~(137)Cs不同污染水平在大亚湾、秦山、北京土壤植物系统的转移

采用我国大亚湾、秦山和北京土壤 ,模拟核裂变产物137Cs在 0Bq kg土、3 3×1 0 4 Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 5Bq kg土、3 3× 1 0 6 Bq kg土污染水平时 ,研究土壤 -小麦系统的污染影响与137Cs核素的转移规律。结果表明 :在本试验条件下小麦生长发育处于正常状态 ,未发现对小麦有不良影响 ;小麦分别在 3个污染水平下从试验用的 3种土壤中吸收137Cs的趋势是一致的 ;小麦植株中137Cs的比活度随137Cs施入量相应以数量级增加 ,两者间呈十分显著的正相关 ;137Cs在土壤 -小麦系统中的转移系数随土壤的性质不同而变化 ,在同一污染水平下转移系数在n× 1 0 - 2 ～n× 1 0 0 范围变化 ;在同一种土壤中 ,随土壤污染水平的提高 ,转移系数亦有所提高 ,但变化范围不大 ,对北京土转移系数为 2 2× 1 0 - 2 ～ 5 4× 1 0 - 2 ,大亚湾土转移系数为 1 0 4～ 2 0 9,均在同一数量级内变化 ;对秦山土转移系数为 0 51～ 1 2 1。     

青岛地区地表天然放射性调查

用γ能谱仪对青岛地区地表天然放射性核素238U、232Th和40K进行了大规模高密度的现场测量。结果显示,该地区上述核素的平均比活度分别为25.4Bq/kg（范围值2.83～101.35Bq/kg）,50.1Bq/kg（范围值5.30～189.91Bq/kg）,933.5Bq/kg（范围值102.00～2296.55B...     

粉煤灰的农业利用及其环境放射性污染评价

对北京、内蒙、宁夏、河北、广东和天津等地大型火力发电厂粉煤灰的采样分析表明：粉煤灰中主要放射性成分为２３８ Ｕ 、２３２ Ｔｈ 衰变系和４０ Ｋ ,比活度范围分别为９３２ ～２８３８ Ｂｑ／ｋｇ ,８０３ ～２３８８ Ｂｑ／ｋｇ 和１１５６ ～４４７４ Ｂｑ／ｋｇ 。试样模拟研究表明, 当粉煤灰施用量达６７５ Ｔ／ｈ ｍ ２ 时,土壤中天然放射性核素２２６ Ｒａ 和２２８ Ｒａ 的比活度分别是对照的３５６ 倍和２６０ 倍。土壤中天然放射性核素的比活度和地面１ ｍ 高处空气吸收剂量及地面γ辐射所致人均年有效剂量当量随粉煤灰的施用量增加呈现增加的趋势。土壤中２２８ Ｒａ 的比活度与粉煤灰施用量的相关性可表示为ｙ ＝ ２２０４ｘ ＋ １７２５ ,（ｒ２ ＝ ０９９０９） ;对于２２６ Ｒａ ,ｙ ＝ ２１３８ｘ ＋ ２４５ ,（ｒ２ ＝ ０９９６６） 。地面１ ｍ 高处空气吸收剂量率（ Ｄ） 与粉煤灰施用量的相关性可表示为：ｙ ＝ １８９６ｘ ＋ ３８７５ ,（ｒ２ ＝ ０９８９１ ） 。有效剂量当量（ Ｈ） 的变化与施用粉煤灰的量之间的相关性可表示为：ｙ ＝ ２３２４５ｘ ＋４７５０５ ,（ｒ２ ＝ ０９８９１） 。当粉煤灰施用     

剪根稻苗移栽后叶鞘~3H-同化物的运转分配特点

用3H同位素示踪方法研究了剪根稻苗移栽后叶鞘同化物的运转分配特点。结果表明,剪根处理稻苗各器官干重均低于对照,而3H-同化物的比活度却高于对照,标记后10d多数器官高出对照1倍左右,分蘖高2倍,新根高4倍。剪根处理发根节和新根的放射性总活度和3H-同化物的分配比例均高于对照,意味着其新根的发生更加依赖于主茎叶鞘物质输出。     

134Cs在鸡体内累积与代谢

本试验以鸡为研究对象,探明134Cs在鸡体内的累积与代谢情况,为减少放射性同位素污染及安全提供参考依据。结果表明：134Cs引入后能很快被鸡体吸收,并迅速转移到各内脏器官和组织中,6h放射性比活度在肝、肠、胰、心中积累较高,达到3210780±1560Bq～4568580±1860Bq ,血、肉、骨、毛中累积较少,在198480±360～198480±360Bq之间, 之后随着时间的延长,而逐渐降低。在24h时,组织中放射性比活度下降到6h时的30%左右。到第69d时除毛和肉中以外,其余器官和组织中均未能检测到放射性134Cs的存在。喂饲NaCl能减轻134Cs在鸡体内的积累。清水浸洗对鸡肉中134Cs清除效果明显。     

秦山核电站周围农业生态环境放射性本底调查

本研究调查了秦山核电站站址周围50km半径范围内土壤、水和农作物的总α、总β放射性水平,土壤中天然放射性核素含量,以及γ外照射积累剂量。结果表明:土壤中总α、总β值分别为0.54—1.48×10~(-8)Ci/kg和1.90—2.96×10~(-8) Ci/kg,低于全国一般地区平均水平,且0—100cm土层变化不大。土壤中~238U、~226Ra、~232Th、~40k、~137Cs的放射性活性分别为0.67—5.00×10~(-9)、4.49—11.4×10~(-10)、0.88—1.69×10~(-9)、0.39—2.09×10~(-8)和0.89—4.32×10~(-10)Ci/kg。河水、湖水以及核电站废水排放口处海水总β值分别为1.32—8.62、3.6和2.55×10~(-12)Ci/L。大米和油菜叶中的总β值分别为2.53和3.0×10~(-9)Ci/kg。室内外月平均γ照射量各为10.6—14.7和9.16—13.7mR。     

用~(15)N同位素稀释法研究沸石对氮肥利用率的影响

通过15N示踪研究不同沸石水平处理对玉米氮肥利用率的影响。结果表明 :( 1 )沸石和肥料混合使用促进了玉米的生长 ,第一茬玉米氮肥利用率以 0 7g kg土沸石用量为最高 ,其次是 1g kg土 ;( 2 )第二茬玉米的氮肥利用率则是以 0 1 %的沸石用量最高 ,其次是 0 1 3 %的沸石用量水平 ,与对照相比 ,沸石处理使两茬玉米的氮肥利用率分别提高了 2 3 2 %～ 3 3 1 % ;( 3 )沸石处理可以显著降低土壤中氮肥的损失 ,与对照相比 ,降低率达 2 5 9%～3 0 6% ,但对土壤中氮肥的残留量没有影响     

~(60)Co在小麦-土壤系统中的消长动态

采用模拟污染物的核素示踪技术研究了60Co在小麦-土壤系统中的迁移、消长和分配动态,并建立了其行为规律的数学模型。结果表明:(1)60Co由表土进入系统后即在系统中发生迁移,小麦主要经根部吸收60Co,然后向其他各部位转移和分配。小麦植株中60Co比活度起初随时间迅速增高,达到某一最大值后开始下降。根中60Co比活度显著高于植株其他部位,小麦各部位中60Co比活度的大小顺序为:麦根>麦秸>麦壳>麦粒;(2)土壤中60Co主要滞留于表层6cm内,其比活度与距土表深度呈单项指数负相关;(3)60Co在小麦-土壤系统中比活度的动态变化规律由多项指数描述;(4)小麦对土壤中的60Co具有一定的富集能力。     

长期喷施稀土对土壤和春小麦中放射性活度的影响

本文扼要介绍了喷施稀土定位试验。施用的稀土化合物中含R_2O_338％,α比活度在137—2477Bq/kg之间,每亩施用稀土40g。在春小麦分蘖期喷施1次。将每年收获的小麦翌年再播种,使之连续接受喷施稀土处理。对春小麦、土壤逐年采样,测定α、β、铀放射性活度。结果表明,经10年连续施用稀土的春小麦和土壤,α、β、铀放射性活度没有出现随年次递增的趋势,处理组与对照没有显著差异。     

高肥力土壤冬小麦/夏玉米轮作体系中化肥氮去向研究

冬小麦 夏玉米轮作是华北平原主要的耕作方式之一。本研究通过田间15N微区试验 ,研究了高肥力土壤条件下冬小麦 夏玉米轮作体系中化肥氮的去向。结果表明 ,在每季施氮量 1 2 0～ 3 60kg hm2 条件下 ,冬小麦对化肥氮的吸收率为 2 3 8%～44 5 % ,夏玉米为 2 6 5 %～ 5 1 1 % ,整个轮作周期为 2 8 0 %～ 5 1 6%。而后茬作物对化肥氮的吸收量较少 ,低于施氮量的 1 0 %。当季化肥氮的土壤残留率约占施氮的2 0 %～ 5 0 % ,轮作周期化肥氮的土壤残留率约占施氮的 3 0 %。当季和轮作周期化肥氮的损失量和损失率 ,均随着施氮量的提高而显著升高。当施氮量分别为 2 40kg hm2和 72 0kg hm2 时 ,整个轮作周期化肥氮的损失率分别为 1 9 0 %和 40 5 %。     

粉煤灰改土效应研究

六个省市多年试验研究证明燃煤电厂湿排法排出的粉煤灰改良粘质土壤增产效果明显，亩施粉煤灰１．５万到３万公斤时，小麦增产１２．７±５．８％，玉米增产１２．１±３．５％，水稻增产１３．５±７．０％，此外对谷子、棉花、蔬菜均有一定的增产效果。     

Determination of Natural and Artificial Radionuclide Levels in Soils of Western and Southern Coastal Area of Turkey

Soil samples were collected from western and southern region of Turkey in 1995 from 17 sampling stations of different depths. Natural and artificial radionuclide activity levels of soil samples of the western and southern sea in Turkey were previously reported about nine years after the Chernobyl accident. The aim of the study was to collect data for following up of the earlier study and to present result for distributions of radionuclides in soil samples of the western and southern regions of Turkey. ²²⁶Ra is in the range 19–276 Bq kg^?1, 7–173 Bq kg^?1 for ²³⁸U, 8–244 Bq kg^?1 for ²³²Th, 86–1162 Bq kg^?1 (dry wt.) for ⁴⁰K and ¹³⁷Cs activity result varies between 1.8–82 Bq kg^?1 (dry wt.).     

Measurement of Radionuclides and Gamma-Ray Dose Rate in Soil and Transfer of Radionuclides from Soil to Vegetation, Vegetable of Some Northern Area of Pakistan Using ��-Ray Spectrometry

The analysis of gamma emitters natural radionuclides, i.e., ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K, has been carried out in soil, vegetation, vegetable, and water samples collected from some Northern area of Pakistan, using gamma-ray spectrometry. The ??-ray spectrometry was carried out using high-purity Germanium detector coupled with a computer-based high-resolution multi-channel analyzer. The activity concentrations in soil ranges from 24.7 to 78.5 Bq?kg^?1, 21.7 to 75.3 Bq?kg^?1, and 298.5 to 570.8 Bq?kg^?1 for ²²⁶Ra, ²³²Th, and ⁴⁰K with the mean value of 42.1, 43.3, 9.5, and 418.3 Bq?kg^?1, respectively. In the present analysis, ⁴⁰K was the major radionuclide present in soil, vegetation, fruit, and vegetable samples. The concentration of ⁴⁰K in vegetation sample varied from 646.6 to 869.6 Bq?kg^?1 on dry weight basis. However, the concentration of ⁴⁰K in fruit and vegetable samples varied from 34.0 to 123.3 Bq?kg^?1 on fresh weight basis. In vegetation samples, along with ⁴⁰K, ²²⁶Ra, and ²³²Th were also present in small amount. The transfer factors of these radionuclides from soil to vegetation, fruit, and vegetable were also studied. The transfer factors were found in the order: ⁴⁰K?>?²³²Th????²²⁶Ra. The analysis of water samples showed activity concentrations values for all radionuclides below detection limit. The internal and external hazard indices were measured and found less than the safe limit of unity. The mean value of outdoor and indoor absorbed dose rate in air was found 64.61 and 77.54 nGy?h^?1, respectively. The activity concentrations of radionuclides found in all samples during the current investigation were nominal. Therefore, they are not associated with any potential source of health hazard to the general public.     

Impact of Tropical Ecosystem on the Migrational Behavior of K-40, Cs-137, Th-232 U-238 in Perennial Plants

A comprehensive study was conducted to determine the soil to plant transfer factor (TF_S–P) of K-40, Cs-137, Th-232 and U-238 in perennial plants from accessible areas of Mumbai, using high-resolution γ spectrometry. A total of 50 soil and 150 plants samples were collected from all over the Mumbai region where lithology is dominated by basaltic rocks. The mean concentration values for K-40, Cs-137, Th-232 and U-238 in soil was 170.06?±?65.36, 5.19?±?1.20, 25.72?±?6.262 and 10.21?±?2.82 Bq kg^?1 respectively, whereas in case of plants the mean concentration values were determined to be 181.82?±?18.50, 0.44?±?0.14, 0.84?±?0.19 and 0.79?±?0.22 Bq kg^?1 respectively. The mean activity ratio of Th-232/U-238 in plants is 1.06 while in soil the ratio is 2.5. The soil to plant transfer factor (TF_S–P) calculated for K-40, Cs-137, U-238 and Th-232 are 1.05, 0.076, 0.071 and 0.031 respectively. Higher value of TF_S–P for K-40, which is an integral part of stable potassium clearly indicates the physiological need of stable potassium, for maintaining the different biological mechanisms of perennial plants under tropical conditions.     

137Cs在耕作土壤中的均一性分布研究

选择一块面积为35m×30m较为平坦的农耕地作为研究对象,采集68个样点,共计112个样品,对~(137)Cs在土壤中的垂直分布和水平分布进行了探讨.结果表明,~(137)Cs在耕作土壤剖面中分布主要集中在耕层以内,且各个层的质量活度介于2.92～4.01Bq/kg之间,在土壤表层中水平面上质量活度介于28.77～30.98Bq/kg之间,该核素在土壤剖面和地表水平面上都呈现均一性分布特征.     

Multivariate statistical analysis correlating 238U, 232Th,and 40K equivalent activities in soil to geochemical data from an agricultural area

Journal of Soils and Sediments - Multivariate statistical analysis was used for the correlation of 238U, 232Th, and 40K equivalent activities to geochemical data from soil samples collected at...     

粉煤灰对土壤性质和草坪生长的影响

为使粉煤灰的利用避开食物链,探讨了粉煤灰在草坪业中的应用。盆栽试验结果表明:粉煤灰施加到土壤后,具有明显的降低土壤粘粒含量,增加速效P、全P及部分金属元素(K、Ca、Mn、Zn、Cu、Cd和Pb)含量的作用,这一效果随粉煤灰施用量的增加而增加。同时,各个处理中的重金属元素Zn、Cu和Pb含量均低于“土壤环境质量标准值”一级标准,但为避免对环境的潜在危害,粉煤灰施加量应该控制在317.29g/kg以内。在施灰量300g/kg(重量比)的土壤中,草坪生长和产量最佳;300g/kg是粉煤灰用作草皮基质的最佳施加比例。     

作为颗粒运移的示踪剂的土壤7Be, 137Cs, 226Ra和228Ra的地球化学种类

A brunisolic soil collected from an erosive forest land(HF-1-1) and a yellow soil from and accumulative shallow basin(HF-6-1) in the watershed of Lake Hongfeng (HF) were used for activity measurements of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and ^228Ra in different geochemical speciation.More than 85% of ^7Be,^137Cs,^226Ra and 228Ra in the soils were bound to organic Fe-Mn oxy-hydroxide and residual fractions.They could move with soil particlesw and be used as tracers for the erosion and /or accumulation of soil particles.^7Be gohemical specition in the soils agreed with its trace for seasonal particle transport.^137Cs geohemial speciaiton was suitable for tracing soil particle accumulation and for sediment aating.^226Ra and ^228Ra were ombined in crystalline skeleton of clay minerals and mainly remained as residues in the soils and little was bound to the soluble,exchangeable and carbonate fractions.The differentiation of ^226 Ra/^228Ra activity ratios in different geoheical fractions in the soils could be used as a parameter to trace accumulation and /or erosion of soil particles.