小麦冠层不同光质透光率与叶面积指数的定量关系研究

为探究小麦叶面积指数（LAI）的空间分布及与不同光质透光率间的关系,通过三年田间试验,设置不同品种、氮肥水平和灌水次数,测定分析了小麦拔节期至灌浆后期冠层不同空间层次的透射光及叶面积指数（LAI）,并对不同光质透光率与LAI间进行回归分析。结果表明,小麦LAI随生育时期的推进呈单峰动态变化,最高值出现在抽穗-开花期,且随灌水和施氮水平的增加而增大;光合有效辐射（PAR）透光率随生育时期呈先降后升趋势,且随灌水和施氮水平的增加而减小。LAI与PAR透光率均存在时空异质性,叶面积的垂直分布直接影响冠层内光分布。水氮处理对植株上层LAI影响较小,而对下层影响较大;40 cm处透光率递变明显,低水高氮以及高水低氮处理对透光率递减的影响较大。不同光质透光率均随冠层高度的下降均出现不同程度消减,透光率与向下累积LAI间均呈显著指数相关,相关性由强到弱依次为红边、蓝光、光合有效辐射（PAR）、绿光、近红外和红光。经回归分析,红边和蓝光透光率与LAI的定量关系表现较好,拟合性均优于PAR,尤其是红边透光率（R=0.749）,因此可以利用红边透光率建立模型,以监测小麦冠层 LAI。     

不同覆膜方式对春玉米超高产群体冠层垂直结构的影响

在不同覆膜方式下对春玉米超高产田的冠层垂直结构与产量进行了系统研究。结果表明：行间覆膜可使春玉米超高产群体的植株叶片功能期延长、LAI和LAD增大、Pn和叶绿素提高,冠层内光分布均匀合理,能截获更多的光合有效辐射量,透光率增大,避免下层叶片早衰,提高光合能力,获得更大产量。不同覆膜处理在冠层各层中对叶片功能期、LAI、LAD、Pn、光合有效辐射量及透光率均表现为行间覆膜>行上覆膜>不覆膜,这一规律与各处理对产量的影响一致。     

玉米冠层结构、光分布和光合作用研究综述

玉米冠层结构的研究与光分布的研究相辅相成.叶片是玉米冠层结构中最主要的器官,先人曾利用叶角分布来表示玉米的空间结构.对玉米冠层结构的描述也集中在叶曲线和叶形的描述上.三维重建技术给玉米冠层结构研究带来新的生机,在此基础上,利用投影Z-Buffer算法和Turtle模型也使冠层内光分布研究得到了发展,弥补了指数模型应用假设的不足,克服了G函数应用复杂和繁琐的缺点.这些研究为准确计算光合作用的研究打下了坚实的基础.玉米叶片空间结构和株型的差异使得光在冠层内的分布不同,从而影响了光合作用。     

水稻株型因子对冠层结构和光分布的影响与模拟

 以3个具有代表性株型的杂交稻为材料,并结合上位2叶伸长期施用氮肥以调节上部叶片的形态,于齐穗期、齐穗后10 d、齐穗后25 d平行测定了株型元素 分层叶面积 冠层光分布。用试验数据验证了由水稻株型因子计算分层叶面积的解析模型,并用该模型分析了3个材料株型因子对冠层结构的影响。进一步根据作物群体光分布模型,验证了分层叶面积与冠层内光分布的数值关系,并用该模型分析了3个材料株型因子对冠层内辐射分布的影响。实现了由水稻株型因子估算冠层结构和冠层内光分布的方法。     

春玉米超高产群体冠层结构的研究

以紧凑型玉米新品种内单314为材料,通过超高产栽培和普通高产栽培的比较,对超高产玉米的冠层结构和叶片光合特点进行了研究。结果表明:①超高产栽培条件下,内单314最大LAI(叶面积指数)达6.95,其全生育期内LAI维持在6以上的时间在40d以上;全生育期总LAD(光合势)比普通高产群体高74.85万m2/(d·hm2)。②与普通高产玉米相比,超高产玉米群体内个体空间分布更加合理,叶片功能期延长,株型更加紧凑。超高产群体冠层截获的PAR(光合有效辐射)比普通高产群体高25μmol/(m2·s),且超高产群体中散射PAR占入射PAR的比例高于普通高产群体,群体内光分布较为合理,提高了光能利用率。③与普通高产群体相比,超高产栽培条件下玉米叶片的Pn(光合速率)和WUE(水分利用效率)高,而Tr(蒸腾速率)较低,植株穗位及穗位上部叶片的Pn和WUE高于普通高产栽培,而穗位下部叶片无明显差异。     

水稻冠层光分布模拟与应用

 综合已有作物模型的优点,构建了水稻冠层光分布模型,并进一步与原有光合作用和干物质生产模型相耦合,构建了水稻光合生产模型。新模型将水稻冠层按叶面积指数划分为5层,各层次水平面上的太阳辐射强度按Monsi和Saeki的指数模型进行分布;模型利用日照百分率资料推算直接辐射与散射辐射,并考虑了光合有效辐射的日变化、冠层结构和太阳位置对直接辐射消光系数的影响。利用独立的水稻田间试验资料,对主要生育期冠层内的光分布进行了初步验证,结果表明模拟值与观测值之间具有较好的一致性。最后,将基于冠层光分布模型与原有光合生产模型进行了比较,预测水稻干物质积累量的根均方差分别为0.74 t/hm2和1.26 t/hm2,建立的基于冠层光分布模型的预测性较好。研究结果将为水稻生长模型的改进完善以及生产管理调控与品种数字化设计奠定基础。     

赣北机采棉蕾期冠层光分布特性的研究

运用空间统计学的方法,研究了不同密度下赣北机采棉蕾期冠层内光合有效辐射(photosynthetical active radiation,PAR)的空间分布。通过PAR截获率的半方差函数和等值线图来反映机采棉群体冠层内PAR截获率的空间格局。结果表明,高斯模型可以较好地描述赣北机采棉各密度群体蕾期冠层PAR截获率的空间相关性,决定系数均在0.9以上。赣北机采棉各密度群体冠层PAR截获率的空间格局相似,但其变异程度随密度增加而上升。此研究结果将有助于对PAR进行定量化地估算和精确定位,为赣北机采棉的标准化生产管理提供依据。     

大豆“两垄一沟”栽培法冠层中光分布特点的研究

本文于大豆鼓粒期（Ｒ５）晴天条件下,对“两垄一沟“栽培法冠层内叶面积指数,光照强度,干物质积累的垂直分布特点进行了研究。结果表明,该栽培法整个冠层叶面积指数大。从冠层内空间分布看,叶面积指数最大值出现的植株部位高度比７０ｃｍ大垄和５０ｃｍ窄行科播低,中部的光照强度高。但冠层内消光系数小。说明“两垄一沟”栽培法改善了冠层中的光照条件,提高了光能的截获率,积累了更多的干物质。     

冬小麦叶面积指数的品种差异性与高光谱估算研究

为给小麦叶面积指数（LAI）的高光谱估算提供技术支持,基于2年大田试验,以4个河南主推品种为材料,对小麦LAI和冠层光谱变化特点、估算模型及其品种间的差异等进行了系统分析。结果表明,在生育期内不同冬小麦品种冠层光谱反射率的变化与LAI变化有差异;在相同LAI下,不同冬小麦品种的光谱曲线存在差异。利用400~900 nm范围内冠层光谱反射率的任意两波段组合的比值光谱指数（RSI）、归一化差值光谱指数（NDSI）和差值光谱指数（DSI）所建立的单品种模型以及不同品种综合模型的决定系数（r）均达到0.84以上,单品种模型的r和调整r分别较综合模型高出3.1%~4.8%和2.0%~4.2%。利用独立于建模样本以外的数据对上述模型进行检验,单品种模型预测的r较综合模型提高了0.6%~11.0%,而均方根误差降低了10.0%~37.0%。因此,在利用高光谱遥感技术估算冬小麦LAI时,可以通过建立单品种模型来提高估算精度。     

基于冠层反射光谱的夏玉米LAI估算模型研究

从多个角度研究夏玉米LAI与冠层反射光谱的相关性,探索不同光谱波段在夏玉米LAI预测中的优势互补。结果表明,可见光波段对品种差异较敏感,而近红外波段对品种差异敏感性不大;预测效果最好的LAI估算模型是由多个单波段建立的多元线性回归模型,其次是由近红外与绿光波段的比值R₁₀₅₀/R₅₅₀建立的三次多项式回归模型,然后是由RVI建立的三次多项式回归模型。     

卷叶水稻的光分布模拟及适宜叶面卷曲度分析

 以叶面高度卷曲的水稻组合两优E32、中等卷曲组合两优培九和不卷曲组合汕优63为材料,引入叶面卷曲度因子,用有效叶面积指数代替传统的叶面积指数（LAI）,模拟水稻冠层内的辐射传输,比较了不同叶面卷曲度因子材料的光合有效辐射截获率、转化率和利用率,探讨了不同材料的最适叶面卷曲度及最佳群体密度。结果表明,有效叶面积指数比传统的叶面积指数能更准确地预测冠层内光合有效辐射的分布。两优E32叶片过度卷曲,有效叶面积指数偏小,光合有效辐射利用率不高;而汕优63叶片平展且披散,下层叶片长期受光条件不良,光合能力弱,光合有效辐射利用率也不高。相比之下,两优培九的光合有效辐射截获率、转换率分布较为合理,光合有效辐射的利用率也较高,最适LAI为7.6,与常规栽培条件下的群体密度（LAI=7.9）接近。两优E32和汕优63的最适LAI分别为9.8和6.2,而常规栽培条件下的群体密度过小或过大,导致光合有效辐射利用率不高。利用孕穗期至齐穗期有效辐射利用率的实测值,通过输入不同的叶面卷曲度因子,得到两优E32、两优培九和汕优63的最佳叶面卷曲度因子分别为0.12、0.11和0.08,均非常接近两优培九的实际叶面卷曲度因子（0.11）。     

Simulation on Distribution of Photosynthetically Active Radiation in Canopy and Optimum Leaf Rolling Index in Rice with Rolling Leaves

By replacing leaf area index (LAI) with effective leaf area index (ELAI) through introduction of leaf rolling index (LRI), the distributions of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in the canopies of three hybrid rice combinations, Liangyou E32 with high LRI, Liangyoupeijiu with moderate LRI and Shanyou 63 with non-rolling leaves (normal), were simulated. The model based on ELAI could predict more accurately than that based on LAI. The PAR interception, conversion and utilization efficiency in the three combinations were studied to evaluate their optimal LRI and LAI. The PAR utilization efficiency of Liangyou E32 was lower due to excessive rolling leaves and less ELAI, and that of Shanyou 63 was also lower because of the faulty PAR interception and lower photosynthetic rate and saturation point at lower layer in canopy. Compared with the above two combinations, Liangyoupeijiu showed more appropriate distribution of PAR interception and conversion efficiency in canopy, and higher PAR utilization efficiency. The optimal LRI and LAI for Liangyoupeijiu were 0.11 and 7.6, respectively, which were close to the observed value, 0.11 and 7.9, respectively. However, the optimum LAI was 9.8 for Liangyou E32 and 6.2 for Shanyou 63, larger or smaller than those under the current plant density, which led to lower efficiency of PAR utilization. Besides, the optimum LRI for Liangyou E32 and Shanyou 63 were 0.12 and 0.08, respectively, which were close to the actual LRI for Liangyoupeijiu (0.11).     

株行配置对春玉米根冠空间分布及产量的影响

以先玉335为试验材料,设置7.50万株/hm2和9.75万株/hm2两个种植密度,60 cm+60 cm等行距和40 cm+80 cm宽窄行两个行距配置,比较株行配置对春玉米冠层、根系结构与功能及产量的影响。结果表明,随种植密度增加,果穗、茎鞘干重百分比垂直分布明显上移,叶片干重百分比在垂直分布变化较小,行距配置对果穗、茎鞘干重百分比在垂直分布上影响较小。相对于等行距种植,宽窄行种植叶片干重百分比有下移趋势,群体不同叶位叶面积指数也表现为同一密度下,宽窄行种植群体上层LAI较小,穗位叶高效叶层LAI较大;随密度增加,根重有纵向下移的趋势,根系TTC还原强度在不同土层深度都显著降低。同一密度下,宽窄行种植根重的垂直分布出现下移趋势,根系TTC还原强度略高于等行距种植。高密度条件下,宽窄行种植降低了玉米果穗秃尖长,显著增加果穗穗粒数,因而显著提高产量,增产2.73%~10.86%,说明在宁夏扬黄灌区较高种植密度下,采用宽窄行种植能优化不同叶层结构,适当增加深层土壤根系所占比例及活力,有利于获得高产。     

Simulation of Canopy Leaf Inclination Angle in Rice

A leaf inclination angle distribution model, which is applicable to simulate leaf inclination angle distribution in six heights of layered canopy at different growth stages, was established by component factors affecting plant type in rice. The accuracy of the simulation results was validated by measured values from a field experiment. The coefficient of determination （R2） and the root mean square error （RMSE） between the simulated and measured values were 0.9472 and 3.93%, respectively. The simulation results showed that the distribution of leaf inclination angles differed among the three plant types. The leaf inclination angles were larger in the compact variety Liangyoupeijiu with erect leaves than in the loose variety Shanyou 63 with droopy leaves and the intermediate variety Liangyou Y06. The leaf inclination angles were distributed in the lower range in Shanyou 63, which matched up with field measurements. The distribution of leaf inclination angles in the same variety changed throughout the seven growth stages. The leaf inclination angles enlarged gradually from transplanting to booting. During the post-booting period, the leaf inclination angle increased in Shanyou 63 and Liangyou Y06, but changed little in Liangyoupeijiu. At every growth stage of each variety, canopy leaf inclination angle distribution on the six heights of canopy layers was variable. As canopy height increased, the layered leaf area index （LAI） decreased in all the three plant types. However, while the leaf inclination angles showed little change in Liangyoupeijiu, they became larger in Shanyou 63 but smaller in Liangyou Y06. The simulation results used in the constructed model were very similar to the actual measurement values. The model provides a method for estimating canopy leaf inclination angle distribution in rice production.     

黑龙江省寒地不同种植密度下高产春玉米冠层结构及光辐射特征

研究不同种植密度下黑龙江省寒地春播郑单958和丰禾1的冠层结构及光辐射特征。结果表明,两个玉米品种在中密度下冠层结构及光分布均较优,产量最高。冠层内光合有效辐射、直射辐射透过系数随密度增加而减小。高密度下叶片分布的极差较大、平均叶倾角最大,其中,吐丝期郑单958叶片分布的极差及平均叶倾角分别达0.35和78.48;丰禾1分别达0.33和61.25。低密度下玉米生育后期叶面积指数最小、叶片分布的极差及光合有效辐射值最大。中密度下郑单958和丰禾1群体平均消光系数最高,吐丝期和灌浆中期分别为0.69～0.74、0.62～0.67;单株叶面积指数吐丝期至成熟期衰退最低,群体内光环境较优,利于玉米叶片的光合生产及最终产量的增加。     

Practical methods for increasing light interception efficiency and root growth in soybean

Determining the effect of different sources of nitrogen and weeds on two varieties of soybean, an experiment was conducted out at research station of Tabriz University, Iran. Treatments were two varieties (Williams and Harcor), four nitrogen levels (two levels of symbiotic bacteria and two levels of urea) and weeds (with and without control). Results showed that three various factors can significantly change the Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) amount at different layers of canopy. Solar radiation decreased in a vertical profile of canopy because of increasing Leaf Area Index (LAI). At the bottom level of canopy only 6% of total arrived PAR was recorded. Increasing LAI caused a sharp decrease in Light Interception Efficiency (LIE) in the canopy. Weeds significantly affected root nodules in dry and fresh weights. So, in weedy condition of soybean canopy, accumulation of dry matter decreases due to decline in LIE. On the other hand, weeds can strongly affect on nodules activity and decrease potential of nitrogen fixation by symbiosis bacteria.     

基于PROSAIL模型和无人机高光谱数据的冬小麦LAI反演

为及时准确高效监测小麦叶面积指数（leaf area index,LAI）,获取了冬小麦挑旗期和开花期地面实测光谱与无人机高光谱遥感影像数据,并基于查找表建立PROSAIL辐射传输模型得到冬小麦冠层模拟光谱数据,利用数学统计回归模型与偏最小二乘回归法分别构建冬小麦LAI单变量、多变量预测模型,以实测LAI数据对预测结果进行精度评价,将最佳预测模型应用于无人机高光谱影像以分析LAI空间分布情况。结果表明,冬小麦各生育时期的预测模型均具有较高的预测精度,单变量预测模型和多变量预测模型的决定系数分别为0.598~0.717和0.577~0.755,其中以基于植被指数的多变量预测模型表现最优,其在开花期的验证精度最高,RMSE和MAPE分别为0.405和12.90%。在LAI空间分布图中,开花期预测效果优于挑旗期,各试验小区的LAI分布较为均匀。     

Testing Polarization Measurements with Adjusted View Zenith Angles in Varying Illumination Conditions for Detecting Leaf Orientation of Wheat Canopy

Abstract:

The previous work revealed that the polarization of light reflected from heading wheat canopies allowed the detection of changes in the canopy structure, i.e., the leaf inclination angle. Accordingly, in order to improve measurement accuracy in this study we examined the effects of the solar zenith angle (= 90º–solar elevation) and weather conditions at the time of polarization measurements for the light reflected from wheat canopies that were fertilized by different means. We measured polarization in the 660 nm spectral band from the heading canopies of wheat, which were grown in plots fertilized with a basal dressing and then top-dressed at the jointing and booting stages. The radiometric measurements were carried out at various solar zenith angles: 22º–41º on two proximal days, one overcast and the other clear. An empirical method for the adjustment of view zenith angle, based on the solar position at the time of measurement, was effective for the measurement of the degree of polarization (i.e., ratio of the polarized part of reflected light to the total reflected light energy) to eliminate interference due to the change in solar zenith angle. Although the mean values of polarization degree measured in overcast conditions were significantly lower than those measured under clear conditions, the plots top-dressed at the jointing stage could be detected via the polarized reflected light measured under both conditions of illumination.