红颈苇鹀育雏行为及雏鸟发育观察

在吉林省西部首见红颈苇鹀繁殖和育雏行为,填补了历史上该区域无繁殖的记录。观察发现,茂密的植被和陈旧的草簇构成了红颈苇鹀繁殖的要件;红颈苇巫鸟的育雏行为有明确分工,雌鸟履行孵化职责,而雄鸟则负责安全警戒,孵化期约15 d,育雏期约16 d;全天喂雏行为有差别,从清晨到上午8:00时、从下午18:00时到日落为喂食高峰期,雄鸟喂食雏鸟的次数高于雌鸟;红颈苇鹀以草籽和谷物为食,繁殖季节主要捕食昆虫;50 d左右,幼鸟完全可以自食其力。     

蜡样芽胞杆菌在环颈雉肠道内定植的研究

通过对口服蜡样芽胞杆菌（ＢＣ菌）的健康雉鸡雏及白痢雉雏鸡检验结果表明，ＢＣ菌对健康雉鸡雏肠菌群无不良影响，对白痢雉雏肠菌群具有明显的调整作用。     

Periodizität und Individualität beim Kornkäfer,Sitophilus granarius (L.) (Coleoptera,Curculionidae). Ein Beitrag zum Ausbreitungsverhalten von Vorratsschädlingen

In laboratory experiments, the behavior of the granary weevil,Sitophilus granarius (L.), was investigated under the special aspect of dispersal of this species. The results, too, should demonstrate possible changes in the behavior during the life time of the adults and differences between single specimens of the same population. The most important results are:

1. The running activity increases shortly after emergence but then it decreases again slowly till the end of life.
2. The fitness of the weevils declines during the life time continuosly.
3. A dispersal phase exists in the first days after emergence. If a dispersal is prevented artificially for 12 or 20 days, only a small number of weevils still leaves the substrate (wheat), thus demonstrating the end of a dispersal phase.
4. The feeding activity is nearly similar during the whole life.
5. A few days after emergence, unmated females begin to produce typical egg-laying holes in the wheat kernels. This behavior exists nearly unchanged during the whole life time.
6. The negative phototaxis of the first days after emergence decreases during the next days while the positive phototaxis increases. In older weevils, however, the reaction is again reverse.
7. Within a population, considerable differences exist between single specimens in respect to running activity, feeding activity, and phototaxis. This results in an occurrence of “pioneer specimens” which have special importance for the dispersal of the species and for a foundation of new populations.

     

Lepidoptera larvae as food for capercaillie chick (tetrao urogallus): A field experiment

Lepidoptera larvae are important prey for capercaillie chicks {Tetrao urogallus), but utilization varies among habitats. This field experiment investigates the effects of larval feeding behaviour, abundance and the density of bilberry (Vacciniwn myrtillus) on utilization of larvae by a group of four capercaille chicks and also tests whether chick utilization differs between wet and dry coniferous forest. In fenced plots, four hand‐raised chicks were released for a 15 min feeding period. Reduction of geometrid larvae was correlated positively with their abundance but correlated negatively with bilberry density. Geometrids had a much higher predation risk than pyralids and tortricids, probably because they are exposed while feeding, in contrast to pyralids and tortricids. Total reduction of lepidoptera was higher in wet than dry forest, probably due to a higher proportion of geometrid larvae, and lower density of bilberry in the wet forest. The manner of insect feeding and habitat type (e.g. wet and dry forest), which influence bilberry density, therefore may be important factors to consider when assessing or managing habitat quality for capercaillie chicks.     

Invertebrate abundance in different forest habitats as animal food available to capercaillie Tetrao urogallus chicks

Invertebrate abundance was estimated in 1981 and 1982 by sweep‐netting at twelve forest vegetation types in Vegårshei, Southern Norway. Invertebrates are expected to be a major determinant of habitat quality to gallinaceous birds, since animal food is considered essential to young chicks. The twelve fixed stations were chosen to illustrate poor and rich habitats and a gradient from bog to forest habitat. Rich vegetation types also had the highest abundance of invertebrates mainly due to moist and heavy soils. A comparison between a clear‐cutting and a similar vegetation type not logged, showed strong reduction in invertebrate availability after cutting. The influence of this alteration on availability of the capercaillie Tetrao urogallus chicks’ food is discussed.     

Der Einfluß von Außenfaktoren auf das Wanderverhalten der Deutschen Schabe,Blattella germanica (L.) (Blattodea,Blattellidae), in einer Mülldeponie

Mass propagation of the German cockroach in refuse tips may result in an increased emigration of this species into the surrounding area of the tip and thus in a heavy infestation of nearby buildings. Therefore, knowledges about the migration behavior are important when refuse tips are managed or projected. The influence of several environmental factors (as sun, day time, wind, temperature, season, light intensity) on the running behavior of the German cockroach was investigated under outdoor conditions. The most important results are as follows:

1. The reaction of young larvae (especially of L₁ and L₂) on the investigated factors differs considerably from that of older larvae and adults. As the young larvae do not emigrate, their behavior can be neglected in respect to the questions discussed here.
2. During sunshine, the position of the sun is primarily responsible for the direction of the migration. The highest percentage of the cockroaches walks directly towards the sun or a few grade right and left from the sun. When the sun is covered by clouds, the variation in the running direction is very high and many cockroaches migrate even into the direction opposite to the sun.
3. From morning to evening, the main migration direction is shifting from east to west, following the position of the sun.
4. Wind direction (at speeds of less than 5 m/sec.) and temperature (within the activity range of the cockroaches from approximately 18 to more than 30°C) have no recognizable influence upon the migration direction.
5. The clearest reaction of the running cockroaches towards the position of the sun was noticed during the main migration-time in the year (June and July).
6. The results of these investigations confirm former findings made in the field during a mass emigration of the German cockroach from a refuse tip.

     

Creep and stress relaxation behavior for natural cellulose crystal of wood cell wall under uniaxial tensile stress in the fiber direction

We investigated the temporal changes in creep and stress relaxation behavior in both microscopic crystalline cellulose and macroscopic strain of wood specimen using Japanese cypress (Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl.) to understand the viscoelastic properties of wood cell walls. Specimens 600 µm in thickness were observed by the X-ray diffraction and submitted to tensile load. The crystal lattice strain of (004) plane and macroscopic strain of specimen were continuously detected during creep and stress relaxation tests. It was found that the creep compliance based on macroscopic strain showed a gradual increase after instantaneous deformation due to loading and then the parts of creep deformation remained as permanent strain after unloading. On the other hand, crystal lattice strain showed a different behavior for macroscopic strain; it kept a constant value after instantaneous deformation due to loading and then increased gradually after a certain period of time. These differences between macroscopic and microscopic levels were never found in the stress relaxation tests in this study. Relaxation modulus at the macroscopic level only showed a decreasing trend throughout the relaxation process. However crystal lattice strain kept a constant value during the macroscopic relaxation process. In addition, the microfibril angle (MFA) of wood cell wall has a role of mechanical behavior at microscopic level; crystal lattice strains were smaller with increasing MFA at both creep and relaxation processes. Creep compliance and stress relaxation modulus at the macroscopic level decreased and increased with increasing MFA, respectively. Our results on the viscoelastic behavior at microscopic level evidenced its dependency on MFA.     

试论行政行为程序违法及其法律后果

行政程序违法问题相对特殊和复杂。《中华人民共和国行政诉讼法》规定,如果具体行政行为违反法定程序,法院应"判决撤销或部分撤销"。但是,由于缺乏相关的司法解释,加之学理上对法定行政程序的研究尚不充分,实务界及学理界人士对"行政程序违法"中的诸多问题存在着争议,除对行政程序理解上意见比较一致外,在何谓"行政程序违法"即程序违法的标准和"程序违法对行政行为的影响"即程序违法的后果问题上,尚未达成权威性的共识。     

Effects of nest hoarding on foraging behavior of two species of Apodemus mice,A. speciosus and A. argenteus (Rodentia: Muridae)

Food hoarding is one of the determinant factors of foraging behavior and benefits the hoarder. Two species of Apodemus mice, A. speciosus Temminck and A. argenteus Temminck, hoard acorns for later use. In 1988 and 1989, I conducted laboratory experiments to reveal the effects of food hoarding in the nest on the foraging behavior of these mice. I released a mouse into an indoor arena (2.8 × 2.8m) and recorded the foraging behavior of four female A. speciosus and four female A. argenteus mice in sessions with and without food hoarding in the nest box. Nest hoarding did not affect the time that a mouse allotted to excursions or the number of peanuts that a mouse ate during the night, but decreased the number of peanuts handled and the intensity of food handling (the number of handled peanuts per visit) at the food stations. The decrease in food handling outside the nest box, which seemed to be beneficial to the survival and reproduction of the hoarder in the field, was more apparent in A. speciosus than in A. argenteus. The different behavioral responses in foraging behavior to nest hoarding between two Apodemus mice may be related to their different microhabitat preferences.     

基于“关爱设计”的校园老年人活动庭院植物景观提质改造探析

指出了校园庭院是由校园建筑围合形成的室外处所,是师生们在课余休憩时的公共交往空间,基于“关爱设计”这一理念,运用现场调查法、行为观察法、资料分析法,首先对相关慨念进行了界定,接着探讨了校园老年人对植物景观的需求,最后以中南林业科技大学一个校园老年人活动庭院为例,总结了场地植物景观的优劣势,并提出了提质改造的相应策略和设计方案,以供类似项目参考。     

Pyrolysis behavior of levoglucosan as an intermediate in cellulose pyrolysis: polymerization into polysaccharide as a key reaction to carbonized product formation

Pyrolysis behavior of levoglucosan (1,6-anhydro--d-glucopyranose), the major anhydromonosaccharide formed during cellulose pyrolysis, was studied at 250°–400°C under nitrogen. The pyrolysis products were found to change stepwise: levoglucosan MeOH-soluble fraction (lower-molecular-weight products and oligosaccharides) water-soluble fraction (polysaccharides) insoluble fraction (carbonized products). From the present experimental results, a pathway of cellulose pyrolysis via anhydromonosaccharide is proposed including polymerization to polysaccharides (a reversible reaction) as a key reaction to carbonized product formation.Part of this study was presented at the XIXth International Carbohydrate Symposium, San Diego, August 1998; and the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000     

Delignification of cell walls of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chamaecyparis obtusa</Emphasis> during alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation

To clarify the behavior of whole lignins in wood cell walls during alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation, the delignification process from cell walls in normal and compression woods of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endl. (Cupressaceae) was observed using ultraviolet and transmission electron microscopies. The lignin content conspicuously decreased to around 10% after 35min in normal wood. The lignin content in compression wood finally leveled off at aroumd 10% after 50min. In gel filtration of oxidation products in ethyl acetate, a high molecular weight fraction was prominent in extracts from the early stage of the reaction. As the oxidation progressed, the high molecular weight fraction became less prominent in both normal and compression wood. Changes in the weights of cell wall residues during reaction indicated that approximately half of the components other than lignin were also removed from the cell walls. This shows that the majority of lignin with relatively high molecular weight is removed from the cell walls together with polysaccharides in the early stage of the reaction and that further oxidative degradation occurs in solution in later stages. Only a small amount of the lignin with low molecular weight could be analyzed by gas chromatography.Parts of this report were presented at the 47th (Kochi, April 1997) and 48th (Shizuoka, April 1998) Annual Meetings of the Japan Wood Research Society, and at the Lignin Symposium, Sapporo, October 1997     

甘肃莲花山国家级自然保护区生态旅游社区发展存在问题及对策初探

对莲花山保护区生态旅游社区发展中存在的问题进行了总结,提出了成立社区共管委员会、规范资源利用行为、调整产业结构、开展农家乐建设、加强民俗风情开发等发展对策.     

Behavior of piezoelectric, dielectric, and elastic constants of wood during about 40 repeated measurements between 100°C and 220°C

This study investigated the behavior of piezoelectric, dielectric, and elastic constants and the crystallinity in wood cellulose by repeated measurements (n = 42) between 100°C and 220°C. There was an insignificant change in the piezoelectric constant during repeated measurements in this temperature range. On the other hand, thermal decomposition of the amorphous region contributed to the decreasing trend of dielectric and elastic constants, although only a small increase in the elastic constant was found at the time of the initial measurements. The increase in the repeated measurements in this temperature range resulted in an increase in the piezoelectric loss modulus constantd ₂₅, which is closely related to energy loss. Thed ₂₅ peak shifted to a higher temperature with increasing measurements, which might be due not to the increase in rigidity of the wood specimen but to the increase in total peak area, which was observed during the later measurements. At the same time, variations of piezoelectric loss modulusd ₂₅ ande ₂₅ at advanced stages of the measurements suggested damage and structural changes in the wood.     

The variable parameter rheological model of wood

How to establish the rheological model to simulate creep behavior of wood and wood-based composites under change-load has not been solved in research of wood rheology. This paper presents a new model—variable parameter rheological model. The bending creep behavior of small clear poplar specimens under different constant load levels were examined. The load levels within 50% of rupture load of the specimens, and the experimental creep behavior were simulated by the variable parameter Maxwell model. The results show that using only one model of variable parameters may simulate the creep behavior of wood under different constant load levels very well. Applying the generalized Boltzmanns superposition principle, the variable parameter rheological model can be used to simulate the creep behavior of wood under change-loads conveniently and accurately.     

Reaction wood drying kinetics: tension wood in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis> and compression wood in <Emphasis Type="Italic">Picea abies</Emphasis>

The drying kinetics of reaction woods in Picea abies (compression wood) and Fagus sylvatica (tension wood) in comparison with their corresponding normal woods was investigated under constant convective drying conditions. Moisture profiles along the thickness of small flat-sawn boards taken from reaction and opposite wood zones were evaluated using a polychromatic X-ray system, a non-destructive method. The results revealed substantial differences in the drying behavior between the reaction and opposite woods. Both reaction woods represented slower drying rate than their matching normal woods mainly during the period of free water loss. However, the reaction and opposite woods reached the final moisture content (MC) of about 12% at the same time due to higher initial MC in the opposite woods. In the case of reaction wood, it took a longer time for the moisture profile to become approximately uniform. Overall, a more striking difference was observed in the drying behavior of compression and opposite wood in P. abies. Some important anatomical differences like the cell and pit dimensions and their proportion give some explanations for these drying behaviors.     

大跨钢管混凝土拱桥施工监控研究

以衡南湘江公路大桥为例,探讨了钢管混凝土拱桥施工监控的主要工作内容和监控方法.指出监控系统的建立和理论分析中需要注意的问题,以此指导该桥的施工监控.最后给出了该桥的施工监控成果,并对该类桥型的施工提出一些有益的建议.     

鞭生竹克隆生长及其对相邻系统的影响

鞭生竹(散生竹和混生竹)作为典型的克隆植物, 具有发达的鞭根系统和快速生长的特性。在异质性环境中, 鞭生竹通过调节分株位置实现觅养行为, 产生2种克隆生长格局, 生物量分配格局发生改变; 生理整合作用的存在可为克隆分株提供生长所需要的各种养分, 增强分株的竞争能力。鞭生竹克隆生长使其能够入侵相邻林分, 并逐渐发展为新的"优势种", 成为一种"局部入侵"物种, 影响周围森林群落结构、土壤质量、幼苗更新及幼树生长, 从而影响整个森林生态系统。在综合相关研究的基础上, 文中对鞭生竹克隆生长特性及其对相邻系统的影响进行归纳总结, 提出了今后研究需要重点关注的问题。     

Predatory ability of the ant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Crematogaster scutellaris</Emphasis> on the brown marmorated stink bug <Emphasis Type="Italic">Halyomorpha halys</Emphasis>

The pest Halyomorpha halys is a recent example of severe worldwide biological invasion. In Italy, after the first detection in 2012, it has rapidly spread and economic damage has already been reported in commercial fruit orchards, eliciting enormous concern for Italian agricultural production. As a long-term solution, biological control investigations are focusing on the potential of natural antagonists, such as generalist predators, in the invaded areas. Due to their biology, ecology and behavior, ants represent one such generalist predator potentially suitable for inflicting mortality on H. halys. In this research, Crematogaster scutellaris was used as a study model. Specifically, the effect of ant predatory behavior on the survival of all H. halys pre-imaginal stages was tested in the laboratory environment. The results suggest that C. scutellaris has a significant predatory impact on all H. halys pre-imaginal stages except for eggs. The reduction of survivorship is between 95 and 85% for instars 1 and 2 and between 38 and 52% for instars 3, 4 and 5. The different levels of predation success suggest that these ants could act as useful generalist predators when associated with other antagonists and/or other control strategies. Although further field investigations are needed, the potential of ants as biocontrol agents of invasive species in agroecosystems deserves consideration in integrated pest management programs.     

Analysis of creep of wood during water adsorption based on the excitation response theory

The creep behavior of wood during water adsorption was mathematically analyzed based on the excitation response theory. The creep change _u (t), obtained by subtracting an instantaneous complianceJ _u (0) from a creep complianceJ _u (t), was linear in terms of moisture content at a steady state of moisture and was separable into two functions of time and moisture content. The creep compliance, however, was nonlinear. The creep change during water adsorption was obtained by applying the excitation-response theory to the creep change in a steady state of moisture. The equation was formally equal to the results reported so far. By using the derived equations, it was theoretically proved that the change in creep compliance during water adsorption from moisture contentu ₀ tou ₁ is always greater than the difference between creep compliance atu ₀ and that at u, in the steady state.