钙结合蛋白S100A4对BCG感染THP-1细胞自噬的调控作用

本研究旨在探究牛结核分枝杆菌减毒株卡介苗(Bacillus Calmette-Guérin,BCG)感染人单核巨噬细胞THP-1后,钙结合蛋白S100A4对细胞自噬的调控作用。以感染复数为10∶1的BCG感染THP-1细胞不同时间,用Western blot检测S100A4和LC3Ⅱ的表达,以确定最佳感染时间,并采用透射电镜观察自噬体数量变化。在BCG单独感染或与S100A4小干扰RNA共处理THP-1细胞12 h后,采用qRT-PCR检测S100A4及自噬相关因子——微管相关蛋白轻链3II (microtubule-associated protein light chain 3Ⅱ, LC3Ⅱ)、自噬相关蛋白7(autophagy-related gene 7, Atg7)、Beclin-1在mRNA水平上的表达,采用Western blot检测S100A4、LC3Ⅱ、Atg7、Beclin-1在蛋白水平的表达。利用mRFP-GFP-LC3检测自噬流,激光共聚焦显微镜观察细胞中mRFP-LC3和mRFP-GFP-LC3点状聚集。结果显示：在BCG感染THP-1细胞不同时间后,S100...     

BCG诱导RAW264.7细胞脂肪酸氧化对细胞自噬和促炎因子表达的调控作用

旨在探究脂肪酸氧化（fatty acid oxidation,FAO）对BCG介导的RAW264.7细胞自噬和促炎因子表达的调控作用。用BODIPY染色和游离脂肪酸定量试剂盒检测BCG感染后RAW264.7细胞中脂滴聚集情况以及脂肪酸含量;Western blot检测BCG感染对肉毒碱棕榈酰基转移酶1A （CPT-1A）表达的影响;Etomoxir （100 μmol·L^-1）预处理细胞2 h后,BCG感染细胞6 h,检测RAW264.7细胞中BCG存留量,并用Western blot方法检测自噬相关蛋白（Beclin1、LC3-II）和溶酶体蛋白（Rab7）的表达情况;用免疫荧光方法和mRFP-GFP-LC3荧光双标腺病毒分别检测自噬小体聚集和自噬流;荧光定量PCR和ELISA分别检测促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α mRNA表达情况以及在细胞培养上清中的含量。结果显示,BCG感染促进RAW264.7细胞中脂滴聚集和CPT-1A的表达,而游离脂肪酸含量降低;Etomoxir预处理抑制了细胞中BCG存活,并上调了Beclin1、LC3-II和Rab7表达,且细胞中出现大量自噬小体聚集,自噬流增强,却抑制了促炎因子IL-1β、IL-6和TNF-α mRNA表达与分泌。综上表明,抑制FAO可促进BCG感染诱导的RAW264.7细胞自噬,并抑制BCG感染引起的炎症反应。     

硒对金黄色葡萄球菌诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞自噬及胞内细菌增殖的影响

为探讨硒对金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)诱导的奶牛乳腺上皮细胞(BMECs)自噬和细菌增殖的影响,本试验通过蛋白免疫印迹法检测自噬相关蛋白LC3、Atg5、Beclin-1和p62蛋白的表达,免疫荧光检测GFP-LC3与溶酶体的共定位,细菌平板计数检测胞内S.aureus增殖情况。结果发现S.aureus感染后,细胞内自噬相关蛋白LC3、Atg5、Beclin-1和p62蛋白显著升高,GFP-LC3绿色聚点与溶酶体无明显共定位;硒添加后,能够显著或极显著降低S.aureus诱导的LC3和p62蛋白的表达,同时促进GFP-LC3与溶酶体的共定位,降低S.aureus的胞内增殖。综上所述,S.aureus感染诱导BMECs发生自噬,自噬体和溶酶体无法融合,自噬流阻塞。而硒促进自噬体和溶酶体融合,并缓解了自噬流的阻塞,降低S.aureus胞内增殖,这为临床金黄色葡萄球菌性乳腺炎的预防和治疗提供理论基础。     

脂肪酸结合蛋白4对BCG诱导巨噬细胞自噬的调控作用

旨在探讨脂肪酸结合蛋白4（fatty acid binding protein,FABP4）在牛分枝杆菌卡介苗（BCG）感染的巨噬细胞中对脂肪酸代谢与自噬的调控作用。本研究利用小干扰RNA技术敲减小鼠巨噬细胞系RAW264.7中FABP4的表达,并结合BCG感染,采用免疫印记和免疫荧光等技术,检测了FABP4蛋白表达、脂肪酸累积、脂肪酸β氧化和自噬相关蛋白表达等指标。结果表明,BCG感染极显著上调了小鼠巨噬细胞RAW264.7中FABP4的表达（P<0.001）并促进了脂肪酸的累积。FABP4小干扰RNA（siRNA-FABP4）能显著降低BCG感染后巨噬细胞中脂肪酸含量,伴随着肉毒碱棕榈酰移位酶1A（CPT1A）的表达上调（P<0.05）,与ATP产量的提升（P<0.05）。同时,siRNA-FABP4极显著下调了自噬调控关键因子AMPK及自噬相关蛋白p-ULK1、ATG5、ATG7、ATG12和LC3B的表达（P<0.01）。以上研究结果表明,在BCG感染RAW264.7细胞过程中,下调了FABP4的表达,促进了脂肪酸的氧化,减少了巨噬细胞内脂肪酸的含量,并通过AMPK信号通路抑制了细胞自噬的发生。     

P58IPK通过PERK/eIF2α通路调控猪圆环病毒2型所诱导的细胞自噬

旨在研究猪圆环病毒2型(PCV2)感染激活的PERK/eIF2α通路是否与细胞自噬相关,以及过表达分子伴侣蛋白P58IPK在其中的作用。首先通过PERK特异性抑制剂GSK2606414和siRNA及蛋白免疫印迹检测磷酸化eIF2α(p-eIF2α)、LC3-Ⅱ和ATG5-ATG12蛋白表达,研究PCV2感染PK-15细胞24h后PERK/eIF2α通路与细胞自噬的关系;然后通过构建和瞬时转染P58IPK真核过表达质粒及蛋白免疫印迹研究过表达P58IPK对PCV2感染PK-15诱导的PERK/eIF2α通路及细胞自噬的影响。结果显示,PERK特异性抑制剂GSK2606414和siRNA干扰PERK可极显著抑制PCV2诱导的p-eIF2α(P0.01)和LC3-Ⅱ(P0.01)表达;而过表达P58IPK同样可以极显著下调PCV2诱导的p-eIF2α(P0.01)、ATG5-ATG12(P0.01)及LC3-Ⅱ(P0.01),且能极显著下调PCV2拷贝数(P0.01)。结果表明,PCV2感染PK-15通过激活PERK/eIF2α通路诱导细胞自噬,过表达P58IPK通过抑制PERK通路抑制PCV2诱导的细胞自噬,从而抑制病毒复制。     

氨基酸缺乏诱导细胞自噬的哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体C1信号通路机制研究进展

自噬是机体维持自身稳态的一种重要生理活动,当体内氨基酸或葡萄糖等营养缺乏时,细胞会启动自噬。自噬受到多种信号通路的调节,哺乳动物雷帕霉素靶蛋白复合体C1(m TORC1)信号通路是其中重要的一条,它可以使自噬相关基因13(Atg13)磷酸化,抑制自噬起始。本文将围绕近年来报道的氨基酸缺乏诱导细胞自噬的m TORC1信号通路,包括小G蛋白、腺苷酸活化蛋白激酶(AMPK)、微小RNA(miRNA)、氨基酰-tRNA合成酶在其中的作用等研究进展进行综述。     

金黄色葡萄球菌对巨噬细胞自噬相关蛋白表达的影响

巨噬细胞是机体重要的免疫防御细胞,本试验探讨金黄色葡萄球菌感染对巨噬细胞自噬相关蛋白表达的影响,为进一步研究自噬在金黄色葡萄球菌侵袭过程中的作用提供理论依据。采用金黄色葡萄球菌侵袭RAW264.7细胞,运用Western blot分别于侵袭0,15,30,45,60,90,120 min检测细胞内自噬相关蛋白Beclin1、Atg5、LC3、p62的表达水平,激光共聚焦技术检测细胞内LC3聚点,并用透射电镜观察细胞超微结构。结果显示,与侵袭0 min相比,Beclin1、Atg5、LC3、p62表达水平在各时间点均升高(P0.01),且呈一定的时间-效应关系。侵袭45 min时,细胞内LC3蛋白聚点增多,且单个细胞的荧光强度增强。透射电镜观察显示金黄色葡萄球菌侵入细胞内,并形成明显的吞噬泡。故金黄色葡萄球菌侵袭巨噬细胞,促进了细胞自噬的发生和发展,自噬参与了金黄色葡萄球菌的侵袭过程。     

LiCl激活经典Wnt信号通路诱导猪骨骼肌卫星细胞向慢肌分化

Wnt/β-catenin信号通路参与调控细胞的增殖及分化,决定细胞的命运。LiCl通过抑制GSK-3β(glycogen synthetase kinase-3β)稳定细胞内β-catenin的表达。为研究Wnt/β-catenin信号通路在哺乳动物骨骼肌卫星细胞成肌分化过程中的作用。以原代培养猪骨骼肌卫星细胞为实验材料,将其培养在含有1%CEE和20%胎牛血清的GMEM培养液中,再用15 mmol/L LiCl诱导分化,并采用免疫荧光染色和Western blotting等方法检测经典Wnt信号通路中相关因子及成肌分化过程中细胞的蛋白表达。结果表明:LiCl处理猪骨骼肌卫星细胞后促进分化,p-GSK-3β、β-catenin、myosin及慢肌蛋白增加,p-β-catenin、GSK-3β及快肌蛋白减少,并且核内源性β-catenin增多。结果提示,激活Wnt/β-catenin信号通路促进骨骼肌卫星细胞成肌分化,并且诱导其向慢肌分化。     

自噬调节因子Atg5和Beclin1在不同来源小鼠胚胎早期发育过程中的表达分析

旨在探究自噬调节因子Atg5和Beclin1在胚胎早期发育过程中的表达模式及胚胎的不同生产方式对两种因子表达的影响。本研究将6~8周龄雌性小鼠进行超数排卵,分为2组,一组收集小鼠卵母细胞,孤雌激活处理后进行体外培养;另一组超排小鼠与公鼠1：1合笼,第2天收集小鼠受精卵进行体外培养;分别在2细胞期、4~8细胞期、桑葚胚期和囊胚期收集不同阶段小鼠孤雌激活胚胎和自然受精胚胎。提取RNA和蛋白,通过实时荧光定量PCR、Western blot等方法检测自噬关键因子Atg5和Beclin1的表达,通过间接免疫荧光法检测Atg5和Beclin1在小鼠囊胚中的表达定位。结果显示,小鼠自然受精和孤雌激活胚胎在发育各时期均可表达Atg5和Beclin1,表达量在胚胎发育的早期呈现出较高的水平,其中二者的表达在小鼠自然受精胚胎中从2细胞期起逐渐降低,而在孤雌激活胚胎的4~8细胞阶段表达量最高,与同期自然受精胚胎差异极显著（P<0.01）;从4细胞期开始,各时期孤雌激活胚胎中Atg5和Beclin1蛋白表达水平均高于自然受精胚胎,差异极显著（P<0.01）;在囊胚中,滋养层细胞和内细胞团中均可检测到Atg5和Beclin1蛋白的荧光,但内细胞团中的荧光强度高于滋养层细胞,且Beclin1蛋白在孤雌激活胚胎囊胚内细胞团中荧光强度高于自然受精胚胎。自噬关键因子Atg5和Beclin1在不同来源小鼠胚胎早期发育各时期均有不同程度的表达,提示自噬对早期胚胎发育的调控作用与胚胎的生产方式存在一定关联,研究结果为进一步探索细胞自噬参与哺乳动物胚胎发育的生理调控提供理论依据。     

鸡Wnt基因家族生物信息学分析及表达

【目的】试验旨在对鸡Wnt基因家族进行全面系统地调查分析,并进一步明确鸡感染新城疫病毒(Newcastle disease virus, NDV)后Wnt基因家族成员的表达模式。【方法】基于鸡基因组测序结果,通过查询Pfam和UniPort数据库获取鸡Wnt基因家族全基因组序列,构建系统进化树,分析Wnt蛋白理化性质、亚细胞蛋白定位、染色体分布、保守结构域等,并进一步研究鸡感染NDV后Wnt基因家族成员的表达模式。【结果】试验共鉴定到39个鸡Wnt基因家族成员。系统进化树分析发现,鸡与人和鼠的Wnt成员相似性较高,均有12个亚家族,即Wnt1、Wnt2(Wnt2a和Wnt2b)、Wnt3a、Wnt4、Wnt5(Wnt5a和Wnt5b)、Wnt6、Wnt7(Wnt7a和Wnt7b)、Wnt8(Wnt8a和Wnt8b)、Wnt9(Wnt9a和Wnt9b)、Wnt10a、Wnt11及Wnt16成员,但鸡缺少Wnt10b。鸡Wnt成员分布于11条染色体上,分别为Chr1、Chr2、Chr4、Chr6、Chr7、Chr12、Chr13、Chr21、Chr26、Chr27和Chr34,成员间出现1...     

孕酮对奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路关键蛋白表达的影响

为研究孕酮对奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路关键蛋白表达的影响,本试验以原代奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞为材料,添加不同浓度孕酮(0、1、3、5 ng/mL)对其培养,采用CCK-8法检测孕酮对细胞增殖的影响;免疫印迹法检测孕酮对Wnt/β-catenin信号通路关键蛋白表达的影响。结果表明:与对照组相比,添加1、3 ng/mL孕酮组奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞增殖率提高(P>0.05),5 ng/mL孕酮组细胞增殖率降低(P>0.05);与对照组相比,1 ng/mL和3 ng/mL孕酮组Wnt/β-catenin信号通路关键蛋白β-catenin、cyclin D1和c-Myc的表达水平均升高(P<0.01),而5 ng/mL孕酮则抑制了β-catenin的表达(P<0.05),且cyclin D1和c-Myc蛋白表达较3ng/mL孕酮组有下降趋势(P>0.05)。综上,高浓度孕酮抑制了体外培养的原代奶牛子宫内膜上皮细胞Wnt/β-catenin信号通路的激活和表达,提示该信号通路参与了奶牛产后子宫复旧延迟进程,为进一步研究奶牛子宫内膜的发病机制提供思路。     

AMPK-mTOR-ULK1-mediated autophagy protects carbon tetrachloride-induced acute hepatic failure by inhibiting p21 in rats

Autophagy is a lysosomal-dependent degradation pathway in eukaryotic cells. Recent studies have reported that autophagy can facilitate the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) and fibrogenesis of the liver during long-term carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄) exposure. However, little is known about the role of autophagy in CCl₄-induced acute hepatic failure (AHF). This study aimed to identify whether modulation of autophagy can affect CCl₄-induced AHF and evaluate the upstream signaling pathways mediated by CCl₄-induced autophagy in rats. The accumulation of specific punctate distribution of endogenous LC3-II, increased expression of LC3-II, Atg5, and Atg7 genes/proteins, and decreased expression of p62 gene were observed after acute liver injury was induced by CCl₄ in rats, indicating that CCl₄ resulted in a high level of autophagy. Moreover, loss of autophagic function by using chloroquine (CQ, an autophagic inhibitor) aggravated liver function, leading to increased expression of p21 (a cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor) in CCl₄-treated rats. Furthermore, the AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1 axis was found to serve a function in CCl₄-induced autophagy. These results reveal that AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1 signaling-induced autophagy has a protective role in CCl₄-induced hepatotoxicity by inhibiting the p21 pathway. This study suggests a useful strategy aimed at ameliorating CCl₄-induced acute hepatotoxicity by autophagy.     

Wnt5a expression in canine osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma is the most common primary malignancy of bone in dogs and is associated with poor long‐term outcomes due to its highly metastatic nature. A better understanding of the signalling pathways and proteins involved with osteosarcoma pathogenesis may aid in improved outcomes through the use of targeted therapies. The Wnt5a protein, a ligand for the non‐canonical Wnt signalling pathway, is implicated in mediating the aggressiveness of cancer cell lines, including those of human osteosarcoma origin. Given the close relationship between human and canine osteosarcoma, the primary goal of this study was to characterize Wnt5a expression in canine osteosarcoma. Second, if Wnt5a expression was present in canine osteosarcoma, the study aimed to determine any potential association with clinical outcome and clinical variables in similarly treated osteosarcoma‐bearing dogs. Wnt5a expression was present in 26 of the 48 (54%) cases of canine osteosarcoma. Wnt5a expression was not associated with progression‐free survival (P = 0.4) or overall survival (P = 0.1).     

Role of Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 in Regulating Macrophage Autophagy Induced by BCG Infection

To investigate the role of FABP4 on regulating fatty acid metabolism and autophagy in macrophage infected with BCG, small interfering RNA for FABP4 were transfected into RAW264.7 cells alone or combined with BCG infection. The immunoblot and immunofluorescence were used to detect the expression of FABP4, the accumulation of lipid droplets, the expression of fatty acid β-oxidation and autophagy related factors. The results showed that the infection of BCG increased the expression of FABP4 and accompanied with the accumulation of lipid droplets in RAW264.7. Moreover, the knockdown of FABP4 decreased lipid droplets but promoted the expression of carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) (P <0.05) and the production of ATP (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the knockdown of FABP4 suppressed the expression of AMPK, p-ULK1, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12 and LC3B which are autophagy related factors (P<0.001). Our results indicated that the knockdown of FABP4 promoted fatty acid oxidation, decreased fatty acid level and suppressed autophagy via AMPK signal pathway in BCG infected RAW264.7 cells.     

Wnt信号通路在牛胎盘发育过程中的功能研究进展

胎盘是哺乳动物在妊娠期间胎儿和母体之间的联系枢纽,因此,胎盘发育是否正常在妊娠中起着关键的作用。Wnt信号通路在胚胎发育和胎盘形成的过程中有着重要的作用,作者通过回顾几条已经研究较为清楚的Wnt信号通路和牛早期胚胎和胎盘的形成过程,介绍了Wnt信号通路的组成部分在体细胞核移植（somatic cell nuclear transfer,SCNT）牛和正常人工授精的牛的胚胎早期表达,提出了DKK-1和Fzd4的表达对于早期胎盘形成和发育有特殊的作用。此外,抑制MAP2K和GSK3信号可以激活Wnt信号通路,增加内细胞团和滋养层细胞的数量,加速囊胚的发育。SCNT牛和正常人工授精的牛早期胎盘中E-cadherin和β-catenin蛋白的磷酸化程度相似,所以对于Wnt信号通路在牛胎盘的早期形成和发育中的作用还需进一步的了解和研究。     

Status of autophagy,lysosome activity and apoptosis during corpus luteum regression in cattle

Corpus luteum (CL) regression is required during the estrous cycle. During CL regression, luteal cells stop producing progesterone and are degraded by apoptosis. However, the detailed mechanism of CL regression in cattle has not been fully elucidated. The aim of this study was to evaluate autophagy, lysosome activity, and apoptosis during CL regression in cattle. The expression of autophagy-related genes (LC3α, LC3β, Atg3, and Atg7) and the protein LC3-II was significantly higher in the late CL than in the mid CL. In addition, autophagy activity was significantly increased in the late CL. Moreover, gene expression of the autophagy inhibitor mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was significantly lower in the late CL than in the mid CL. Lysosome activation and expression of cathepsin-related genes (CTSB, CTSD, and CTSZ) showed significant increases in the late CL and were associated with an increase in cathepsin B protein. In addition, mRNA expression and activity of caspase 3 (CASP3), an apoptotic enzyme, were significantly higher in the late CL than in the mid CL. These results suggest simultaneous upregulation of autophagy-related factors, lysosomal enzymes and apoptotic mediators, which are involved in regression of the bovine CL.     

Research Progress on the Function of Wnt Signaling Pathway in the Development of Bovine Placenta

Placenta is the link between the fetus and the maternal body during pregnancy.Therefore, the pregnancy outcome of the key was related by the normal development of the placenta.Wnt signaling pathway plays an important role in the development of embryo and placenta formation, several Wnt pathways which have been clear study and the formation process of early embryo and placenta in cattle are reviewed in this article,the early expression of the Wnt pathway components in the somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) cattle and normal insemination of bovine embryos is introduced. The expression of DKK-1 and Fzd4 have a special role in the formation and development of early placenta, but its molecular mechanism is not clear. In addition, the Wnt signaling pathway is activated by inhibiting the MAP2K and GSK3, led to the inner cell mass and trophoblast cell number increased and blastocyst development speed. But it is similar to the extent of phosphorylation of E-cadherin and beta-catenin protein in the early placenta of cows with SCNT and normal insemination, therefore, the role of Wnt signaling pathway in the early formation and development of bovine placenta should be further understood and studied.