金脉刺桐嫩枝上刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿分布规律研究

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim是重要外来入侵害虫,危害刺桐属多种植物。本文调查研究了金脉刺桐嫩枝上刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿的数量分布和空间格局。结果显示,金脉刺桐嫩枝上靠近生长点(芽头)一端刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿数量较多,15 cm以内占90%以上,距离越远越少,其虫瘿数量比率(Y)和枝条长度(X)关系方程为Y=72.577e-0.138X。对频次分布的分析结果显示,刺桐嫩枝上虫瘿主要以虫瘿集体形式出现。获得的虫瘿空间格局主要参数平均拥挤度M*、丛生指数I、聚块性指数M*/M等均显著大于1,表明虫瘿是聚集分布且聚集程度较强。建立的Iwao M*-M方程为M*=1.75+3.51M、Taylor幂函数法则模型为lg s2=0.554+1.828lgx珋。     

新入侵有害生物刺桐姬小蜂初报

2005年7月25日，深圳出入境检验检疫局技术人员在深圳市日常疫情调查时发现一景区杂色刺桐（Erythrina variegata）叶片上布满虫瘿，取样送实验室检验。经对虫样检查和饲养观察，虫瘿内有大量蜂类幼虫和蛹。7月28～31日共收集到寄生蜂成虫362头。根据该虫的形态特征、寄主和危害特点，鉴定为刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythinae Kim，英文名为erythria gall wasp，我国台湾省称为刺桐釉小蜂），为中国大陆新纪录种。8月6日，该虫鉴定结果分别得到浙江大学和中国科学院寄生蜂专家复核确认。     

溴甲烷对刺桐姬小蜂的熏蒸效果

研究了溴甲烷熏蒸对刺桐姬小蜂的检疫处理效果。研究结果表明,刺桐姬小蜂的死亡率随熏蒸剂量增加而增高。在同一剂量处理下,虫瘿外刺桐姬小蜂的死亡率显著高于虫瘿内刺桐姬小蜂的死亡率。当熏蒸剂量≥40 g/m³时,刺桐姬小蜂幼虫、蛹和成虫均全部死亡。在推荐熏蒸剂量处理下,刺桐植株未受到不利影响。     

溴甲烷对刺桐姬蜂的熏蒸效果

研究了溴甲烷熏蒸对刺桐姬小蜂的检疫处理效果.研究结果表明,剌桐姬小蜂的死亡率随熏蒸剂量增加而增高.在同一剂量处理下,虫瘿外剌桐姬小蜂的死亡率显著高于虫瘿内刺桐姬小蜂的死亡率.当熏蒸剂量≥40 g/m3时,刺桐姬小蜂幼虫、蛹和成虫均全部死亡.在推荐熏蒸剂量处理下,刺桐植株未受到不利影响.     

刺桐姬小蜂的发生、危害与检疫

刺桐姬小蜂是一种新入侵的有害生物,专一危害刺桐属植物。近两年陆续在美国夏威夷、中国台湾等地严重发生,2005年7月中国大陆首次发现该虫。本文分别介绍了刺桐姬小蜂的发生、传播、危害、鉴定、生物学特性和防控检疫等。     

杂色刺桐叶片上刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿的分布与抽样技术

本文调查并分析了杂色刺桐(Erythrina variegata Linn.)叶片上刺桐姬小蜂(Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim)虫瘿的分布规律,结果表明:叶片上的虫瘿主要分布于靠近叶柄的主脉两侧下部区域,多以1~2个虫瘿联体的形式存在;杂色刺桐叶片上刺桐姬小蜂虫瘿呈聚集分布,分布形式为负二项分布,分布的基本成分为个体群,且个体群大小随着虫瘿密度的增加而增大;虫瘿具有密度依赖性,聚集是昆虫本身习性和环境共同引起的。根据Iwao的方法,本文还确定了虫瘿最适抽样模型和最适抽样量,并列出了序贯抽样表。     

新入侵害虫--刺桐姬小蜂

刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim是一种新入侵害虫,近两年来,该虫陆续在中国台湾和美国夏威夷等地发生.2005年7月,深圳出入境检验检疫局在广东省深圳市某景区的杂色刺桐上首次发现刺桐姬小蜂.为了防止疫情扩散,农业部、国家林业局和国家质检总局联合发布公告,将刺桐姬小蜂列为我国进境植物检疫性和林业检疫性有害生物.     

刺桐姬小蜂成瘿过程中虫瘿内几种酶的活性变化

为探究刺桐叶片在刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim成瘿过程中几种酶的变化情况,测定了虫瘿初始形成期、成长分化期、成熟期和开裂期4个发育阶段超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)和多酚氧化酶(PPO)的活性变化。结果表明:虫瘿的形成显著提高了寄主叶片的SOD、CAT、POD、PPO活性;其中SOD、CAT、PPO活性主要体现在虫瘿组织上,开裂期酶活性均达到最大,分别为对照的5.36、5.28、19.73倍;PPO活性随虫瘿发育不断增加,而SOD、CAT活性分别在成熟期、成长分化期都有所下降;POD活性则主要表现在非虫瘿组织上,且每个时期显著高于对照,到开裂期为对照组的2.16倍。结果表明了刺桐对刺桐姬小蜂的为害产生了一定的防御反应。     

γ-射线辐照处理对刺桐姬小蜂发育和繁殖的影响

为了探索刺桐姬小蜂Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim的检疫处理方法,研究了γ-射线辐照处理对刺桐姬小蜂发育和繁殖的影响。结果表明,经0.05、0.1、0.2、0.3和0.4kGyγ-射线辐照处理20min后,刺桐姬小蜂幼虫化蛹率和蛹的羽化率均显著降低。成虫活动减弱、寿命缩短,交配次数、怀卵量和产卵量随处理剂量增高而降低,γ-射线辐照处理虫瘿后,刺桐姬小蜂羽化出蜂数和出蜂率随处理剂量增加而显著减少。雌雄成虫对γ-射线的抵抗力不同,在相同剂量辐照处理下,雄虫的死亡率显著高于雌虫。处理剂量越高,性比就越高。     

林木害虫刺桐姬小蜂风险分析

刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythrinael Kim）是我国大陆新发现的有害生物，根据刺桐姬小蜂的国内分布状况、潜在经济危害性、寄主植物的经济重要性、传播扩散的可能性和危险性管理难度等方面对其进行了风险分析，结果表明刺桐姬小蜂为我国风险中度偏高的有害生物。作者提出了检疫管理及除治措施。     

枸杞红瘿蚊和枸杞白瘿蚊所致虫瘿形态结构差异

枸杞红瘿蚊是宁夏枸杞上重要成灾害虫之一。枸杞白瘿蚊是继枸杞红瘿蚊后在宁夏枸杞上新发现的另一种瘿蚊科害虫。两种瘿蚊均以幼虫为害宁夏枸杞幼嫩花蕾使其不能正常发育,但形成的虫瘿结构差异明显。本文通过外部形态观察、石蜡切片等方法对两种虫瘿发育过程中的外部形态特征、内部组织结构进行了对比。结果表明,两种瘿蚊幼虫的取食不会引起花部结构的增加或缺失,但均影响花部结构发育,使其无法正常开花结果。枸杞红瘿蚊主要造成子房细胞数量增多形成虫瘿,枸杞白瘿蚊主要造成花冠细胞体积增大形成虫瘿。此外两种虫瘿在花柱、花丝、蜜腺、花药、花柄等处均存在一定差异。     

Tenth Commonwealth Entomological Conference

Abstract

Seeds of 22 rice strains carefully selected for resistance by continuously testing under high gall midge pressure at Cuttack (Orissa) through 1979–198’ and three such strains from Raipur (Madhya Pradesh) were assembled along with susceptible standard Jaya and were simultaneously tested at both locations (Cuttack and Raipur) against the Asian rice gall midge Orseolia oryzae Wood‐Mason in wet season 1985. Eighteen entries proved resistant at both locations. While Asha, Usha and Samrudhi were resistant at Raipur and susceptible at Cuttack, Shakti IR.36, IR.50, Daya and Pratap were resistant at Cuttack and susceptible at Raipur, based on which characterization of the Cuttack (Orissa) and Raipur (Madhya Pradesh) gall midge biotypes was proposed. In gall midge biotypes testing, meticulous selection of only such entries with consistently proven resistance to gall midge at least at one location, carrying forward seed from resistant plants only each season under high gall midge pressure (with 100% seedling/hill infestation in oft repeated susceptible check) and classification of test entries at the strain's level either as resistant or as susceptible without scope for the third ‘moderate’ category to intervene, generally ignored by earlier workers, were stressed.     

The Pathogen of Crown Gall Disease on Flowering Cherry and its Sensitivity to Strain K1026

Six strains of crown gall bacteria were isolated from flowering cherry. It was revealed by Otten paper electrophoresis that of the six strains, only BYH18-4 possessed the octopine type Ti plasmid, the remainder having nopaline type Ti plasmid. BYH5-1 was identified by physiological and biochemical tests to be Agrobacterium tumefaciens (originally biovar 1). The other five were A. rhizogenes (originally biovar 2). It was demonstrated with Stonier's method of double layer medium that flowering cherry crown gall bacteria exhibited different sensitivities to agrocin produced by biocontrol strain K1026. Strain K1026 on greenhouse-grown sunflower seedlings exerted a relatively potent inhibitory action on flowering cherry crown gall bacteria. Artificial inoculation showed that K1026 produced 67–99% inhibition of flowering cherry crown gall disease, compared with the treatment of inoculation with crown gall bacteria only.     

土壤杆菌K1026对果树根癌病的生物防治

由致病性根癌土壤杆菌Agrobacterium spp.侵染引起的根癌病对山东及我国其他省份的樱桃、桃及其他果树生产造成严重的影响.土壤杆菌Agrobacterium rhizogenes K1026在澳大利亚已制成生防菌剂并在全球多个国家实现商品化,但在我国果树育苗和生产行业中还未得到广泛应用.本文从山东樱桃和桃树根癌组织及感病土壤中分别分离到100余株致病性土壤杆菌,经鉴定均属于生物Ⅱ型土壤杆菌;利用双层平板抑菌试验,检测了37株病原菌对菌株K1026的敏感性,结果显示,所有菌株均对K1026产生的抗生物质敏感,可以在Stonier,s培养基上产生5种以上不同类型的抑菌圈;胡萝卜切片试验显示,菌株K1026可完全抑制37株病原菌对胡萝卜的致瘤活性.上述结果为土壤杆菌K1026用于山东省樱桃及桃树根癌病的生物防治奠定了基础.     

一种危害杧果幼果的瘿蚊科害虫

杧幼果普瘿蚊(Procontarinia frugivora Gagné)是目前已知唯一危害杧果果实的地区性害虫,国内尚未发生分布。本文综述了其分类地位、地理分布、成虫形态特征、生物学特性、传播途径等,讨论了其经济重要性及防治对策,提出了进境检疫鉴定方法,以期为进境检疫工作提供参考。     

刺桐姬小蜂检疫与防控技术

刺桐姬小蜂（Quadrastichus erythrinae Kim）是2005年7月在中国大陆发现的重要外来入侵物种，对刺桐属植物造成严重为害，已被列为中华人民共和国进境植物检疫性有害生物和全国林业检疫性有害生物。本文观察了该虫的羽化、取食、寿命、产卵、越冬等生物学习性；研究了该虫检疫处理和田间防治技术。     

Physoderma,not Olpidium,is the true cause of faba bean gall disease of Vicia faba in Ethiopia

Faba bean gall (FBG) is a devastating disease of faba bean (Vicia faba) in Ethiopia. Studies were undertaken first to compare and contrast similarities between FBG disease symptoms and morphology in Ethiopia with those reported earlier in China and, secondly, to identify definitively the FBG causal agent, previously considered as Olpidium viciae, through molecular studies. Morphological studies confirmed an epibiotic phase of zoosporangia for dispersing zoospores, characteristic of Physoderma but not Olpidium, and did not show critical diagnostic characteristics of Olpidium such as presence of numerous short zoosporangial discharging tubes, or binucleate resting sporangia. Recognizing this epibiotic phase is a foundation for comprehending FBG epidemiology and will allow forecasting of zoospore release to highlight best timings for applications of chemical sprays to reduce reinfection cycles. Sequences of partial ITS1-5.8S-partial ITS2, the 18S-ITS1-5.8S-ITS2-part of 28S rRNA, and LSU (28S rRNA) derived from tissue with symptoms confirmed Physoderma, and not Olpidium, as the causal agent. Sample sequences were either close to Physoderma or the contaminant ascochyta pathogen Didymella. From symptom, morphological, and molecular data, the causal agent of FBG disease in Ethiopia is Physoderma. From observations of symptoms that Physoderma can cause, it was determined that this Physoderma crosses over between different legume host genera (e.g., Vicia, Pisum, Trifolium), highlighting the significant biosecurity risk for countries currently free of FBG.     

刺桐姬小蜂在中国的适生区分析

运用CLIMEX的气候相似系数法,对入侵害虫刺桐姬小蜂在中国的适生区进行了分析和预测,结果表明:中国大陆有18个省区45个市、县(地区)适合该虫生存,大体分布于18.14°N～36.00°N,98.30°E～121.36°E范围内,这些地区也是刺桐属植物的主要分布区。     

抗根癌菌剂防治核果类果树根癌病的研究

本文利用引进的放射土壤杆菌K84菌株对我国果树根癌病进行了防治效果的研究，主要包括室内、温室和田间抑菌效果的检验、生产用培养基的改进和菌剂剂型的选择等。室内和温室试验表明，K84菌株能够抑制所有供试的生物Ⅱ型和部分生物Ⅰ型的根癌土壤杆菌，而对来自葡萄的Ⅲ型病菌无效。桃树的田间试验表明K84菌株对人工接种的病菌预防效果可达100％，对自然重茬土壤内的根癌菌也有明显的防治效果，苗龄越小、处理越早，防治效果越好。草炭制剂明显优于液体制剂，其保存期长而且易于运输。本文还介绍一种适于大规模生产的培养基WY。     

Inhibition of crown gall formation by Agrobacterium radiobacter biovar 3 strains isolated from grapevine

Graft unions of nursery stock of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) collected in Japan yielded pathogenic and nonpathogenic strains of Agrobacterium. On the basis of classical diagnostic tests, a sequence analysis, and a multiplex polymerase chain reaction method previously reported, the pathogenic strain was identified as Agrobacterium tumefaciens biovar 3, whereas the nonpathogenic strains were assigned to Agrobacterium radiobacter biovar 3. Stems of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) seedlings were inoculated with both A. tumefaciens biovar 3 strain G-Ag-27 as a pathogen and one of the control strains isolated from grapevine or A. radiobacter biovar 2 strain K84 as competitors to assay the suppression of gall formation caused by the pathogen. In a test with a 1 : 1 pathogen/nonpathogen cell ratio, all A. radiobacter biovar 3 strains reduced gall incidence and size compared to that of the positive control inoculated only with the pathogen. Strain VAR03-1 was especially effective in reducing the incidence of gall formation on grapevine and reduced gall size by 84%–100% of those on the positive control. Many tested nonpathogenic biovar 3 strains were bacteriocinogenic, causing an inhibition zone against A. tumefaciens biovar 3 strains on YMA medium. Strain VAR03-1 was the most effective against indicator strains and appears to be a promising agent for controlling crown gall of grapevine.