水生态文明评价指标体系比较及济南市指标体系构建

水生态文明评价指标体系是衡量区域水生态文明水平,指导水生态文明建设的基础。为了构建济南市水生态文明评价指标体系,介绍、总结了水生态文明的概念内涵和建设情况,从水安全、水生态、水环境、水节约、水管理、水文化6个方面,对36个城市的水生态文明评价指标体系进行了统计,分析它们的共性指标和特性指标。现有指标体系对水资源、水经济、水治理和水景观类指标关注不够。针对问题,结合济南市水环境现况,构建了济南市水生态文明评价指标体系,其中共性指标29个,区域特色指标6个,为济南市的水生态文明建设提供了科学的导向。     

生物及生态修复技术在河道整治工程中的应用

随着人们对生态环境问题的日益关注,水利工程中的水生态环境元素也成为工程技术中不可忽视的层面,各地在河道整治中注重实施河道的生物修复和生态恢复也就成为大势所趋.河道生物修复是一类低耗、高效和环境安全的生物技术, 是国外流行的最新治污技术之一,特点是能对污染环境进行原位处理,勿需基建投资,效果理想且无副作用.将生物修复技术与水工工程技术相结合应用于城市河流的生态恢复工程实践在国内尚属探索起步阶段,结合石井河流域均和涌整治工程实践,介绍水体生物修复技术在城市污染河流综合整治工程设计中应用的一个实例.     

基于PSR模型的粤北生态特别保护区生态安全评价

生态安全评价可以为生态保护区的规划、管护提供重要的依据.粤北生态特别保护区位于广东省重要的生态屏障带,是重要的生态产品输出地.本研究利用遥感数据、DEM数据、社会经济统计数据,采用PSR(压力/Pressure-状态/State-响应/Response)模型,构建生态安全评价指标体系,并以熵权法对评价指标进行赋权,评价...     

基于物元分析的区域土地生态安全评价方法研究

现有土地生态安全评估涉及大量的行政区社会经济数据，评价方法常常忽略单个指标对综合值的影响程度，本文构建了基于地质-水文-生物（GHB）的生态安全评价体系，提出基于物元分析的区域土地生态安全评价方法，以大安市为例进行土地生态安全水平定量评价。评价得出大安市87.45%的土地生态安全水平处在安全级，但整体生态安全水平仍有较大提升空间；单个指标分析表明，大安市土地生态建设重在推进重要水源管理、提高植被覆盖度、减少矿产开采量和减少地下水开采量等工作。研究结果表明，物元分析能够揭示单个评价指标的分异信息，对大安市生态安全的改善有一定指导意义。     

河流生态治理实践与思考

河流生态治理是水利、生态、景观“三位一体”的系统工程,应在保证河流防洪安全的前提下,遵循生态文明理念,在改善河流环境的同时尽力恢复河流自然形态,实现人水和谐的最终目标.本文结合以往工程经验,对河流生态治理中的一些问题进行了相关探讨.     

水安全综合评价研究——基于中国2000-2012年宏观数据的实证分析

水安全是环境与发展的核心问题,水安全评价是解决水安全问题的前提基础。构建了包括水循环安全、水环境安全、水生态安全、水社会安全和水经济安全5个子系统及39个指标在内的3层次水安全评价指标体系,使用层次分析法确定了各个指标的权重。并利用2000-2012年我国宏观层面的相关数据,借助水安全指数计算公式,评价了我国在2000-2012年间的水安全发展状态,对我国维护水安全、实现水资源的可持续利用具有重要的参考意义。     

昭通渔洞水库饮用水源地保护措施探讨

本文从水资源、水环境、水生态现状及现阶段存在的问题等方面对昭通渔洞水库饮用水源地进行分析,提出实施水量保证、水质合格、生态恢复、监测监控等工程措施,落实责任、立法保护等非工程措施,为渔洞水库饮用水水源地保护与管理工作提供了技术支撑.     

基于"3S"技术乌梁素海湿地生态工程数据库的研究

以乌梁素海湿地生态工程为主要研究对象,在工程数据、遥感数据、地图资料等基础数据的支持下,利用"3S"技术、计算机技术、工程数据库技术和环境管理技术,运用Visual Basic,SuperMap和SQL Server数据库等开发软件,构建乌梁素海生态工程数据库.该工程数据库可以对生态工程采集的坐标点,自动进行格式转换与输入,在遥感图像上显示工程的进展与成果.同时,该工程数据库还实现了数据管理、规划设计、生态监测和制图输出等功能,为乌梁素海湿地生态治理与资源开发提供全方位的数据信息及其管理,对生态工程规划与实施方案进行优化设计,并能够对乌梁素海生态工程进行实时监测.     

投影寻踪法在泵站建筑物安全评价中的应用

为了评价在役泵站工程建筑物安全状况,建立了泵站工程建筑物安全评价指标体系.对安全评价指标重要性进行分析,着重分析了泵站工程建筑物安全评价客观赋权方法之一的投影寻踪方法.根据泵站工程建筑物安全评价指标的实测值求计算数据,通过投影寻踪法模型计算并联系基于遗传算法的投影寻踪计算原理分析计算结果.利用江苏省某泵站作为实例,对影响泵站建筑物安全状态各指标层指标重要性进行分析,分别对混凝土结构安全状态和站身稳定安全状态2个指标层进行了研究.利用投影寻踪计算模型分析各指标层下各评价指标重要性,应用Matlab自带的遗传算法工具箱进行具体计算.计算结果表明,此泵站混凝土结构安全状态指标层中混凝土实测强度最为重要,而泵站站身稳定安全指标层中站身抗滑稳定这一指标权重最大.     

灰色关联和层次分析法在地下水质评价中的应用——以吉林市为例

地下水质评价是一个涉及多因素、多层次结构的非线性系统,可运用层次分析和灰色关联分析法对其水质状况进行分析.首先采用层次分析法得出评价指标权重,再运用灰色关联分析得出参评数据序列与标准数据序列之间的关联度,其中关联度最大值所对应的水质等级,即为该地区地下水水质的等级.通过对吉林市G022水井2002-2004年的地下水水质进行分析,结合层次分析法、灰色关联法和MATLAB编程,对吉林市地下水的硝酸盐、亚硝酸盐、总硬度、铁、锰等7个指标进行了评价,评价结果表明:在2002-2004年,该处地下水质由Ⅱ类水逐渐变为Ⅳ类水.水质呈现了恶化趋势.     

水资源水质水量优化配置分析

本研究旨在实现水资源水质水量的优化配置,通过对水资源水质水量优化配置的生态经济学理论进行分析,指出水资源水质水量优化配置的概念,在内涵分析基础上确定了水资源水质水量优化配置的具体阈值原理和模型体系框架.同时对青海水资源水质水量的优化配置进行分析,指出不同区域的水资源水质水量需要进行针对性的优化配置.     

水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式探讨

在水资源管理中,水量水质联合调控主要是为了协调生态环境.利用运筹学、系统方法论、宏观经济学为计算基础,通过控制流域污染物来达到水质控制的目标.基于此,本文对水资源管理中水量水质联合调控的模式进行探讨.     

Sugarcane water use from shallow water tables: implications for improving irrigation water use efficiency

The resource potential of shallow water tables for cropping systems has been investigated using the Australian sugar industry as a case study. Literature concerning shallow water table contributions to sugarcane crops has been summarised, and an assessment of required irrigation for water tables to depths of 2 m investigated using the SWIMv2.1 soil water balance model for three different soils. The study was undertaken because water availability is a major limitation for sugarcane and other crop production systems in Australia and knowledge on how best to incorporate upflow from water tables in irrigation scheduling is limited. Our results showed that for the three soils studied (representing a range of permeabilities as defined by near-saturated hydraulic conductivities), no irrigation would be required for static water tables within 1 m of the soil surface. Irrigation requirements when static water tables exceeded 1 m depth were dependent on the soil type and rooting characteristics (root depth and density). Our results also show that the near-saturated hydraulic conductivities are a better indicator of the ability of water tables below 1 m to supply sufficient upflow as opposed to soil textural classifications. We conclude that there is potential for reductions in irrigation and hence improvements in irrigation water use efficiency in areas where shallow water tables are a low salinity risk: either fresh, or the local hydrology results in net recharge.     

浅析传统水利向环境水利及生态水利的转变

农田水利建设一直是我国农业发展的重中之重,最初的农田一般仅依靠自然河水和雨水进行灌溉,而后由兴修的水利工程进行灌溉,农水建设发展到今天开始重视环境水生态.传统农田水利向环境水生态转变是一种必然的发展趋势.这种形式的转变能够最大限度地满足农业经济发展中的用水需求,而且不会对生态环境带来危害.本文主要分析农田水利发展对环境的影响,并概述了传统农业水利向环境水生态转变的过程.     

水利工程项目的水闸设计探讨

在水利工程项目建设中,水闸工程项目占据着极其重要的作用.换言之,水闸工程质量的好坏,在很大程度上将直接关乎到整个水利工程项目的整体效果,包括使用寿命、功能发挥等.在工程建设过程中,水闸这一环节一旦出现了问题,对于整个工程及其下游地区,都会造成安全隐患,极大危害着当地居民的财产与生命安全.本文重点针对水利工程项目中的水闸设计环节,选取了春风河水利工程项目实例探讨,着重以该工程的水闸设计为研究对象,加以论述.     

水源更换对自来水厂进水泵房给水泵的影响

以杭州市清泰水厂进水泵房给水泵为对象,通过对千岛湖作为第二供应水源后水质变化进行理论分析和试验研究,以及水源变化后水泵实际流量扬程等性能进行分析研究,提出在千岛湖、钱塘江等多水源下给水泵的选型设计。通过给水泵叶轮切削的方式,使给水泵新的工况点处于高效区域内,确保给水泵安全顺利生产运行,提高进水泵房给水泵的效率,满足日供水量的要求。     

Non-conventional water resources and opportunities for water augmentation to achieve food security in water scarce countries

Given current demographic trends and future growth projections, as much as 60% of the global population may suffer water scarcity by the year 2025. The water-use efficiency techniques used with conventional resources have been improved. However, water-scarce countries will have to rely more on the use of non-conventional water resources to partly alleviate water scarcity. Non-conventional water resources are either generated as a product of specialized processes such as desalination or need suitable pre-use treatment and/or appropriate soil–water–crop management strategies when used for irrigation. In water-scarce environments, such water resources are accessed through the desalination of seawater and highly brackish groundwater, the harvesting of rainwater, and the use of marginal-quality water resources for irrigation. The marginal-quality waters used for irrigation consist of wastewater, agricultural drainage water, and groundwater containing different types of salts. In many developing countries, a major part of the wastewater generated by domestic, commercial, and industrial sectors is used for crop production in an untreated or partly treated form. The protection of public health and the environment are the main concerns associated with uncontrolled wastewater irrigation. The use of saline and/or sodic drainage water and groundwater for agriculture is expected to increase. This warrants modifications in the existing soil, irrigation, and crop management practices used, in order to cope with the increases in salinity and sodicity that will occur.     

Effect of soil water osmotic potential on growth and water relationships in barley during soil water depletion

Summary Barley plants (Hordeum distichum, L., cv. Zita) grown in a sandy soil in pots were adjusted during a pretreatment period of 5 days to three levels of soil water osmotic potential by percolating 61 of a nutrient solution with additional 0, 22.3 and 44.6 mM KCl. A drying cycle was then started and the plants were harvested when the soil water matric potential had decreased to –1.4 MPa, respectively 6, 7 and 8 days later.No significant differences in dry matter yields, transpiration coefficients and wilting percentages were found between treatments.During the drying cycle leaf water potential ( _l ) decreased concomitantly with decrease in soil water potential ( _s ) with almost constant and similar differences ( _l – _s ) for all treatments despite differences in levels of potentials. The concomitant decrease in leaf osmotic potential () was due partly to dehydration (58%) and partly to increase in leaf solute content (42%) independent of treatment. The part of total osmotic solutes due to K decreased relatively during the drying cycle.Close relationships were found between and _l as functions of relative water content (RWC). Identical curves for the two levels of salt treatment agree with similar concentrations of K, Cl, and ash found for salt treated plants indicating that maximum uptake of macro nutrients may have been reached.During the main part of the drying cycle the turgor potential as function of RWC was higher and decreased less steeply with decreasing RWC in the salt treated than in the non-salt treated plants.In the beginning of the drying cycle additions of KCI lowered the transpiration rates of the salt treated plants resulting in a slower desiccation of the soil and hence an increased growth period. A delay in uptake from a limited soil water supply may be advantageous during intermittent periods of drought.     

Production and water use in lettuces under variable water supply

The effects of a variable water supply on the water use, growth and yield of two crisphead and one romaine (i.e., Cos) lettuce cultivar were examined in a field experiment using a line source sprinkler system that produced a range of water regimes that occur in growers fields. Four locations at increasing distances from the main line were monitored through the season (i.e., from thinning to harvest, 28–63 days after planting (DAP)). These locations at the end of the season corresponded to: (1) rewatering to field capacity (FC); (2) watering with a volume 13% below that required in the field capacity treatment (0.87*FC); (3) 30% below FC (0.70*FC); and (4) 55% below FC (0.45*FC). A linear production function for dry matter accumulation and fresh weight vs. crop evapotranspiration (ET_c) was determined for lettuce during this period, giving a water use efficiency for dry matter of 1.86 g m^–2 mm^–1 and for fresh weight of 48 g m^–2 mm^–1 . For lettuce irrigated to field capacity, ET_c between thinning and harvest was 146 mm; maximum crop coefficients of 0.81–1.02 were obtained at maturity (55–63 DAP). For the three irrigation treatments receiving the largest water application, ET_c was higher in the Cos culivar than in the two crisphead lettuce cultivars which had similar ET_c. Plant fresh weight was more sensitive than dry weight to reduction in water supply. In the FC treatment, root length density and soil water extraction were greatest in the top 0–45 cm, and decreased rapidly below 45 cm depth. Soil water extraction by roots increased at lower depths when irrigation was reduced. Instantaneous rates of leaf photosynthesis and leaf water potential showed no response to the irrigation treatments in this study, despite differences in biomass production. Evaporation was determined to be the major component of ET_c for 45 of the 63 days of the growing season. The large loss of water by evaporation during mid-season and the apparent insensitivity of lettuce to the volume of irrigation during this period may provide an opportunity for reducing irrigation applications.