两系杂交中籼皖稻93高产栽培技术研究

从播种期、秧龄、栽插密度和施氮量 4个方面对皖稻 93的高产栽培技术进行了研究。结果表明 :该组合在长江中下游单季稻区种植 ,宜 4月下旬播种 ,6月上、中旬移栽 ,秧龄 5 0d左右 ,每公顷秧田播种量 15 0kg左右 ;适宜栽插密度为 15 .0cm× 2 5 .0cm或 15 .0cm× (3 3 .3 + 16.7)cm ,每穴栽 3～ 4苗 ;中等肥力田块 ,本田每公顷施基肥 (纯氮 ) 13 5 .0kg ,保花肥 (纯氮 ) 5 2 .5kg ,肥力较差的田块可根据叶色每公顷另酌施返青肥或促花肥 (纯氮 ) 3 4.5kg ,后期叶色偏淡田块每公顷另酌施始穗肥 (纯氮 ) 3 4.5kg左右 ,N、P、K比例约为 1.0∶0 .4∶1.0。     

川中丘陵紫色土旱区耐旱型玉米高产栽培措施研究

试验采用二次回归正交旋转组合设计,研究了耐旱型玉米子粒产量与密度(x₁)、播期(x₂)、氮肥(x₃)、磷肥(x₄)、钾肥(x₅)五因素的定量关系,建立了产量形成的密度、播期、肥料反应模型,解析了各因素对产量的主效应及互作效应,寻出定量生产水平下的最佳农艺措施。本文得出的耐旱型玉米高产栽培措施为:每公顷植6～9万株,3月15日～30日播种,每公顷施尿素450～675kg、磷肥(过磷酸钙)675.0～1012.5kg、钾肥(氯化钾)112.5～225.0kg。     

川西丘陵山区川单21高产栽培模式及性状指标研究

运用三因素五水平二次正交旋转组合试验设计方法,研究了川西丘陵山区川单21子粒产量及相关性状与播种期、种植密度和施氮量的定量关系,建立了相应的数学模型,并优选出川单21公顷产量≥7 500kg的栽培措施:播期4月12～21日,公顷种植密度6.79万～7.07万株,纯氮用量192.9～266.4kg/hm2.产量结构指标为:公顷穗数5.71万～5.74万穗,穗粒数658.3～709.3粒,千粒重275.7～296.9 g.叶面积指数指标为:拔节期0.99～1.16,吐丝期3.98～4.00,成熟期3.16～3     

河南省玉米免耕法栽培技术研究

玉米在小麦收获后铁茬直播,用化学除草剂除草实行免耕法的生产条件下,对其3项主要农艺措施进行田间试验。结果表明,种植密度、施氮量和追肥方式对玉米产量均有显著影响,种植密度和施氮量没有互作效应。玉米高产组合方案是：6月15日前适期早播,每公顷保证基本苗75000～82500株,施氮量为每公顷225 kg纯氮,拔节肥：孕穗肥为0.5∶0.5     

不同杂交玉米组合的农艺措施效应

采用3个杂交玉米组合、3种密度、不同穗肥用量和不同基肥处理4个因素,进行正交试验。结果表明,4个因素中,种植密度是对产量影响最大的因素,其次为穗肥与基肥处理,3个杂交玉米组合产量差别不明显。高产的最优组配是南玉847、密度75000株/hm²、穗肥施尿素120kg/hmhm²与基肥用绿肥压青。     

滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术研究

采用4因素3水平正交试验设计(2005年)和2因素3水平随机区组设计(2006年),以滇杂31、滇杂32、滇杂35为试验材料,以品种、秧龄、施氮量、施氮方法和栽插密度为试验因素(研究内容),对滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术进行试验研究.结果表明,品种、施氮量、秧龄、密度4个因素不同水平之间的产量差异达显著或极显著水平,不同施氮方法之间的产量差异不显著,各因素对滇型杂交粳稻产量影响大小排序是施氮量>秧龄>品种>施氮方法,秧龄与密度交互效应>秧龄>密度.各因素对滇型杂交粳稻产量的影响主要通过改变有效穗数、每穗总粒数和每穗实粒数来实现,对结实率影响较小,除品种因素外,施氮量、秧龄对千粒重会产生一定影响.提出滇型杂交粳稻高产栽培技术:适期播种,培育适龄壮秧,适宜秧龄35～40 d;每公顷施纯氮270 kg,氮肥宜重底早追;每公顷栽30万穴,每穴插1～2个基本苗.     

精播麦套花生套期、肥料与密度优化配置

大田条件下采用二次饱和D—最优设计建立了精播麦套花生套期、密度和N肥与产量的数学模型。分析表明: (1)套期与密度、密度与肥料间呈负向交互效应。套期晚,花生适宜密度应相应增加;密度增加,N肥用量可适当减少。套期与肥料呈正向交互效应,套期早, N 肥用量也应适当增加。( 2) 麦套花生最高产量可达到5 795. 4kg/hm2 ,相应的措施组合为:麦收前22d套种,每公顷播20. 7万株,施N 89. 3kg。产量在4 500～5 250kg/hm2 范围内的措施组合为:麦收前18～29d套种,每公顷播18. 8～22. 2万株,施N 49. 4～90. 7kg;产量在5 250～5 795kg/hm2范围内的措施组合为:麦收前17～22d套种,每公顷播18. 9～22. 7万株,施N 72. 7～108. 9kg。(3)夏直播花生最高产量可达到4 873. 0kg/hm2 ,相应的措施组合为:每公顷播20. 8万株,施N 85. 4 kg/hm2。     

强优势杂交玉米新品种绵单8号高产栽培技术研究

通过五因素二次回归正交旋转组合试验,建立了玉米新品种绵单8号子粒产量与播种时期(X1)、种植密度(X2)、施氮量(X3)、施磷量(X4)、施钾量(X5)的数学模型。经用计算机进行因子水平寻优,得出产量在9500kg/hm2以上的栽培模式为:播种时期在4月3～5日,密度59481～61601株/hm2,施纯氮273.4～282.7kg/hm2,施P2O5为168.1～179.9kg/hm2,施K2O为115.0～130.5kg/hm2。     

超级稻淦鑫688的适宜抛秧密度与施肥水平研究

对超级杂交晚稻淦鑫688进行抛栽密度与施肥水平的二因素试验,试验结果表明:淦鑫688在峡江县作二晚栽培,其适宜的抛栽密度是每公顷用种量19.5~22.5 kg、播750盘、抛27万穴;合理的施肥水平是每公顷用纯氮180 kg左右,并按1.00∶0.40∶0.75的比例进行氮、磷、钾配合施用。     

两系杂交油菜新品种"湘杂油5号"高产栽培综合技术研究 I.密度及主要肥料因子对产量的影响

采用四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,以对油菜籽产量影响较大的4项农艺因素作为决策变量,产量作为目标函数,研究了优质两系杂交油菜品种"湘杂油5号"的密度(x3)和氮肥(x2)、磷肥(x3)、钾肥(x4)的施用量与产量的关系,0通过田间试验测定参数,建立了产量数学模型.对模型进行解析得出各因子与产量的关系、各因子的增长速率,以及互作效应与产量的关系.利用计算机模拟寻优,提出产量指标为2 500kg/hm2的优化农艺措施为:每公顷密度在14.36万～15.31万株,施氮量241.25～250.9 kg,P2O5用量134.82～142.86 kg,K2O用量135.65～143.78kg.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.