15个澳洲坚果品种在云南的产量及品质

对云南4个澳洲坚果品比点的产量及品质数据分析结果表明:15个品种的产量及品质均低于澳大利亚和夏威夷等澳洲坚果主产区.在4个品比点中,15个品种6a的平均产量为2.24 kg/株,仅有H2、O.C、HAES900和广11的平均产量大于4 kg/株,接近澳大利亚良种标准.在品质指标的比较中,O.C、HAES900、H2、和广11好于其它品种.综合产量和品质分析.供试的15个澳洲坚果品种中,HAES900、O.C、H2、广11优于其它品种,但因广11果仁偏小,在云南热区可将HAES900、O.C和H2作为主导品种在生产上推广种植.     

澳洲坚果授粉试验及花粉管生长的荧光显微观察

澳洲坚果品种HAES900的授粉试验及花粉管生长的荧光显微观察表明:HAES900×D4、HAES900×HAES695、HAES900×HAES900平均每个花序的最终座果率分别为0.56%、0.25%、0.12%,异花授粉的最终座果率比自花授粉的高出108%～367%,说明品种HAES900的异交亲和性好于自交亲和性;HAES900自花授粉的20个花序中,最终仅有20%的花序结实,说明品种HAES900可能具有部分自交不亲和性;澳洲坚果授粉后6h柱头上花粉大量萌发;异花授粉花柱基部的花粉管数量是自花授粉的2.5倍。     

澳洲坚果种仁矿质营养特性研究

对28份澳洲坚果种质的种仁矿质元素（K、P、Mg、Ca、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu）含量进行测定与分析,并运用灰色关联度分析和模糊综合评判法对种质的矿质营养特性进行综合定量评判。结果表明：澳洲坚果种仁的矿质元素含量在供试种质之间变化较大,各元素在种仁内的平均含量由高到低依次为：K＞Mg＞P＞Ca＞Mn＞Fe＞Zn＞Cu;经综合评判,‘南亚2号’和‘HAES 922’为矿质营养综合表现优良的种质,‘H2’、‘24’、‘10’等17份种质的矿质营养综合表现中等,而‘HAES 783’、‘HAES 333’、‘DAD’、‘NG 18’、‘HAES 246’、‘Yonik’、‘HAES 788’、‘HAES 814’和‘D’等9份种质的矿质营养综合表现较差。     

澳洲坚果主要品质性状的灰色关联度分析和模糊综合评判

以28份澳洲坚果种质的8个主要品质性状为指标,运用灰色关联度分析和模糊综合评判法对其种质品质性状进行综合定量评判。结果表明:灰色关联度和模糊综合评判的等权与加权评判结果吻合程度都高;结合两种综合评判,评价出‘南亚1号’和优株‘10’为品质优良种质,‘南亚2号’、‘O.C.’、优株‘114’等20份种质品质中等,而‘H2’、‘HAES333’、‘HAES695’、‘B3/74’、‘Yonik’和‘HAES814’等6份种质品质较差。     

澳洲坚果栽培技术

澳洲坚果(Macadamia Nut)属山龙眼科,澳洲坚果属.它有七个种,其中仅M.intergrifolia(三叶澳洲坚果)和M.te-traphylla(四叶澳洲坚果)是可食的.这两个品种,可从下面特征来识别     

澳洲坚果开花授粉特性的研究

在试验基地观察澳洲坚果花的生长动态及访花者的访花规律;琼脂法测定澳洲坚果花粉的萌发率;联苯氨-过氧化氢法测定柱头可授性。结果表明:柱头与花药之间的距离为(5.1±1)mm,开花后花粉堆积在柱头上;5个品种中D的花粉萌发率最高,为66%;开花前1天与开花第1天的花粉萌发率最高、花粉管长度最长,平均分别为63%和64.1μm;澳洲坚果的柱头可授期可达10d,最佳可授期是开花前1天和开花第1、2天。澳洲坚果访花昆虫在访花期有2个活动高峰期,即11:00～12:00和15:00～17:00,开放当天的花序和盛花期树上的访花者最多。访花者以膜翅目、双翅目昆虫为主。     

澳洲坚果幼树矿质元素含量对不同供磷水平的响应特征

以‘HAES741’澳洲坚果品种为试材,采用沙培试验,研究营养液不同磷水平（0、0.01、0.1、0.5、2.5、10 mmol/L H₂PO₄ ^-）下盆栽澳洲坚果幼树矿质元素（钾、磷、钙与镁）含量的变化。结果表明：随着供磷水平的升高,澳洲坚果幼树叶片、茎及根系的钾、磷含量在较低供磷水平（0~0.5 mmol/L）下增长较小或者无明显变化,但在较高供磷水平（2.5~10 mmol/L）时增幅较大,并且各器官的钾、磷含量均与不同供磷水平呈极显著性相关关系。不同供磷水平对茎的钙、镁含量影响不明显,随供磷水平的增加叶片的钙、镁含量显著降低,而根系的钙、镁含量则呈先下降后上升的趋势,均以0.1 mmol/L供磷处理含量较低。     

澳洲坚果引种栽培研究

[目的]引进适宜贵州气候特点的澳洲坚果优良品种。[方法]2007年从中国热带农业科学院南亚热带作物研究所引进4个澳洲坚果优良品种在贵州望谟县和贞丰县试种,2010年4个品种零星开花结果,分析各品种的品种特性。[结果]从综合性状看,在贵州南亚热区表现最好的品种是Own Choice（O.C）,4年生树株高329 cm,茎围23 cm,树冠315 cm,单株产量平均1.52 kg;其次是Pahala（788）,4年生树株高363 cm,茎围24.8 cm,树冠328 cm,单株产量平均0.53 kg。[结论]研究结果为澳洲坚果的引种栽培提供了参考。     

空气湿度对澳洲坚果授粉受精能力和生理特性的影响

花期澳洲坚果植株经不同空气湿度处理结果表明,在低空气湿度条件下,植株的花粉育性降低、SOD活性降低、POD活性上升、座果率及光合产物（叶绿素含量、总糖含量和淀粉含量）下降、幼果生长速度减慢;空气湿度降低导致酶活性降低,自由基含量增加,生物膜功能受损,生理代谢紊乱,结果造成叶片光合作用能力下降,干物质积累少,生物产量降低,花粉萌发率低、花粉管生长速度慢,造成花期不遇、授粉受精不良、座果率低,最后造成产量降低。不同品种受主气湿度胁迫的影响程度不一样,品种的内部生理特性、花粉育性以及产量都存在差异。3个品种的耐早性为HAES900 >Makai>Keauhou。较高的空气湿度有利于澳洲坚果的生长发育。     

澳洲坚果在广西桂中地区的适应性研究

为筛选出适合广西种植的澳洲坚果品种,在广西合山市和忻城县进行了品种试验,对24个澳洲坚果品种的生长特性、开花结果特征、抗逆性、产量和品质等性状进行观察,并结合广西桂中地区的气候特点对澳洲坚果在该地区的适应性进行评价分析。结果表明,澳洲坚果适合广西桂中地区发展种植,适种区域东起鹿寨,西至巴马,南起上林,北至柳城 (24°40′),适宜种植品种为I-9、II-14、788#、695#、900#和Own Choice。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pulque</Emphasis>, An Alcoholic Drink from Rural Mexico,Contains Phytase. Its <Emphasis Type="Italic">in vitro</Emphasis> Effects on Corn Tortilla

Pulque is made by fermenting the agave sap or aguamiel of Agave atrovirens with a whole array of microorganisms present in the environment including several lactic acid bacteria and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Ascorbic acid was determined in pulque and aguamiel, respectively. Phytase activity in lees, liquid and freeze-dried pulque was assayed by measuring the appearance of phosphate from phytate by a colorimetric method likewise phosphate from phytate present in fresh corn tortilla was measured after in vitro incubation with pulque. Iron, zinc, calcium, magnesium and selenium contents were measured in pulque and corn tortilla as well as in nixtamalized corn flour (NCF), the latter is used to make instant tortilla, since corn provides most of the energy as well as most of the phytate in the Mexican rural diet. Pulque showed phytase activity but much less ascorbic acid and iron than previously reported; additionally, phytase in pulque hydrolyzed most of phytate’s corn tortilla. Lees, which is mostly made of pulque’s microbiota, significantly accumulated iron and zinc but no selenium. NCF was fortified with iron by the manufacturers but poorly blended. There were significant differences on selenium content between tortillas samples, apparently some soils in central Mexico are selenium deficient. Moderate pulque intake appears to increase the bioavailability of iron and zinc bound by phytate in corn.