协同治理视角下流域跨界水污染防治模式的构建——以引滦入津工程水污染防治为例

流域跨界水资源因其自然属性与社会属性的矛盾,导致流域跨界水污染治理困难。跨流域调水工程将流域水污染的外部成本更加明确的同时,其水污染防治方式对于流域跨界水污染防治模式的构建更具借鉴性。拟从协同治理视角出发,以海河流域引滦入津工程水污染防治为例,在分析海河流域跨界水污染协同治理机制建设现状及效果的基础上,建议从推动流域生态补偿长效机制建设、打造流域水污染协同治理平台等方面着手构建普遍适用的流域跨界水污染协同治理模式。     

等标污染负荷法在太子河流域风险源识别中的应用

太子河流域是一个完全属于辽河流域的完整流域,流域水资源总量少、开发强度大、中下游污染严重,对太子河流域的风险源进行识别,对于水污染突发事件中水质响应仿真模型的建立有重要作用。应用等标污染负荷法对太子河流域的众多污染源进行评价,筛选出重点风险源,为水污染突发事件风险源特征数据库的建立提供基础数据支持,也为水污染突发事件应急处置提供依据。     

基于TMDL计划的榆溪河流域水污染治理方案研究

针对榆溪河水质污染严重的问题,有效治理榆溪河流域污染的现状。以榆溪河流域(榆林市境内)为研究对象,采用TMDL模型,结合单因子评价指标模型、简单负荷估值模型,在此基础上引入离差和均方差法,进行水污染负荷分配,根据污染负荷分配结果提出了基于TMDL值的污染控制措施。对榆溪河流域水污染防治规划结果表明,榆溪河流域COD和氨氮污染物均主要来自于非点源污染,需大量削减分散畜禽养殖的污染排放量。更有效更具针对性地改善榆溪河水污染现状,明晰防治不足和改善重点,并提出合理建议。     

协作视角下福建省九龙江水污染的治理路径探析

近年来,福建省九龙江水污染凸显了流域管理内多元利益相关者之间的矛盾,这就必然要求政府立足实情,构建一个强有力的区域内多方主体的协作机制。这不仅需要依靠政府间的合作积极推动区域跨界水污染的治理,而且需要公民、企业和媒体等社会主体参与其中。本文以协作治理为视角,通过分析九龙江水污染治理的瓶颈和各方主体的利益需求,提出了跨界水污染治理的对策和建议。     

太子河流域降水及旱涝时空演变特征分析

为研究太子河流域降水及旱涝演变特征,依据太子河流域19个雨量站1956-2006年逐日降雨资料,采用数理统计结合GIS空间分析技术,引入了降水距平百分率Pa、标准化降水指数SPI、长周期旱涝急转指数LDFAI等指标进行分析。结果表明,太子河流域降水量呈现非显著下降趋势,线性倾向率为-12.96 mm/(10 a),并且具有明显的空间差异性;太子河流域旱涝演变过程大致经历了4个阶段,20世纪90年代以来为干旱期,干旱发生的频率较高,多尺度SPI的综合应用能够较好地反映太子河流域旱涝演替过程;太子河流域旱涝急转现象频繁,典型年份旱涝急转强度具有明显的空间差异性。总体来说,涝转旱事件发生频率大于旱转涝事件发生频率,而旱涝急转事件主要发生在太子河流域下游区域,需重点关注旱转涝事件带来的影响。     

乡村水污染治理技术及评价方法

针对我国北方乡村水资源污染愈来愈严重，危及乡村饮用水源和农、牧、渔业生产的实际，根据华北乡村的具体情况，探讨了乡村水污染治理的目标、适用技术和评价方法，并以一个乡村为实例，对其水污染治理进行了技术及经济评价。     

抚河流域水污染现状及可持续发展

研究了抚河流域排污现状及其构成特点，针对抚河流域工农业生产和社会经济情况，提出了调整工业结构、加快污水处理厂建设、提倡生态农业等治理污染的合理化建议。     

水污染治理投资与工业废水排放的关系研究

近年来,水污染事故频发,水环境质量日益恶化。根据10年来污染治理投资的相关数据,回归了工业废水排放量与单位GDP水污染治理投资的关系,结果表明两者呈现负相关。并从投资层面分析了我国水环境质量日益恶化的原因,提出应依据经济的发展状况,加大废水治理投资,只有保证单位GDP水污染治理投资持续增加,工业废水的污染才能得到有效控制。     

大汶河流域水环境现状及可持续发展对策

水污染是我国面临的最主要的水环境问题。在分析泰安市大汶河流域水环境污染现状、原因的基础上．提出了水污染物总量控制方案，探讨了从根本上治理水污染的对策。     

流域治理技术应用进展

针对我国流经黄土地区的流域泥沙淤积严重的情况，在介绍流域治理目的的基础上，结合具体的治理实例，详细分析河口泥沙治理、水库防淤减淤、黄河流域水沙治理、河道淤积缓解等流域治理措施的应用效果，为实现泥沙的生态治理提供有益参考。     

Barriers to water markets in the Heihe River basin in northwest China

Tradable water rights systems are becoming an important way to achieve distributive efficiency for water resources. However, it is not easy for countries or regions to establish water markets due to the existence of various barriers. In early 2002, the Ministry of Water Resources (MWR) of China initiated an experimental project—Building Water-saving Society in Zhangye City. This project was the first of its kind in China. The aim of the project was to establish a new water use rights (WUR) system with tradable water quotas and to reallocate water resources reasonably and efficiently through market-based instruments. This paper presents the research done on the system and water markets. It has been found that that the system is hard to implement well and that WUR trading is not popular. The barriers to implementing a WUR system are social and administrative in nature. WUR trading faces management, legal, administrative, and fiscal barriers. We discuss why these barriers exist and we provide policy recommendations to overcome them.     

克里雅河流域水工程与水资源和谐状况评价

水工程与水资源配置平衡是判断流域处于和谐状态的重要指标.本文通过构建克里雅河流域水工程与水资源的和谐量化指标体系,采用“人水和谐管理信息系统”计算各分区的健康度、发展度、协调度指标,评价分析水工程与水资源的配置平衡状况,确定流域的和谐等级,旨在为同类型流域水资源开发、利用和保护提供借鉴与参考.     

Farmer perspectives and practices regarding water pollution control programmes in Scotland

Nitrate Vulnerable Zones (NVZ) were introduced in response to the Nitrates Directive (91/676/EEC) which states that all EU countries must reduce the nitrate in drinking water to a maximum of 50 mg/l. Farmers within a designated NVZ must adhere to strict rules over the timing and application of nitrogen from organic and inorganic sources. In Scotland, four NVZ regions were designated in 2003, covering around 14% of the land area and affecting over 12,000 farmers.This paper outlines the results of a recent study to understand farmer activities in response to and attitudes towards NVZ regulations in Scotland. A telephone survey was administered, obtaining a response of 184 farmers, supplemented by four workshops held in each NVZ region. This explored, both quantitatively and qualitatively, farmer behaviour and attitudes.The bulk of farmers have made little capital investment since the 2003 designation. Few farmers have invested in increased slurry storage facilities, nor begun to transport more slurry off-farm, claiming to have had enough storage capacity before designation to cover the imposed closed period.Farmer attitudes indicate a mostly negative view towards the perceived environmental benefits, water management and compliance. This can be explained by a number of concerns raised by farmers towards the scientific basis for designations. Furthermore, farmers viewed the restrictions placed on farming practices within NVZs as too inflexible.Given the mostly sceptical perceptions demonstrated by the farmers we call for a more integrated approach to water management at the catchment level. There is a role for policy-makers to provide clearer information over the science and purpose of the designations and also to invest in the transfer of technologies, in particular N-use software which is specifically tailored to NVZ regulations. Also, critical to this would be the development of transparent indicators of water quality. This may start to embed nitrogen pollution impacts within the farmer's cultural framework of decision-making.     

长江泰州段水域纳污能力研究分析

研究水域纳污能力可以为水资源保护和水环境管理提供决策依据.本文根据长江泰州段水功能区分布的实际情况,分析水域纳污能力,结果表明:长江泰州段对化学需氧量的纳污能力为36977t/a,对氨氮的纳污能力为1908t/a.     

浅析城市景观水体污染防治策略

随着工业污染和生活污染愈演愈烈,城市景观水体也发生了很大的变化,原本清澈见底的城市景现水体逐渐变得浑浊不堪,恶臭难闻.文章通过对城市景观水体及其特点、城市景观水体污染的主要原因、大力加强城市景观水体污染的保护等问题的分析,为城市景观水体污染防治提供了策略.     

基于突变级数模型的玛纳斯河流域水资源可持续利用评价

水资源可持续利用能力评价是世界普遍关注的热点问题.本文以新疆玛纳斯河流域为例,构建了水资源可持续利用评价指标体系,该体系由水资源系统、社会系统、经济系统和生态环境系统4个子系统13项指标组成,将水资源可持续利用水平划分为高中低3类.采用突变级数法与改进障碍因子诊断模型对研究区不同时期水资源可持续利用水平进行评价,结果表明:不同时期(2000年、2010年与2020年),研究区水资源可持续利用水平均处于中等水平(综合值为0.689),为Ⅱ级,但其综合值由2000年的0.689提升至2020年的0.829;水资源开发利用率过高、单位面积水资源量不足与林草覆盖率较低,已成为制约研究区水资源可持续利用的普遍问题.研究结果为区域水资源优化配置提供了重要参考.     

茅洲河全流域水环境综合治理方案及创新

茅洲河水环境综合治理工程规模大,水质污染成因成分复杂,有机质、营养盐、重金属污染重,治理区域人员、企业密度大,且需要跨界协同治理.本文通过分析该项目的治理技术路线,制定了双核驱动、多联协同的治理技术路线,并采取雨污管网、活水补水等六类工程措施,使茅洲河国考断面水质提前达到考核目标.在治理过程中通过技术创新,保证了工程质...     

Radial interval chance-constrained programming for agricultural non-point source water pollution control under uncertainty

Inherent uncertainties in agricultural non-point source water pollution control problems cause great difficulties in relevant modeling processes. A radial interval chance-constrained programming (RICCP) approach was developed in this study for supporting source-oriented non-point source pollution control under uncertainty. The proposed RICCP approach could tackle two-layer uncertainty resulting from temporal and spatial variability of many factors and their uncertain interactions. Based on the concept of radial intervals and chance-constrained programming, RICCP could reflect the randomness in the bounds of interval parameters, with or without known probability distributions. RICCP could also allow decision makers to adjust the conservativeness of solutions via protection and significance levels, helping satisfy environmental, economic and resource-conservation requirements in a holistic and interactive manner. The proposed methodology has been applied to an agricultural water pollution control case. The most-profit agricultural development strategies were explored while restricting environmental impacts to an acceptable level. A series of interval solutions for agricultural practices were generated corresponding to varied risk levels of constraint violations, which could help screen optimal alternatives according to decision makers’ profit and risk considerations as well as various system conditions. RICCP model was also compared to its alternatives. Significant differences in the solutions among the compared models further demonstrated the advantages of the proposed approach.