanisms and diversity of resistance to sorghum shoot fly,Atherigona soccata

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata, is one of the important pests of postrainy season sorghums. Of the 90 sorghum genotypes evaluated for resistance to this pest, RHRB 12, ICSV 713, 25026, 93046 and 25027, IS 33844‐5, Giddi Maldandi and RVRT 3 exhibited resistance in postrainy season, while ICSB 463, Phule Anuradha, RHRB 19, Parbhani Moti, ICSV 705, PS 35805, IS 5480, 5622, 17726, 18368 and 34722, RVRT 1, ICSR 93031 and Dagidi Solapur showed resistance in rainy season, suggesting season‐specific expression of resistance to A. soccata. ICSB 461, ICSB 463, Phule Yasodha, M 35‐1, ICSV 700, 711, 25010, 25019 and 93089, IS 18662, Phule Vasudha, IS 18551 and 33844‐5 and Barsizoot had fewer deadhearts than plants with eggs across seasons, suggesting antibiosis as one of the resistance mechanism. Five genotypes exhibited resistance with high grain yield across seasons. Correlation, path and stepwise regression analyses indicated that leaf glossiness, seedling vigour, trichome density, oviposition and leaf sheath pigmentation were associated with the expression of resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly, and these can be used as marker traits to select and develop shoot fly‐resistant sorghums.     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.