马铃薯黑痣病综合防控技术的集成

近年来,由立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)引起的黑痣病已成为内蒙古西部地区马铃薯生产上的重要病害之一,但目前还没有有效防控马铃薯黑痣病的综合措施。试验于2013年在内蒙古对马铃薯黑痣病综合防控技术进行了田间试验和优化集成。结果表明,底肥增施碳酸氢铵、碳酸氢钾,木霉菌浸种阴干后再用甲基硫菌灵拌种,播种时沟喷20%甲基立枯磷或25%嘧菌酯的综合处理对马铃薯黑痣病的防治效果显著。     

马铃薯黑痣病的研究现状

马铃薯黑痣病（Rhizoctonia solani Kiihn）又称立枯丝核菌病、茎基腐病、丝核菌溃疡病、黑色粗皮病，是以带病种薯和土壤传播的病害。随着我国马铃薯种植面积的进一步加大，该病害一年比一年发生严重，尤其在内蒙古地区，有许多马铃薯种植区无法倒茬，致使土壤中病原菌数量逐年增加，因此加重了黑痣病的发生。2008年调查内蒙古西部马铃薯产区，一般田块黑痣病发病株率在5％～10％，重症田块可达到70％～80％，黑痣病已成为内蒙古西部马铃薯生产发展的一大瓶颈，黑痣病严重影响着马铃薯产量和品质，     

马铃薯黑痣病的研究现状

<正>马铃薯黑痣病(Rhizoctonia solani Kühn)又称立枯丝核菌病、茎基腐病、丝核菌溃疡病、黑色粗皮病,是以带病种薯和土壤传播的病害。随着我国马铃薯种植面积的进一步加大,该病害一年比一年发     

内蒙古自治区马铃薯黑痣病病原菌(菌核)存活力及地下侵染研究

马铃薯黑痣病是由立枯丝核菌引起,在各大马铃薯种植区均有发生,目前己成为影响马铃薯生产的主要病害之一。试验研究不同生存环境下病原菌(菌核)萌发率和影响因子的作用以及菌核存活力及地下侵染能力。结果表明,病原菌(菌核)的萌发率随温度升高而增加,相同地区病原菌不同温度下萌发速度不同,菌核萌发率与温度具有定量关系;菌核可多次萌发,第4次萌发仍具有31.76%的萌发率。通过研究了解了不同环境下病原菌的存活力,掌握了适合病原菌萌发的条件,为在生产过程中预防和防治马铃薯黑痣病的发生提供依据。     

新型杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病病菌的室内毒力测定和田间效果分析

本研究采用生长速率法,在室内条件下测定了20%甲基立枯磷乳油、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂、2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油4种新型杀菌剂对立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)的毒力。结果表明,4种杀菌剂对立枯丝核菌都有一定的抑制作用,其中,20%甲基立枯磷乳油对立枯丝核菌的抑制作用最强,EC50值为6.9888×10-9 mg/L;24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂抑制作用次之,EC50为6.6995×10-7 mg/L;2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂和25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油的抑制作用稍差,EC50分别为7.6599×10-5 mg/L、1.0060×10-4 mg/L。田间防治黑痣病药效试验表明,4种药剂对马铃薯安全,其中20%甲基立枯磷乳油的防治最好,其次为24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂,2.5%咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、25%吡唑醚菌酯乳油防治效果较低,这与室内测定结果一致,因此生产上可用20%甲基立枯磷乳油20 mL拌种100 kg、24%噻呋酰胺悬浮剂每667 m2沟施100 mL来防治马铃薯黑痣病。     

5种杀菌剂对马铃薯黑痣病的田间防效试验

近年来,马铃薯黑痣病在定西地区发生危害逐年加重,由次要病害已上升为主要病害,严重影响着马铃薯的产量和品质。在田间进行了5种杀菌剂拌种处理对马铃薯黑痣病的防效试验。结果表明,250 g/L嘧菌酯悬浮剂、240 g/L噻呋酰胺悬浮剂和42.4%唑醚·氟酰胺悬浮剂对马铃薯黑痣病防治效果较好,增产明显。3种药剂防效分别为81.98%、80.83%和71.60%,与空白对照相比增产率分别为44.42%、34.26%和33.54%。因此认为这3种药剂可以应用大田防治马铃薯黑痣病。     

健达防治马铃薯黑痣病田间药效试验

马铃薯黑痣病是一种土传病害,危害呈逐年加重趋势。本试验在田间条件下测定了新型药剂健达(有效成分21.2%氟唑菌酰胺+21.2%吡唑嘧菌酯)对于马铃薯黑痣病的防治效果。结果表明:健达对马铃薯黑痣病具有较好的防治作用,适宜用量为30 m L/667m2,防效82.62%,较空白对照增产75.47%。     

陇中干旱半干旱区不同马铃薯品种重茬抗病性和产量试验

针对陇中干旱半干旱区大面积种植马铃薯导致的重茬病害严重问题,试验研究了不同马铃薯品种在重茬地中的抗病性和产量表现。通过对各参试马铃薯品种早疫病、晚疫病、黑痣病及薯块腐烂病害抗性研究与产量、单株结薯数及商品率的综合分析,筛选出抗病性强、易贮藏、产量高、商品率好的‘陇薯7号’和‘陇薯6号’2个品种,适宜在干旱半干旱区重茬地推广种植。     

亚麻苗枯萎病和丝核菌复合体之关系的估量

测定了立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia Solani的2，3，和4联合组群分离菌诱致亚麻枯萎病的能力。所有分离菌诱致种子腐烂，但只有AG4分离菌感染亚麻胚轴。AG2和AG3分离菌诱致有限的根腐。发现两个亚麻品种能抗全部供试分离菌。植物科学家们在研究作物对立枯丝核菌Rhizoctonia Solni Klien(Thanate—phorus Cucumeris(Frank)Donk)的抗性方面成就甚少，可能是因为他们没有重视病原菌的复杂性。新近的报导提出，     

马铃薯立枯丝核菌病的研究

马铃薯立枯丝核菌病,是甘肃省高海拔冷凉山区发生普遍而危害严重的一种病害。据调查,田间植株平均发病率为10～15％左右。重病区薯块平均带菌率28.4～43.65％。经鉴定,病原菌属于立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solanikihn)。该菌的菌丝生长温度范围是:最低为4℃,最适为23℃,最高为32～33℃,34℃时停止生长。菌核形成的最适温度为23～28℃。病菌能侵染马铃薯、豌豆、小麦等主要作物。并以贮藏期病薯上的菌核或残留在土壤中的菌核越冬。带菌种薯是第二年初侵染来源,也是远距离传播的主要途径。药剂防治试验表明,播前采用0.5%的福尔马林液或采用0.1％福美双或0.1％多菌灵浸种,都有明显的防病效果。采用抗病品种也能减轻病害的发生和危害。     

播期、芽长和覆土厚度对马铃薯黑痣病的规避效应及产量的影响

为了研究芽长、播期和覆土厚度对土传病害黑痣病的规避效应及对马铃薯产量的影响,本试验对栽培技术中的芽长、播期和覆土厚度3个重要因素,采用3因素5水平二次通用旋转组合设计,建立数学模型,优选适合马铃薯的高产防病栽培措施。芽长、播期和覆土厚度3因素对马铃薯产量效应依次为覆土厚度〉芽长〉播期,对马铃薯黑痣病病情指数影响效应依次为覆土厚度〉播期〉芽长。获得马铃薯产量大于3000 kg/667 m2、黑痣病病情指数低于45%的优化施肥方案为：播期5月2-4日,芽长0.54-0.68 cm,覆土厚度15-17 cm。本研究为建立马铃薯可行性栽培技术体系提供了科学依据。     

马铃薯病毒外壳蛋白融合基因转化马铃薯及其抗病性分析

将多种病毒的有效核酸片断拼接成融合基因转入马铃薯可获得多抗马铃薯材料。针对马铃薯生产中分布广泛、危害严重并经常混合感染的马铃薯X病毒(PVX)、马铃薯Y病毒(PVY)、马铃薯卷叶病毒(PLRV)和马铃薯S病毒(PVS),开展了利用基因工程方法获得兼抗4种马铃薯病毒转基因马铃薯材料的研究。试验在前期获得含4种马铃薯病毒外壳蛋白基因片段的质粒pART27-XSYV-rh的基础上,通过根癌农杆菌(Agrobacterium tumefaciens)介导转化马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum)品种‘陇薯3号’,PCR扩增和PCR-Southern杂交证明,4价融合基因已整合到马铃薯基因组中。qRT-PCR分析表明,该融合基因在转基因植株中能正常表达。3株转基因植株的抗病性鉴定结果表明,2株对4种病毒同时具有抗性;1株对PLRV侵染表现阳性,对另外3种病毒同时具有抗性。     

四川省春马铃薯超高产栽培的技术途径与措施

高产创建是充分挖掘马铃薯单产潜力的有效途径。四川省春马铃薯净作和套作超高产纪录分别为73 965 kg/hm^2（2008年,万源市）和87 900 kg/hm^2（2010年,万源市）。本文通过分析超高产创建的经验,认为品种混杂、种薯质量低、平作稀窝、施肥水平低、晚疫病防治措施不当等是春马铃薯单产低而不稳的主要原因。提出选用抗病超高产型品种、创造超高产的土壤与营养环境、构建高光效群体、提高田间群体抗逆性等超高产栽培技术途径。建议采用摆播垄作覆膜、增大密度、重施有机肥、早施提苗肥、增施钾肥、＂促调控＂综合管理等春马铃薯超高产栽培技术措施。并提出春马铃薯要稳定实现超高产栽培必须走精确定量栽培的思路。     

腐植酸的农业应用机制及其在马铃薯生产上亟待解决的问题

在土壤-作物生产体系中,腐植酸因可挖掘产量潜力、提升肥料利用效率而被广泛研究与应用。从腐植酸调控土壤酶活、改良重金属土壤、活化土壤养分、调控植物代谢、促进根系发育、增强植物抗逆性、提升作物产量与改善品质几个方面进行了综述,并对其在马铃薯上的应用研究进行了总结,提出了腐植酸应用于马铃薯生产中亟待解决的问题,为马铃薯高产高效提供支撑。     

Improving Phosphorus Use Efficiency in the Future

World demand for phosphorus (P) fertilizer and increasing environmental regulations concerning water quality will continue to motivate the search for ways to improve P use efficiency in potato production. While much effort has gone into understanding P availability and uptake from soil, relatively little is known about the possibility of increasing uptake efficiency through genetic improvement or improved root health. Potato exhibits considerable genetic variation in uptake efficiency of nutrients like nitrogen, and it is likely that genetic variation also exists in P use efficiency. Increased efficiency may be due to differences in tuber yield per unit of available P (utilization efficiency), or in rate of P absorption from the soil (uptake efficiency). Likewise, genetic improvements in resistance to root-decaying pathogens, such as Verticillium dahliae, and improved control practices are likely to help maintain a healthy root mass to aid in maintaining P uptake during periods of higher P demand during the growing season.     

马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒不同株系及不同接种方法对产量的影响

马铃薯纺锤块径类病毒(Potato spindle tuber viroid)是危害黑龙江省马铃薯生产的一种重要病害。为了查明不同类病毒变株对主栽品种克新1号和4号所引起的产量损失和症状反应,应用往复聚丙烯胺凝胶电泳法(Peturn-Polyacmdegel electophoresis)鉴定类病毒。试验结果表明,接种当年,接种类病毒的处理平均减产37%,按商品产量计算减产达47%。当年表现症状的植株平均为59.6%,块茎产生症状的植株平均为57.4%。用于接种的3个马铃薯纺锤块茎类病毒变株的致病力,以当地的类病毒弱系为最强,其次为北美的类病毒强系,北美的类病毒弱系的致病力较弱。类病毒对产量的影响与马铃薯品种和类病毒变株的组合有极为密切的关系。克新1号接种当地的类病毒弱系时薯块严重畸变,商品产量只为不接种对照的21%。用往复电泳法检测各个试验处理被类病毒侵柴的情况,芽接种处理,于出苗后1周即可检测到类病毒,叶接种处理,于接种后2周即能检测到类病毒。出苗后7周,植株中类病毒浓度达到高峰,随即急剧下降,到出苗后10周,大部分接种植株已检测不到类病毒。块茎直径达1厘米时,即能检测到类病毒,随着块茎膨大,类病毒浓度也相应增高,到收获前,块茎中的类病毒含量只略低于植株含类病毒高峰期的浓度。用于本试验的克新1号、4号无类病毒和主要马铃薯病毒的核心材料,在1988年已交付给省内外的良种场繁殖使用。于当年秋季抽样检测克山第二良种场连续种植二年的种薯,当年种植试管苗生产的种薯,以及试管苗等,均未检测到类病毒。     

Effects of soil-borneRhizoctonia solani Kühn on yield and quality of ten potato cultivars

Summary The effects of soil-borneRhizoctonia solani on yield and quality of potato were studied by an extensive individual plant sampling procedure. From 1983 to 1986, stem canker and stolon pruning were examined in 10 768 plants growing on a sandy soil. Tuber yield and quality and haulm yield per plant were also recorded. The degree of attack byR. solani depended on the cropping frequency of potato. Severe and very severe stem and stolon attacks decreased fresh yield, dry matter yield and dry matter content of tubers and increased the number of deformed and small tubers, whereas the effect on haulm yield and stem number was small. Potato cultivars differed in susceptibility toR. solani, but yield response did not differ significantly between cultivars at the same levels of stem and stolon infection.     

Recent developments in our knowledge of potato transgenic biology

Summary Transgenic potato plants are being generated world-wide to assess the impact of transgene expression (sense and/or antisense) on parameters as diverse as yield, quality, stress physiology and pest/disease resistance. Strategies for alternative uses of the potato crops by diverting metabolism into high value products or by expressing recombinant proteins are also being explored. Results obtained are often surprising although the science of plant molecular biology is relatively young. Whilst the outcome of any transgenic approach is by no means certain, this review provides sufficient examples to illustrate the versatility and applicability of transgenic biology in potato improvement.     

马铃薯新品种（系）在大理州早春作的适应性评价

通过对引进的马铃薯新品种（系）进行适应性评价,筛选出适合大理早春作大面积推广种植的马铃薯新品种,为该区马铃薯品种更新换代提供科学依据。以‘合作88’为对照,对比了5个新品种（系）的植株形态特征,抗性表现,鲜薯产量及块茎品质。结果表明：‘同薯20-2’出苗早,出苗率高,茎叶浓绿,植株茂盛,感病相对较轻且产量、商品薯率、干物质含量、淀粉含量均高于其他参试品种。经进一步试验后可在该地区推广种植。     

Transgenic Approaches to Disease Resistance in Ornamental Crops

Abstract

Viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases of ornamental plants cause major losses in productivity and quality. Chemical methods are available for control of fungal diseases, and to a lesser extent for bacterial diseases, but there are no economically effective chemical controls for viral diseases except to control vector species. Host plant resistance is an effective means of controlling plant diseases, and minimizing the necessity for the application of pesticides; however, there are many ornamentals in which no natural disease resistance is available. It is possible to introduce resistance derived from other species, or even from the pathogen itself, by genetic engineering. This allows the introduction of specific, or in some instances broad spectrum, disease resistance into plant genotypes that have been selected for desirable horticultural characters; in contrast, introduction of natural resistance by traditional breeding may take many cycles of breeding to combine disease resistance with desirable ornamental quality. This article briefly reviews existing work on transformation systems for ornamentals, and discusses the various approaches to introducing resistance to viral, bacterial, and fungal diseases, and to nematode infestations. These include pathogen-related proteins, R genes, and general pathogen resistance; anti-microbial peptides; expression of anti-pathogen antibodies; viral sequences; ribozymes; antiviral peptides; ribonucleases; and ribosome-inactivating proteins. Examples are given of application of these approaches to disease resistance in other types of crop and model plant systems, and actual or potential application to disease resistance in ornamentals. Future prospects for obtaining plants with multiple pest and disease resistances are discussed.