低温季节西南亚高山森林土壤轻组分有机碳动态

轻组分有机碳(LFOC)易受短期土地利用方式和环境变化的影响而被用作土壤有机碳短期环境效应的特征指标。通过西南亚高山均质化土壤在不同覆盖情形(裸土除雪BNS、裸土覆雪BS、凋落物除雪LNS、凋落物覆雪Control)下低温季节原位培养,对0~10 cm和10~20 cm深度LFOC影响的动态分析,结果发现:西南亚高山土壤LFOC平均占该土层总有机碳比例为15.5%;经过一个低温季节,不同处理下的LFOC比例变幅介于13.6%~21.1%;土壤0~10 cm和10~20 cm的LFOC在低温季节波动剧烈且含量高,甚至高于生长季节初期和末期,显示亚高山森林土壤碳动态在低温季节仍然极活跃;0~10 cm土壤中在低温季节凋落物覆雪处理土壤LFOC最低,而其余3个处理裸土除雪、裸土覆雪、凋落物除雪处理下LFOC含量和波动幅度均高于凋落物覆雪处理,表明土壤表面的凋落物和积雪覆盖及其组合显著影响0~10 cm土壤LFOC动态和含量;10~20cm土层LFOC时间动态也存在处理效应,显示地表覆盖同样影响下层土壤的LFOC过程;效应分析显示凋落物、积雪、采样时间、土壤深度及其交互作用对土壤LFOC含量的主效应和交互作用达到显著水平,特别是凋落物和积雪同时存在时抑制土壤LFOC形成而有助于维持土壤有机碳的稳定,而凋落物和/或积雪的消失均导致低温季节土壤LFOC升高。因此,在西南亚高山低温季节地表凋落物和积雪覆盖及其组合变化,将会影响亚高山森林土壤碳的库容量和稳定性。     

低温季节西南亚高山森林土壤多酚氧化酶动态研究

以亚高山针叶林均质化土壤为研究对象,采用裸露地表、凋落物覆盖、积雪覆盖、凋落物和积雪同时覆盖4个不同覆盖处理的原位培养实验,对各处理在低温季节(11月～5月)土壤表层(0~10cm)和下层(10～20 cm)多酚氧化酶(PPO)活性动态进行了分析,结果表明:(1)在低温季节,所有处理表层PPO活性在12~2月出现波动,差异不显著;下层土壤PPO活性逐渐升高,到低温季节结束前后活性达到最高,但是不同处理的升高幅度不同;(2)积雪和凋落物覆盖变化引起不同处理和不同深度土壤PPO活性动态的差异性响应。不论是表层还是下层土壤,在整个低温季节积雪对PPO活性的影响达到极显著水平,但凋落物覆盖能缓冲积雪对PPO活性的效应。(3)降雪时空格局变化对亚高山土壤PPO的影响主要体现在没有凋落物覆等盖层的裸露土壤,在有凋落物等覆盖情况下,全球变化可能导致的积雪减少甚至消失对土壤PPO活性的影响不大。     

海拔梯度对川西高寒土壤轻组分有机碳动态影响研究

作为土壤活性有机碳主要组分之一的轻组分有机碳（LFOC）,对高海拔和高纬度低温生态系统的土壤有机碳动态及稳定性具有重要意义。通过在西南亚高山—高山海拔梯度上（3 250,3 438,3 672,3 852,4 098 m）对亚高山森林土壤均质化后进行原位培养,研究高寒土壤中轻组分有机碳在海拔梯度上的响应特征与季节变化趋势。结果表明:海拔升高及低温季节均有利于土壤LFOC积累,而生长季节是土壤LFOC的消耗时期;在同一采样时间的同一海拔高度上,表层（0—10 cm）和表下层（10—20 cm）土壤LFOC含量总体表现出随深度增加而降低的规律,其中在低温季节中后期的11月和3月均达到差异显著水平。     

氮添加和凋落物增减对华西雨屏区常绿阔叶林土壤团聚体及其碳氮的影响

大气氮沉降可通过改变土壤氮素可利用性(直接影响)和改变凋落物输入量(间接影响)对森林土壤碳氮动态产生影响.土壤团聚体是森林表层土壤最具代表性的基本结构单元,对于稳定贮存有机碳氮具有重要意义.通过氮添加和凋落物增减试验设计,探索氮添加和凋落物增减对土壤团聚体及其碳氮组分的影响.结果 表明:(1)凋落物增加(+L)和减少(...     

循环冻融过程对6种温带森林土壤酶活性的影响

为了解冻融过程对森林土壤酶活性的影响,本文以长白山地区硬阔叶林、红松阔叶林、次生白桦林、长白松林、蒙古栎林和冷杉林6种温带典型林型下的0～10 cm层(上层)和10～20 cm层(下层)土壤为试验材料,采用室内模拟培养方法探究了在不同冻融循环次数作用下(-15～5℃)6种森林土壤脲酶(Urease,URE)、转化酶(Invertase,INV)和过氧化氢酶(Catalase,CAT)活性的变化。结果表明:6种林型不同层次土壤的脲酶和转化酶活性随冻融频次而变化、且因林型而不同;随冻融次数增加,各林型0～10 cm土层土壤脲酶活性表现为先升高再下降、最后趋于稳定的变化趋势,转化酶活性呈上升趋势变化、8次冻融循环后明显高于冻融处理前对照土样(恒温5℃培养4 d后的土样),而土壤过氧化氢酶活性变化对循环冻融的响应不明显。各林型不同深度土层比较,0～10 cm土层土壤脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性分别显著高于同林型10～20 cm土层土壤。循环冻融过程中6种林型土壤脲酶、转化酶和过氧化氢酶活性综合表现为:冷杉林最强,长白松林最弱,硬阔叶林、红松阔叶林、次生白桦林和蒙古栎林均介于冷杉林和长白松林二者之间。     

凋落物双倍添加和移除对米槠林土壤水解酶活性及其化学计量比的影响

土壤酶与土壤养分紧密相关,并能够活化土壤中营养元素从而改善土壤环境质量,为更加深入了解全球气候变化背景下森林凋落物数量的变化及其酶化学计量比的影响,以亚热带米槠林为研究对象设计随机区组试验,设置3种凋落物处理(移除凋落物(NRNL)、添加双倍凋落物(NRDL)、保留凋落物(CK)),通过测定土壤微生物生物量碳、氮和水解酶活性(β—葡萄糖苷酶(βG)、纤维素水解酶(CBH)、β—N—乙酰氨基葡萄糖苷酶(NAG)、亮氨酸氨基肽酶(LAP)、酸性磷酸酶(AP)),探讨排除根系作用下双倍添加和移除地上凋落物对米槠林土壤养分状况和土壤生态酶化学计量特征的影响。结果表明,与对照(CK)相比,NRDL处理显著提高了CBH和LAP活性,同时提高了土壤总碳(TC)、全氮(TN)、矿质氮、可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)含量,而NRNL处理只降低了土壤MBC含量。同时发现,土壤生态酶化学计量比未受到凋落物输入处理的影响,CK、NRNL和NRDL处理土壤酶活性比ln(βG+CBH)∶ln(NAG+LAP)分别为1.25,1.36,1.30;ln(βG+CBH)∶ln(AP)分别为0.78,0.78,0.83;ln(NAG+LAP)∶ln(AP)分别为0.62,0.58,0.64。相关分析表明,TC、TN、矿质氮、DOC、DON、MBC和MBN分别与βG、CBH、AP和LAP活性呈显著正相关;冗余分析表明,DOC是驱动土壤水解酶活性和化学计量比变化的关键因子。综上,NRDL通过增加土壤DOC的浓度,从而提高土壤水解酶活性,研究结果可为亚热带森林土壤养分管理提供基础数据。     

黔中地区不同干扰对马尾松林土壤性质的影响

森林土壤是森林植被生存和恢复的基础，干扰不仅影响森林土壤生物与非生物的动态变化，进而对森林生态系统的结构与功能产生重要影响。研究选取黔中地区3种干扰类型（清除凋落物、割脂和火灾）马尾松林为研究对象，并分别在每种干扰样地周边设置未干扰马尾松林样地作为对照，揭示不同干扰类型对马尾松林土壤性质的影响特征。结果表明：不同土层间马尾松林土壤性质存在显著性差异（P<0.05），主要体现在表层土壤（0—20 cm）养分含量显著高于下层土壤（20—40，40—60 cm），这表明马尾松林土壤养分具有"表聚"效应。不同干扰类型对马尾松林土壤性质存在一定显著性影响（P<0.05），割脂干扰下，马尾松林土壤的养分含量和脲酶活性升高，全磷和有效磷含量无显著性差异；清除凋落物干扰下，马尾松林土壤pH、有机碳、全氮含量和脲酶活性降低，容重、全磷、有效氮和有效磷含量无显著差异，有效钾含量和过氧化氢酶活性增加；火灾干扰下，马尾松林土壤的容重、有效钾含量和过氧化氢酶活性增加，有机碳、全氮、全磷、有效氮含量和脲酶活性则表现为下降趋势，有机碳和有效磷含量变化不显著。不同干扰类型下，土壤酶活性与化学性质存在显著相关性，表层土壤的显著相关性大于深层，脲酶活性主要与全氮和有效氮含量存在显著相关关系，过氧化氢酶活性与机碳含量存在显著相关关系。不同干扰类型下，土壤养分变异存在一定差异，pH为弱变异性，其余大部分土壤养分为中等变异性。综上，不同干扰类型对马尾松林土壤性质有较大影响，应对该地区马尾松林的利用与保护给与足够的重视，对其合理管理和利用。     

针阔树种人工林地表凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献

了解地表凋落物呼吸对陆地生态系统碳循环研究具有重要意义。为了研究针阔树种地表凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献,本文在京津风沙源地区选择林龄为10年的油松、杨树人工林,设置去除凋落物(no litter,NL)、覆盖凋落物(cover litter,CL)和自然状态(control,C)3种处理,利用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸测定系统对土壤呼吸速率以及地表5 cm土壤温度、土壤湿度进行观测。结果表明:1)凋落物的去除与覆盖显著改变土壤呼吸速率(P0.05),油松、杨树人工林3种处理土壤呼吸速率年均值(μmol?m?2?s?1)分别为2.28、2.81、2.55和2.13、2.62、2.32,均为CLCNL(P0.05);2)土壤呼吸对环境因子的响应产生地表凋落物贡献的季节性差异,土壤呼吸速率与地表5 cm土壤温度呈显著指数正相关关系(R2=0.54~0.88,P0.05),但与地表5 cm土壤湿度不存在相关关系,油松和杨树CL、NL、C 3种处理土壤呼吸的温度敏感性指数Q10值分别为1.97、1.90、2.25和2.79、2.61、2.93,大小趋势均为NLCLC(P0.05);3)油松林、杨树林地表凋落物对土壤呼吸的贡献分别为20.78%、20.75%,二者相差不大。本研究可为京津风沙源地区针阔树种人工林演替初期土壤呼吸组分研究、碳汇功能估算提供参考。     

去除凋落物和草毡层对寒温带典型森林土壤活性有机碳的短期影响

[目的]探究去除凋落物和草毡层对寒温带森林土壤活性有机碳的影响，为我国寒温带森林土壤碳循环的研究提供科学参考。[方法]以大兴安岭北部3种典型森林(白桦林、樟子松林和兴安落叶松林)为研究对象，在3种林型中设置对照、去除凋落物、去除草毡层以及去除凋落物和草毡层4种处理，于2021年9月对各处理不同土层(0—10 cm和10—20 cm)土壤进行取样，研究其土壤活性有机碳组分及其影响因子。[结果]在0—10 cm土层，与对照相比，去除凋落物后土壤可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量在白桦林和樟子松林中无显著变化，而在兴安落叶松林中显著降低了25.49%和39.40%;土壤微生物量碳含量在白桦林和兴安落叶松林中显著降低了19.26%和18.86%,而在樟子松林中无显著变化。去除草毡层后土壤可溶性有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量在白桦林和樟子松林中显著降低了16.08%,60.69%和17.38%,17.33%,而在兴安落叶松林中的变化不显著；土壤微生物量碳含量在3种林型中显著降低了19.47%～42.02%。同时去除凋落物和草毡层后3种林型土壤微生物量碳和易氧化有机碳含量极显著降低了22.03%～27.01...     

地表凋落物对油松、沙棘人工林土壤呼吸的影响

通过对黄土丘陵区油松、沙棘人工林自然组(含凋落物)和去凋组(不含凋落物)土壤呼吸、5cm土壤温度和含水量的监测,研究地表凋落物对土壤呼吸的影响。在两种林分内分别设置20m×20m样地,样地内随机设置5个观测点,于2015年6月到2016年5月使用LI-8100系统进行监测。结果表明:(1)自然组油松林和沙棘林土壤呼吸季节动态及日动态均表现为单峰型变化曲线,沙棘土壤呼吸年均值[2.10μmol/(m~2·s)]显著高于油松[1.56μmol/(m~2·s),p0.05];去除凋落物后,两种林分土壤呼吸与自然组具有相似的季节及日动态特征,但土壤呼吸年均值不存在显著性差异。(2)沙棘林自然组土壤呼吸年均值显著高于去凋组[1.58μmol/(m~2·s),p0.05],凋落物呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献率为15.81%;油松林自然组与去凋组土壤呼吸年均值差异不显著,凋落物呼吸对土壤总呼吸的贡献率仅为1.61%。(3)自然组和去凋组中油松、沙棘林土壤呼吸与温度均存在显著指数关系(p0.05),与含水量则存在显著线性负相关关系(p0.05);两组处理土壤温度和含水量对土壤呼吸的单独解释量均较低(0.05%~37.82%),土壤呼吸主要受到温度和含水量共同作用的影响(8.01%~66.44%)。地表凋落物显著提高了沙棘林土壤呼吸的Q10和土壤呼吸量,但仅显著提高了油松林的Q10,对土壤呼吸量并未显著增加。油松林作为黄土丘陵区水土保持及生态恢复的造林树种更有利于该地区林地碳汇功能的提升。     

Accumulation of copper in soils and leaves of tomato plants in greenhouses in Turkey

Copper (Cu)‐containing fertilizers, fungicides, and bactericides has been used extensively in the greenhouses in the Antalya province in recent decades with the use of such materials tending to increase year by year. The level of DTPA‐extractable Cu was determined in 210 soils (0–20 and 20–40 cm depth) and 105 leaf samples obtained from 105 tomato greenhouses. The DTPA‐extractable Cu contents of the soils taken from the 0–20 depth ranged between 0.76 and 88.03 mg kg^‐1 (mean 7.79 mg kg^‐1). The percentage of soils containing DTPA‐extractable Cu greater than the critical toxicity level (20 mg kg^‐1) was 8.1. The Cu content of tomato leaf samples ranged between 2.4 and 1,490 mg kg^‐1 (mean 166.5 mg kg^‐1). The Cu concentration in leaf samples was very high due to the intensive use of foliar applied Cu‐containing chemicals. As a consequence, 24.8% of the leaf tomato samples analyzed contained over 200 mg Cu kg^‐1, the maximum accepted tolerance level. Therefore, it may be necessary to reduce the use of Cu‐containing pesticides and fertilizers, or at least reduce the amount of Cu‐containing fertilizers being used in those greenhouses where Cu‐containing pesticides have been or are being used.     

Role of selenium in mitigation of cadmium toxicity in pepper grown in hydroponic condition

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for humans but is not considered as essential for plants. However, its beneficial role in improving plant growth and stress tolerances is well established. In order to study the role of Se in cadmium (Cd) toxicity in pepper (Capsicum frutescens cv. Suryankhi Cluster), this experiment was carried out in greenhouse conditions. Treatments comprised Cd [0, 0.25, and 0.5 mM cadmium chloride (CdCl₂)] and Se [0, 3, and 7 µM sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃)] with three replications. The result showed that Cd decreased chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and carotenoids, whereas Se supplementation diminished Cd toxicity on photosynthetic pigment. Selenium at 7 µM significantly increased the leaf area in the plants grown at 0.25 mM Cd. The application of Se at 3 µM with 0.25 mM Cd and Se at 3 µM and Se at 7 µM with 0.5 mM Cd increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Selenium at 7 µM decreased the proline content of pepper leaves exposed to Cd at 0.5 mM (30%). Selenium significantly enhanced the antioxidant activity of leaves, which was diminished by Cd toxicity. In general, Se has a beneficial effect on plant growth and is an antioxidant enzyme of pepper cv. Suryankhi Cluster under Cd stress and non-stress conditions.     

红壤区不同肥力水稻土根际硝化作用特征

通过根际培养箱(三室)——速冻切片技术研究了红壤地区高、低两种肥力下水稻苗期根表、根际和土体土壤矿质态氮含量和硝化强度,以及水稻生长、氮素积累的差异。结果表明,肥力水平对水稻根表和根际土壤铵态氮(NH4+-N)含量无显著影响,但高肥力显著提高土体土壤NH4+-N含量,以及根表、根际和土体土壤硝态氮(NO3--N)含量及硝化强度。两种肥力水稻土硝化强度最大值均出现在距根表2 mm处,分别为0.20和0.31μmol kg-1 h-1。土体土壤硝化强度随距根表距离增加而降低,低肥力土壤在距根表10～40mm处时硝化强度接近本底值,而高肥力土壤在距根表20～40 mm处时接近本底值。与不种水稻的CK相比,种植水稻显著提高根际土壤硝化强度。高肥力能显著改善水稻生长,增加植株氮素积累量,尤其显著促进根系生长及通气组织发育。由于红壤稻田肥力水平的差异造成水稻根际硝化强度以及水稻吸收NO3-的差异,导致高肥条件下水稻显示出更强的生长势和氮素吸收利用能力。因此,合理提高红壤稻田肥力水平对改善红壤区水稻根际土壤硝化作用及水稻氮素营养具有重要意义。     

Occurrence of Sexual Hormones in Sediments of Mangrove in Brazil

The presence of sexual hormones (female estrogens) was assessed in sediments of a mangrove located in the urban region of southern Brazil. The estrogens are involved in human sexual reproduction. They act as the chemical messengers, and they are classified as natural and synthetic. The estrogens inputs in the environment are from treated and untreated sewage. The presence of estrogens in sewage is excretion from the female due to natural production and use of contraceptives (synthetic estrogens). With the indiscriminate release of sewage into the environment, estrogens can be found in rivers, lakes, and even in oceans. In this work, the presence of estrone (E1), 17-??-estradiol (E2), and 17-??-ethynilestradiol (EE2) in eight sedimentary stations in Itacorubi mangrove located on Santa Catarina Island, south Brazil, was investigated. Historically, the Itacorubi mangrove has been impacted by anthropogenic activities because the mangrove is inserted in the urban area of the Florianopolis. The estrogen EE2, used as contraceptive, had the highest concentration in mangrove sediment, 129.75?±?3.89 ng/g. E2 was also found, with its concentration ranging from 0.90?±?0.03 to 39.77?±?1.19 ng/g. Following the mechanism, under aerobic or anaerobic conditions, E2 will first be oxidized to E1, which is further oxidized to unknown metabolites and finally to CO₂ and water (mineralized). EE2 is oxidized to unknown metabolites and also finally mineralized. Theoretically, under anaerobic conditions, EE2 can be reduced to E1 even in environments such as mangrove which is essentially anaerobic.     

自由基在鸡肾病发生中的作用研究

肾病即急性肾小管坏死.鸡肾病在养鸡生产中极为常见,尤其近年来,鸡肾病的发生日益增多,由于其发生机制不清楚,临床治疗鸡肾病的依据不足,致使治疗效果不佳,为此,提出本研究以探讨鸡肾病的发生机制,为本病防治提供理论依据.     

Meta-analysis in the Selection of Groups in Varieties of Citrus

Brazil is the largest producer of oranges (Citrus sinensis) in the world. The nutrient management of tree orchards is designed from experiments with a limited number of varieties. This knowledge is transferred to other varieties by diagnosing tissue nutrient composition and tree demand. Compositional data analysis has been first applied to tissue analysis of agricultural crops using centered log ratios with compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND-clr). The isometric log ratio (ilr) transformation is a new approach based on binary nutrient ratios and the principle of orthogonality (CND-ilr). We analyzed eleven nutrients: nitrogen (N), sulfur (S), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), boron (B), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), and iron (Fe) in leaf tissue samples across 108 commercial plots (thirty-one grow Valencia, twenty-two Hamlim, twenty Pera, and thirty-five Natal). Nutrients were partitioned between macro- and micronutrients as well as anionic and cationic species. The effect size of varieties over Valencia was quantified by the mean and standard deviation of ilr values across ilr coordinates. Specific varietal nutrient profiles and ilr norms were defined. The nutrient profile of orange varieties could be classified into homogeneous groups to take advantage of fertilizer trials conducted on varieties of the same group. The Aitchison distance and a perturbation vector could be instrumental for diagnostic purposes and nutrient management.     

Effect of iron-quercetin complex on reduction of nitrite in in vitro and in vivo systems

This study investigated whether reducing agents such as quercetin and iron(II) facilitate formation of nitric oxide (NO) gas from orally ingested nitrite in an vivo study. When 3 mg/kg Na (15)NO2 was orally administered to rats with or without iron(II) or quercetin, Hb (15)NO, which is indicative of systemic (15)NO, was detected in the blood, with the maximum blood concentration of Hb (15)NO at 15 min after nitrite or nitrite plus quercetin treatment, whereas after administration of nitrite plus iron(II) or nitrite plus iron(II) and quercetin, the time was shortened to 10 min. Interestingly, iron(II), quercetin, or iron(II) plus quercetin did not affect the total amount of Hb (15)NO generated from orally administered Na (15)NO2. However, the systemic nitrite concentration was significantly decreased in the presence of iron(II) or iron(II) plus quercetin. These results may indicate that iron(II) is critical to the generation of NO gas from nitrite, whereas quercetin contributed little under the in vivo experimental conditions.     

旱地果园水肥管理模式研究进展

分析了旱地果园水肥管理模式的研究进展和存在问题,指出水肥胁迫尤其是水钾已成为旱区果树高产稳产优质化的主要限制因子。在系统探讨旱地果园水分管理、养分管理、综合管理以及果树叶营养综合诊断施肥标准的基础上,提出了旱地果园的高效水肥管理模式。     

Role of aldehyde oxidase in the hepatic in vitro metabolism of 3-methylindole in pigs

The metabolism of 3-hydroxy-3-methylindolenine (HMI), a recently discovered metabolite of 3-methylindole (3MI, skatole) produced by porcine liver microsomes, was investigated in vitro using porcine liver cytosol. HMI was rapidly metabolized to a single product, 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole (HMOI), by porcine cytosol. By the use of the selective inhibitors menadione and quinacrine, it was shown that the enzyme responsible for the oxidation of HMI into HMOI was aldehyde oxidase (AO; aldehyde:oxygen oxidoreductase, EC 1.2.3.1). The activity of AO in the conversion of HMI to HMOI was measured in a population of pigs (n = 30) with a wide range of 3MI levels in back fat (0.07-0.30 mg/kg). AO activity was found to be negatively correlated (r = -0.70; P < 0.001) with the level of 3MI in fat. The results of the present study suggest that AO plays an important role in the metabolism of 3MI in the pig and that its catalytic activity is related to an adequate 3MI clearance.     

响应面设计法在温室番茄栽培中的应用

为优化温室番茄的栽培条件,试验研究了不同栽培密度、施氮量和施钾量对日光温室番茄产量的影响。通过中心复合试验设计,构建三因素（栽培密度,氮肥,钾肥）五水平的响应面设计方法并建立番茄产量与三因子的二次回归数学模型。结果表明:三因素对温室番茄产量均有显著的影响（p0.01）,影响的大小顺序为栽培密度施钾量施氮量;栽培密度与施氮量、施钾量之间存在显著的交互作用（p0.01）,施氮量与施钾量之间的相互作用对番茄产量影响不显著（p0.05）;多元二次回归分析结果显示,栽培密度、施氮量、施钾量与番茄产量之间的回归模型高度显著（p0.01）。统计分析确定温室番茄的最佳栽培条件为:栽培密度4.83万株/hm2,施氮量262 kg/hm2,施钾量513kg/hm2;在此条件下,温室番茄产量的预测值为119381kg/hm2,验证试验所得产量为121005kg/hm2。本研究为日光温室番茄高产、稳产和优质提供了理论依据。