不同强度高压静电场照射对雏鸡局部黏膜组织抗体生成细胞的影响

以1日龄雏鸡为研究对象,应用组织石蜡切片及免疫酶组织化学染色法,通过对雏鸡盲肠扁桃体、哈德尔腺中IgA、IgM、IgG生成细胞数量动态变化的检测,较全面系统地研究了不同强度高压静电场照射对雏鸡消化道和呼吸道局部主要黏膜免疫组织的IgA、IgM、IgG生成细胞数量的影响。结果发现,5 kV和10 kV高压静电场照射雏鸡后,其盲肠扁桃体、哈德尔腺中上述抗体生成细胞数量均不同程度地高于对照雏鸡,且10 kV效果较5 kV更加明显,而20 kV高压静电场照射雏鸡后,其上述局部黏膜免疫组织的被检指标均低于对照雏鸡。表明5 kV和10 kV高压静电场可提高雏鸡消化道和呼吸道局部黏膜组织的体液免疫功能,而20 kV高压静电场对雏鸡局部黏膜的体液免疫功能有一定的抑制作用。该项研究为进一步探讨高压静电场在增强动物机体免疫功能中的应用提供了重要的参考依据。     

高压静电解冻技术对牛肉品质的影响研究

[目的]为了探讨高压静电解冻牛肉对其品质的影响,从而对此技术的推广应用提供理论依据。[方法]采用带有高压静电技术（HVEF）装置的冰箱和普通冰箱解冻同一头牛的外脊部位肉样,通过比较解冻时间和肉质分析结果。[结果]表明,带有高压静电装置的冰箱解冻牛肉比较普通冰箱解冻牛肉时间缩短16.67%,解冻失水率减少7.0%;高压静...     

没食子酸的生物学特性及其在畜禽生产中的应用进展

没食子酸是一种兼有抗菌、抗炎、抗氧化等生理功能的天然酚酸,在提高动物生产性能和改善动物健康状况方面已有较多研究。文章系统归纳了没食子酸的理化性质、吸收利用、生物学活性及其在畜禽生产中的应用等方面的研究进展,以期为进一步研究没食子酸影响动物健康的作用机制及其在畜禽生产中的科学应用提供理论依据。     

高压静电场对绵羊精液中Zn2+浓度的影响

静电因具有安全、经济、穿透力强的优点,在各个领域被广泛应用。该试验利用高压静电场的不同场强、不同时间处理绵羊离体精液,探讨高压静电场对精清和精子中Zn2 浓度的影响。结果表明,高压静电场可以改变精子膜通透性,促进细胞内Zn2 外流,使精清中Zn2 浓度上升。场强因子中以600kv/m最佳,时间——场强联合效应中以600kv/m×300min剂量组效果最佳。     

哺乳动物转基因载体——piggyBac转座子

piggyBac转座子具有识别位点特异性5'-TTAA-3',剪切和插入都不留下印迹,且高效转座。基于piggyBac转座子的特性,借助载体系统,已应用于哺乳动物转基因的研究。此外,piggyBac转座子还应用于基因诱导突变和基因治疗等领域。RNAi技术作为基因功能研究的一个工具,在应用于克服畜牧业中家畜的生产繁殖障碍等方面已取得一定研究成果。本文对piggyBac转座子的结构和特性、转座机制及影响因素和在动物中应用等方面进行总结,为RNAi技术借助piggyBac转座子用于哺乳动物转基因提供理论依据。     

苜蓿电生物效应的研究概况

为研究电场作用对苜蓿的积极影响和意义,从高压静电场处理苜蓿种子、高压静电场处理苜蓿植株以及高压静电场处理苜蓿愈伤组织3个方向系统地阐述了电场对苜蓿的电生物效应,以期充分认识电场对苜蓿种子发芽率、发芽势、幼苗含水量、幼苗生长发育、抗旱性、抗寒性和组织培养的出愈率等多种生理指标的影响,从而为深入研究苜蓿电生物效应的原理和作用机制提供一定的依据。     

静电场对三种固沙饲用植物种子萌发及其活力的影响

用1.5KV/cm×10(20,30)min、2.5KV/cm×10(20,30)min、3.5KV/cm×10(20,30)min 9个组合的静电场强处理柠条、沙蒿、沙打旺3种固沙饲用植物的种子,研究了静电对其种子萌发及活力的效应.结果表明,所有静电处理组合对3种植物种子发芽率(势)、胚根生长、简化活力指数、细胞膜透性均无显著影响.     

动物采食生理特点及采食量调控技术研究的新进展

采食量是限制动物生产性能及基因潜力发挥的最主要因素之一。提高动物采食量,尤其是猪的采食量已逐渐成为动物营养生理研究的一大热点。嗅觉和味觉(在视觉的帮助下)是辨别和摄取食物的第1感觉系统。而最终采食行为则主要依靠其口腔内的化学感受器和能快速反应食物愉悦与否的嗅上皮细胞。无机离子、单糖和多糖、氨基酸和多肽、食物中的毒素等都能影响动物的采食行为。本文综合讨论了动物的嗅觉和味觉对采食量的影响及如何对采食量进行调控,重点比较了猪与人类的嗅觉和味觉细胞受体和神经刺激方面的差异,并概述了当前和将来与适口性有关的研究问题。     

音乐对猪福利的影响

音乐本是人们休闲、娱乐或其在他特定场合活动时表达内心情感的一种艺术形式。现代科学研究表明,动物同人类一样,具有复杂的神经系统,对音乐具有一定的感知能力。音乐能够影响动物的情绪、影响动物的免疫功能等等。随着人们对农场动物福利的关注,越来越多的研究把音乐作为提高动物福利的一种手段。在此背景下,音乐对猪福利影响方面的研究近年也开始受到关注。该文简述了动物福利相关概念、与人的关系,音乐的作用机制及对猪的影响方面的研究概况,以期引起更多从事动物福利方面、音乐方面及养猪方面的专业人士或研究人员对此问题做更深入和详细的研究。     

蒙脱石调控肠道菌群研究进展

蒙脱石是一种多用途的铝硅酸盐类黏土,通过表面吸附、静电吸附和分子间作用力,可去除饲料和养殖动物肠道中的真菌毒素、重金属和细菌,被广泛应用于饲料行业。肠道菌群对维持宿主的生长发育、促进营养吸收和协助免疫应答等生理功能发挥方面至关重要。蒙脱石在调控动物肠道菌群方面也有突出作用,蒙脱石散是典型例证。为此本文系统性地梳理蒙脱石在人类、小鼠、畜禽和水产动物应用过程对肠道菌群的影响情况,旨在为蒙脱石调控肠道菌群,改善宿主生理功能和健康养殖提供理论依据。     

Campylobacter enteritis in dogs and cats: A ‘new’ zoonosis

The subject is introduced by a brief historical resumé and account of campylobacter enterocolitis in man. Published figures on the prevalence of campylobacters in normal dogs and cats show a wide range. It is highest (49% dogs, 45% cats) in immature animals, particularly strays or those living in kennels, and lowest (<1.6% dogs and cats) in adult animals living in households. Several studies have shown no significant difference between the prevalence in normal animals and those suffering from diarrhoea, but two surveys did show such a difference. It seems that while most animals are unaffected by infection with campylobacters, a few suffer an illness like that seen in man. Longitudinal studies to determine incidence — as opposed to prevalence — of infection are required. A small proportion of human infections are acquired from dogs. These are usually puppies that are themselves suffering from diarrhoea. Only four infections associated with cats (all kittens with diarrhoea) have been reported. Contact is invariably close and the victims are often small children. The application of simple hygienic measures should prevent such infections.     

丹皮酚对氧化应激和炎症信号通路的调控机制

丹皮酚是牡丹根皮中主要活性成分,在东方传统医学中已经被广泛应用。丹皮酚因具有抗炎、抗氧化、提高免疫力等药理作用,作为饲料添加剂具有潜在的研发前景和应用价值,但丹皮酚在动物体内的代谢及相关生物学调控机制鲜有报道,极大地阻碍了其合理有效的利用。本文主要阐述了丹皮酚对机体的保护作用以及在NF-κB、MAPK、Nrf2信号通路中的调控机制,以期为丹皮酚在畜牧生产中的应用和研发提供理论依据。     

Microbial synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and a feed supplement in animal industry: a review

In recent years, zinc oxide nanoparticles(ZnO NPs) have gained tremendous attention attributed to their unique properties. Notably, evidence has shown that zinc is an important nutrient in living organisms. As such, both prokaryotes and eukaryotes including bacteria, fungi and yeast are exploited for the synthesis of ZnO NPs by using microbial cells or enzyme, protein and other biomolecules compounds in either an intracellular or extracellular route. ZnO NPs exhibit antimicrobial properties, however, the properties of nanoparticles(NPs) are depended upon on their size and shape, which make them specific for various applications. Nevertheless, the desired size and shape of NPs can be obtained through the optimization process of microbes mediated synthesis by manipulating their reaction conditions. It should be noted that ZnO NPs are synthesized by various chemical and physical methods.Nonetheless, these methods are expensive and not environmentally friendly. On that account, the microbes mediated synthesis of ZnO NPs have rapidly evolved recently where the microbes are cleaner, eco-friendly, nontoxic and biocompatible as the alternatives to chemical and physical practices. Moreover, zinc in the form of NPs is more effective than their bulk counterparts and thus, they have been explored for many potential applications including in animals industry. Notably, with the advent of multi-drug resistant strains, ZnO NPs have emerged as the potential antimicrobial agents. This is mainly due to their superior properties in combating a broad spectrum of pathogens. Moreover, zinc is known as an essential trace element for most of the biological function in the animal's body. As such, the applications of ZnO NPs have been reported to significantly enhance the health and production of the farm animals. Thus, this paper reviews the biological synthesis of ZnO NPs by the microbes, the mechanisms of the biological synthesis, parameters for the optimization process and their potential application as an antimicrobial agent and feed supplement in the animal industry as well as their toxicological hazards on animals.     

益生菌在马属动物中的应用及研究进展

益生菌作为一种活的微生物饲料补充剂,不仅能提高动物生产性能、增强免疫力,还有维持胃肠道菌群平衡、净化胃肠道环境的功能,在预防和治疗动物腹泻、调节宿主免疫功能等方面发挥着重要作用。益生菌具有安全性高、无残留、无耐药性等特点,可作为替抗产品。益生菌广泛应用于马属动物并取得良好的效果。综述了益生菌及相关活性物质的作用机理及马用益生菌产品存在的问题和应用前景,旨在为马用益生菌产品的开发利用提供参考。     

高压静电技术二次成熟牛肉效果研究

本试验选取6具肉牛胴体采用配对试验设计,通过带有高压静电(HVEF)装置的冰箱和普通冰箱二次成熟牛外脊部位肉样,研究高压静电二次成熟牛肉对牛肉品质的影响。结果表明,高压静电组较常规处理组肉色鲜红,二次成熟48h、72h、96h肉色值L*均显著高于常规处理组(P<0.05),a*值均显著低于常规处理组(P<0.05);两组在24h、48h、72h、96h测定的pH值差异不显著(P>0.05);失水率较常规处理组牛肉低15.56%,在48h、72h、96h时两组均差异显著(P<0.05);熟肉率较常规处理组提高1.07%,成熟24h、48h、72h、96h四个阶段,两组之间熟肉率差异均不显著(P>0.05);剪切力值较常规处理组低6.24%,在24h时两组差异不显著(P>0.05),48h、72h两组差异极显著(P<0.01),成熟96h两组差异显著(P<0.05)。综上,高压静电对分割后的牛肉在0~4℃条件下二次成熟具有改善作用。     

家禽重要性状的基因组学研究与应用现状

近一个世纪的传统选育使家禽的各项生产性能接近表型选育极限,基因组学领域的发展成为突破这一瓶颈的新途径。自2004年第一个鸡的基因组草图发布以来,鸡、鸭、鹅等家禽的基因组参考序列在近年相继发布,且质量逐步提升。基于家禽高质量的基因组参考序列,研究学者进一步对家禽的重要性状展开了系列研究,这些研究加速了我们对家禽重要性状的认识和理解,并为在家禽基因组选择育种中应用筛选出有效的分子标记。本文就家禽的基因组参考序列研究、重要性状的基因组学研究及其应用进行综述。     

微生态制剂及其在动物生产上的应用

在动物疾病的防治中 ,抗生素发挥了巨大的作用 ,但长期大量使用造成了动物体免疫功能的下降 ,增加了对某些病原菌的易感性等副作用。而微生态制剂具有促动物生长、防治疾病 ,无副作用等特点 ,成为抗生素理想的替代品之一。大量实验已证明微生态制剂在激活动物体免疫功能、改善动物肠道菌群平衡、提高机体抗病能力等方面均发挥着十分重要的作用。虽对其研究刚刚起步 ,但必将成为今后研究的热点之一。文章就微生态制剂的起源、组成及其近年来在动物生产上的应用和对机体免疫功能的影响作了简要综述 ,并就其存在的问题及今后的发展进行了探讨     

非甾体抗炎药在猫临床疼痛管理中的应用

疼痛是猫常见且多发的问题,诱发原因很多。近几年,随着国内外兽医对宠物猫的慢性疼痛问题以及临床中疼痛管理日益重视,疼痛管理已成为临床兽医必须面对的重要课题之一。非甾体抗炎药因其解热、抗炎和镇痛的特性而逐渐被广泛应用于动物医学。国内有关非甾体类抗炎药在猫临床疼痛管理中的应用少见报道。主要就国外发表的一些关于猫长期使用非甾体抗炎药的相关文献进行综述,以期为非甾体抗炎药在猫临床疼痛管理中的进一步应用提供参考。     

Tuberculosis as a zoonosis from a veterinary perspective

Tuberculosis is an important disease among many zoonoses, because both Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Mycobacterium bovis, which are the major causes of tuberculosis, are highly pathogenic, infect many animal species and thus are likely to be the source of infection in humans. In particular, monkeys are highly susceptible to these bacteria and are important spreaders. Recently, two outbreaks of M. tuberculosis occurred in four different kinds of monkeys and humans were also infected with the disease in Japan. In zoos, tuberculosis was reported not only in monkeys, but also in several different kinds of animals, including elephants. Pets such as dogs and cats are believed to be generally less susceptible to M. tuberculosis, but in this article we introduce a case of infection from man to dog by close contact. Japan is one of the few countries that have been able to control M. bovis infection. In other countries, however, cases of bovine tuberculosis and human M. bovis infection have been reported, and thus further attention is still required in the future.