有机无机肥长期配合施用对江苏小麦玉米两熟制作物产量和土壤肥力的影响

Winter wheat-maize rotations are dominant cropping systems on the North China Plain, where recently the use of organic manure with grain crops has almost disappeared. This could reduce soil fertility and crop productivity in the long run. A 20-year field experiment was conducted to 1) assess the effect of inorganic and organic nutrient sources on yield and yield trends of both winter wheat and maize, 2) monitor the changes in soil organic matter content under continuous wheat-maize cropping with different soil fertility management schemes, and 3) identify reasons for yield trends observed in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, over a 20-year period. There were eight treatments applied to both wheat and maize seasons: a control treatment (C); three inorganic fertilizers, that is, nitrogen (N), nitrogen and phosphorus (NP), and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK); and addition of farmyard manure (FYM) to these four treatments, that is, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK. At the end of the experiment the MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments had the highest yields, about 7 t wheat ha^-1 and 7.5 t maize ha^-1, with each about 1 t ha^-1 more than the NPK treatments. Over 20 years with FYM soil organic matter increased by 80% compared to only 10% with NPK, which explained yield increases. However, from an environmental and agronomic perspective, manure application was not a superior strategy to NPK fertilizers. If manure was to be applied, though, it would be best applied to the wheat crop, which showed a better response than maize.     

氮及相关的酶活性对小麦根际施肥的反应

In the present experiment,wheat seedlings(Trticucum aestivum L.)were grown on a purple soil with various fertilizer treatments in order to investigate the responses of nitrogen and related enzyme activities in the rhizosphere,The results revealed the increments of both organic matter and total N in the soil with the proximity to the growing roots,especially in treatment of supplying pig manure in combination with chemical fertilizer,suggesting that they could ome from root and microorganism exudation which could be intensified by inorganic-organic fertiliztion,being of benefit to improving the physical and bilogical envi-ronment in the rhizosphere of wheat.Much more inorganic N was observed in the fertilized soils surrounding wheat roots than in the CK treatment ,indicating ,the improvement of crop N supply in the rhizosphere of wheat by fertilization. The activities of invertase,urease and protease in the root zone were greatly enhanced as compared to those in the other parts of soil except that the urease activities were similar in the rhizospher and nonrhi-zosphere of the CK and pig manure treatments,indicating that invertase and protese could be produced by growing roots and rhizosphere microorganisms,in contrast to urease which could be stimulated by urea,Also,significant increment of chemical fertilizer combined with pig manure,suggested that fertilization not only accelerated the renewal of organic matter bu also enhanced bioavailability of organic N in that soil zone .This could be the reason why the total amount of inorganic N available for plants was increased more obviously in the rhizosphere of wheat of the fertilizaton treatments than in taht of the CK treatment.     

南亚热带三种不同土地利用历史的森林生态系统土壤可交换阳离子对模拟氮沉降的响应

The effects of simulated nitrogen (N)deposition on soil exchangeable cations were studied in three forest types of subtropical China. Four N treatments with three replications were designed for the monsoon evergreen broadleaf forest (mature forest):control (0 kg N ha^-1 year^-1), low N (50 kg N ha^-1 year^-1), medium N (100 kg N ha^-1 year^-1)and high N (150 kg N ha^-1 year^-1), and only three treatments (i.e., control, low N, medium N)were established for the pine and mixed forests. Nitrogen had been applied continuously for 26 months before the measurement. The mature forest responded more rapidly and intensively to N additions than the pine and mixed forests, and exhibited some significant negative symptoms, e.g., soil acidification, Al mobilization and leaching of base cations from soil. The pine and mixed forests responded slowly to N additions and exhibited no significant response of soil cations. Response of soil exchangeable cations to N deposition varied in the forests of subtropical China, depending on soil N status and land-use history.     

Assessing Nitrogen Fertilization Strategies in Winter Wheat and Cotton Crops in Northern Greece

The management of fertilizer application is crucial for agricultural production and environmental safety.The objective of this study was to assess the effciency of different fertilization strategies,applying fertilizers with and without nitrification inhibitors(NIs) in split application,in Greece.The assessment criteria used were based on crop yield,soil nitrogen(N)concentrations and economic effciency.For this purpose two crops(winter wheat and cotton)were seffected in order to explore the optimum fertilization strategy for each crop.Three treatments combining fertilizers with NIs were tested compared with conventional fertilization(CF).Slight differences in the quantity and the combination of fertilizers with NIs applied resulted in variable effects on crop yield,soil N and economic return.Split N application of 102 kg ha^-1,with half of the total amount applied at seeding,resulted in higher grain yield of winter wheat,lower NO₃^--N in soil and higher economic return.This result reveals the importance of N application at seeding in wheat crop.Fertilization strategy with 109.5 kg N ha^-1 and split P application resulted in higher cotton yield and higher economic profit.Split P application seemed to increase yield,even though it is not a common practise in the area.     

长期施肥黑土微生物区系及功能多样性的变化

Black soil （Mollisol） is one of the main soil types in northeastern China. Biolog and polymerase chain reactiondenaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （PCR-DGGE） methods were used to examine the influence of various fertilizer combinations on the structure and function of the bacterial community in a black soil collected from Harbin, Heilongjiang Province. Biolog results showed that substrate richness and catabolic diversity of the soil bacterial community were the greatest in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments. The metabolic ability of the bacterial community in the manure treatment was similar to the control. DGGE fingerprinting indicated similarity in the distribution of most 16S rDNA bands among all treatments, suggesting that microorganisms with those bands were stable and not influenced by fertilization. However, chemical fertilizer increased the diversity of soil bacterial community. Principal com- ponent analysis of Biolog and DGGE data revealed that the structure and function of the bacterial community were similar in the control and manure treatments, suggesting that the application of manure increased the soil microbial population, but had no effect on the bacterial community structure. Catabolic function was similar in the chemical fertilizer and chemical fertilizer＋manure treatments, but the composition structure of the soil microbes differed between them. The use of chemical fertilizers could result in a decline in the catabolic activity of fast-growing or eutrophic bacteria.     

长期施用化肥和农家肥对土壤化学性质和作物产量的影响

A long-term fertiliztion experiment was carried out in an experimental field in Lyczyn near Warsaw,Poland.Application ofmineral fertilizers ,especially Nfertilizer with and without farmyard manure accel-erated the eacidification process of the soil.Application of 1.6 t CaO ha^-1 every four years was essential to maintenance of the soil pHKCl at 5.5-6.6 and base saturation degree above 60% Application of 50 t farmyard manur ha^-1 every 4 years,whih contained 46 kg P and 240 kg K,was sufficient to maintain boh the K and P fertility of the soil.Besides,it was beneficial to alleviating soil acidifcation. As a result of long-term unbalanced fertilization,yield responses to N,P and K fertilizers incereased significantly with time.the efficiency of N from farmyard manure was found to be comparable to that of N fertilizer during 1988-1991.     

钙质土壤施用过磷酸钙21年后土壤无机磷分级和磷素有效性

A long-term (21-year) field experiment was performed to study the responses of soil inorganic P fractions and P availability to annual fertilizer P application in a calcareous soil on the Loess Plateau of China. Soil Olsen-P contents increased by 3.7, 5.2, 11.2 and 20.6 mg P kg^-1 after 21-year annual fertilizer P application at 20, 39, 59, and 79 kg P ha^-1, respectively. Long-term fertilizer P addition also increased soil total P and inorganic P (Pi) contents significantly. The contents of inorganic P fractions were in the order of Ca₁₀-P > Ca₈-P > Fe-P > Al-P > occluded P > Ca₂-P in the soil receiving annual fertilizer P application. Fertilizer P application increased Ca₈-P, Al-P and Ca₂-P contents as well as their percentages relative to Pi. Pi application increased Fe-P and occluded P contents but nor their percentages. Soil Ca₁₀-P content remained unchanged after fertilizer P application while its percentage relative to Pi declined with increasing fertilizer P rate. All Pi fractions but Ca₁₀-P were correlated with Olsen-P significantly. 90% of variations in Olsen-P could be explained by Pi fractions, and the direct contribution of Ca₈-P was predominant. Long-term annual superphosphate application would facilitate the accumulation of soil Ca₈-P, and thus improve soil P availability.     

长期施磷对土壤磷素吸附演变的影响

Knowledge of phosphorus （P） behavior in long-term fertilized soils is essential for programming fertilization practices and for sustaining environmental quality. The long-term （1984-1997） effects of various fertilization treatments on P changes and sorption isotherms as well as the relationship of soil properties to P sorption and P forms were evaluated in an Ustic Isohumisol, a calcareous soil, on the Loess Plateau, China. Compared to 1984, after 13 years of crop production, total soil P in the no-P treatments （control and N treatment） decreased by 5%-7%, but in the phosphorus fertilizer alone （P）, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers in combination （NP）, manure alone （M）, and nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and manure in combination （NPM） treatments, it increased by 22%, 19%, 28%, and 58%, respectively. Residual fertilizer P was found mainly in NH4Ac-soluble P （Cas-P）, followed by NaHCO3-soluble P （NaHCO3-P）, and NH4F-soluble P （Al-P）. Phosphorus sorption in the soils with different fertilization practices fit the Langmuir equations. Phosphorus sorption capacity in the no-P treatments increased, whereas it decreased in the P-included treatments （P, NP, and NPM treatments）. Phosphorus sorption maximum （Qm） was significantly and negatively correlated to inorganic P including NaHCO3-P, Cas-P, NaOH-Na2CO3-soluble P （Fe-P）, and Al-P （P ≤ 0.01）. Moreover, long-term fertilization increased soil organic carbon in the NP, M, and NPM treatments and decreased pH in the NP and NPM treatments. Thus, the ability of the soil to release sorbed P to the environment increased under long-term P fertilization.     

海河流域合理生态用水比例的确定

Winter wheat-maize rotations are dominant cropping systems on the North China Plain, where recently the use of organic manure with grain crops has almost disappeared. This could reduce soil fertility and crop productivity in the long run. A 20-year field experiment was conducted to 1） assess the effect of inorganic and organic nutrient sources on yield and yield trends of both winter wheat and maize, 2） monitor the changes in soil organic matter content under continuous wheat-maize cropping with different soil fertility management schemes, and 3） identify reasons for yield trends observed in Xuzhou City, Jiangsu Province, over a 20-year period. There were eight treatments applied to both wheat and maize seasons： a control treatment （C）; three inorganic fertilizers, that is, nitrogen （N）, nitrogen and phosphorus （NP）, and nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium （NPK）; and addition of farmyard manure （FYM） to these four treatments, that is, M, MN, MNP, and MNPK. At the end of the experiment the MN, MNP, and MNPK treatments had the highest yields, about 7 t wheat ha^-1 and 7.5 t maize ha^-1, with each about 1 t ha^-1 more than the NPK treatments. Over 20 years with FYM soil organic matter increased by 80% compared to only 10% with NPK, which explained yield increases. However, from an environmental and agronomic perspective, manure application was not a superior strategy to NPK fertilizers. If manure was to be applied, though, it would be best applied to the wheat crop, which showed a better response than maize.     

黄土高原旱地不同施肥对土壤肥力与产量的影响

Long-term fertility experiments have become an important tool for investigating the sustainability of cropping systems. Therefore, a long-term (18-year) fertilization experiment was conducted in Changwu County, Shaanxi Province, China, to ascertain the effect of the long-term application of chemical fertilizers and manure on wheat yield and soil fertility in the Loess Plateau, so as to provide a scientific basis for sustainable land management. The experiment consisted of nine fertilizer treatments with three replicates arranged in a completely randomized design: 1) CK (no fertilizer); 2) N (N 120 kg ha-1); 3) P (P 26.2 kg ha-1); 4) NP (N 120, P 26.2 kg ha-1-2); 5) M (manure 75 t ha-1); 6) NM (N 120 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 7) PM (P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); 8) NPM (N 120 , P 26.2 kg ha-1, manure 75 t ha-1); and 9) fallow (no fertilizer, no crop). N fertilizer was applied in the form of urea and P was applied as calcium super phosphate. The results showed that precipitation had a large effect on the response of wheat yield to fertilization. Manure (M), NP, PM, NM, and NPM treatments significantly increased (P < 0.05) average yield. In the NP, PM, NM and NPM treatments, the percentage increases in yield due to fertilization were highest in normal years, and lowest in the drought years. Long-term P application enhanced soil available P markedly, and manure applications contributed more to soil fertility than chemical fertilizers alone. Chemical fertilizers applied together with manure distinctly improved soil fertility. The results also showed that the soil nutrient concentration changed mainly in the 0--60 cm layers and fertilization and planting only slightly affected soil nutrients below the 100 cm layers.     

长期施氮、磷、钾化肥对玉米产量及土壤肥力的影响

以1990年建立的国家褐潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测基地(北京昌平站)的长期肥料定位试验为研究平台,研究了不同施肥制度对玉米产量和土壤肥力的影响。结果表明,长期均衡地施NPK肥或NPK与有机肥配施,可以显著提高玉米产量和土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾等肥力指标,并能提高土壤微量元素的含量;而不均衡施肥(N、NK、NP、PK)导致相应的营养元素的耗竭。相关分析表明,在褐潮土上增施磷肥和有机肥对提高玉米产量具有重要的作用。     

长期单施化肥和有机无机配合条件下红壤蔗区土壤生物学性状及细菌多样性差异

【目的】分析红壤区长期施肥的蔗区土壤生物学性状和细菌多样性,旨在提出提升红壤蔗区土壤肥力与健康的施肥方案。【方法】试验从1995年开始,于广西来宾市蒙村镇那洪村甘蔗长期试验站进行。试验设置不施肥(CK)、 长期单一施用化肥(NPK)和长期化肥配施有机肥(NPKM)3个处理。采用聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)以及稀释平板法等传统和现代分析技术,比较分析了3种长期不同施肥处理对蔗区土壤生物学指标、 细菌多样性等指示土壤肥力与健康状况指标的影响。【结果】施肥处理导致甘蔗产区土壤pH下降,NPK处理下降幅度大于NPKM处理。土壤中可培养微生物数量(细菌、 真菌和放线菌)均以NPKM处理为最高,NPK处理真菌数量显著高于CK,放线菌数量却显著低于CK土壤,细菌数量两者间无显著差异。微生物量碳、 氮以及涉及碳、 氮、 磷循环的土壤酶活性均以NPKM处理土壤为最高,与NPK和CK土壤差异显著。NPK处理土壤中β-葡糖苷酶活性以及微生物量碳高于CK土壤,但蛋白酶、 磷酸酶活性以及微生物量氮显著低于CK土壤。NPKM处理土壤中细菌多样性指数(H)、 丰富度(S)以及均匀度(EH)指数等同样表征土壤肥力与质量的敏感指标均高于NPK和CK土壤。【结论】长期施肥可不同程度地导致红壤蔗区土壤pH下降,长期单一施用化肥处理下降幅度高于化肥与有机肥配施处理。长期单一施用化肥加剧了土壤肥力下降与质量劣化,化肥配施有机肥是减缓红壤甘蔗产区土壤pH下降、 提升土壤肥力和保持土壤健康的有效措施。     

长期不同施肥模式下南方典型农田磷肥回收率变化

【目的】 通过比较南方典型农田不同土壤类型、不同施肥模式下的土壤供磷能力、磷肥回收率,揭示长期施肥下磷肥回收率时空变化特征,为区域内磷肥的合理施用提供科学依据。 【方法】 基于重庆北碚紫色土 (始于1991)、湖南望城 (始于1981) 和江西进贤 (始于1981) 红壤性水稻土长期施肥定位试验。选取不施肥 (CK)、单施稻草、厩肥 (M)、施化学氮钾肥 (NK)、施化学氮钾肥+猪粪 (NKM)、施化学氮磷肥 (NP)、施化学氮磷钾肥 (NPK)、施氮磷钾肥+厩肥、猪粪 (NPKM) 或稻草 (NPKS) 等不同施肥处理,分析长期不同施肥下作物吸磷量、磷肥回收率和磷肥累积回收率的动态变化,探讨不同施肥下作物磷肥回收率的变化特征。 【结果】 长期不施磷肥,土壤自然供磷量显著下降,北碚紫色土 (21年)、望城 (23年) 和进贤 (27年) 红壤性水稻土的年下降速率分别为0.60、0.48和0.63 kg/hm2。各试验点不同处理作物历年平均吸磷量的大小顺序为NPK、NPKS和NPKM > NP、NKM > CK或NK ( P < 0.05)。NPK配施猪粪,与配施厩肥或秸秆配施相比较,其作物吸磷量更高。3个试验点磷肥回收率随着施肥年限增加而提高。NPK处理磷肥回收率每年增加0.15%～1.94%, NPKM和NPKS处理磷肥回收率每年增加0.07%～1.60%。NPK处理磷肥累积回收率在37.8%～61.5%之间,NPKM和NPKS处理,其磷肥累积回收率较NPK处理降低了3.0%～34.3%。 【结论】 土壤的磷素自然供给量随作物种植年限增加而显著下降。磷肥的施用能够显著提高作物的吸磷量,NPK平衡施用的吸磷量显著高于化肥偏施;氮肥投入量每增加100 kg/hm2,作物吸磷量增加5 kg/hm2。各试验点磷肥回收率随施肥年限的增加而提高。NPK配施有机肥相比较NPK,降低了磷肥的累积回收率。磷肥施用量每增加 P 10 kg /hm2,磷肥回收率下降约0.9%。NPK与猪粪配合施用的情况下,可以考虑通过适当提高化学氮肥用量、减少化学磷肥投入的措施,从而提高磷肥回收率。      

红壤长期不同施肥对玉米氮肥回收率的影响

为阐明长期不同施肥下玉米氮肥回收率的变化特征,揭示影响红壤玉米氮肥回收率的关键土壤因素,为红壤氮肥合理施用和提高氮肥回收率提供科学依据,在湖南红壤上连续观测了18年不施肥,施氮、磷、钾化肥,化肥配施有机肥和单施有机肥条件下玉米氮肥回收率的变化特征及其原因。结果表明,与施用化肥相比,玉米的子粒产量和植株氮素积累量在化肥配施有机肥下分别增加了61.5%和63.1%。氮、磷、钾化肥施用8年后,玉米氮肥回收率呈显著下降趋势,年平均下降速率达3.34个百分点;而化肥配施有机肥下氮肥回收率以每年1.24个百分点的速率显著增加;单施有机肥下氮肥回收率保持持平并略有上升。土壤pH、全氮和有机质含量均与氮肥回收率呈显著线性正相关,其中土壤pH对氮肥回收率的影响最明显。在土壤pH 4.5～6.3范围内,红壤pH每降低1个单位,玉米氮肥回收率下降10.9%。长期施用化肥的土壤pH以每年0.06的速率下降;单施有机肥尽管可缓解土壤酸化,但玉米产量较低,而化肥配施有机肥能同时抑制土壤酸化和提高玉米产量及氮肥回收率。因此,化肥配施有机肥具有明显的增产和保肥效果,是红壤上农业生产可持续性的施肥模式。     

长期有机无机肥配施提高黑土磷含量和活化系数

【目的】 长期不同施肥模式影响着耕层土壤磷库以及各形态磷的变化。研究不同施肥模式下黑土各磷素形态含量及有效性的变化,为黑土的肥力培育和合理施用磷肥提供理论依据。 【方法】 黑土长期定位施肥试验位于吉林省公主岭市,始于1990年,供试作物是连作玉米。肥料试验包括不施肥对照 (CK)、施氮、钾肥 (NK)、氮磷钾平衡施肥 (NPK)、氮磷钾 + 有机肥 (NPKM) 共4个处理。化肥处理施氮肥(N) 165 kg/hm2、磷肥(P) 36 kg/hm2、钾肥(K) 68 kg/hm2、猪粪21 t/hm2,NPKM处理的最终N?P?K养分投入量为165?75?145 kg/hm2。选取了1990、1995、2000、2005和2010年的土样,采用Hedley连续浸提法,分析了土壤全磷、有效磷及各有效磷形态含量,计算了土壤磷活化系数 (PAC)。 【结果】 与初始年份相比,NPKM处理土壤全磷、有效磷和磷活化系数,分别显著提高了88.47%、12.98倍和6.42倍。NPK处理对全磷含量影响较小,土壤有效磷含量和PAC值分别增加了1.65倍和2.67倍。CK和NK处理全磷含量降低了15.12%和32.67%,有效磷含量降低了33.47%和12.57%,土壤磷活化系数 (PAC) 分别降低了52.49%和2.55%。所有处理黑土磷库均以无机磷为主,占全磷的80.53%～90.43%。施磷肥处理的无机磷含量占全磷的比值显著高于不施磷处理,对有机磷含量影响不显著。不同处理均以中活性态磷含量最多,占全磷的50.37%～55.06%,活性态磷含量最少,占全磷的7.61%～19.02%。与不施磷处理相比,施磷处理显著提高了土壤活性态磷的比值,尤其是无机磷中的活性态磷的比值。CK、NK处理中Resin-P、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaOH-Pi、Conc.HCl-Pi、Residual-P无机磷形态均呈减少趋势;NPK处理中Resin-P、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaOH-Pi、Dil.HCl-Pi呈增加趋势,Conc.HCl-Pi和Residual-P呈减少趋势;NPKM处理中,各无机态磷含量均随施肥年限的增加呈增加趋势。相关分析结果表明有效磷含量的变化值与Resin-P、NaHCO₃-Pi、NaOH-Pi、Conc.HCl-Po变化值之间存在显著的相关性,其相关系数为0.972、0.665、0.860和0.605,说明活性较高的无机磷对有效磷效率的贡献最大。 【结论】 与施氮钾肥和氮磷钾肥相比,氮磷钾配合有机肥可显著提高土壤全磷、有效磷含量,显著提高土壤活性态无机磷的比例,进而提高土壤磷活化系数,提高磷素利用率。      

应用DNDC模型分析东北黑土有机碳演变规律及其与作物产量之间的协同关系

【目的】探索长期不同施肥方式下土壤有机碳的动态变化及其与作物产量之间的耦合关系,以期为东北地区黑土耕地资源的持续利用与管理提供科学依据。 【方法】基于黑土区国家土壤肥力与肥料效益监测网站公主岭监测基地的23年长期定位试验数据,选取不施肥（CK）、单施氮磷钾肥（NPK）、无机肥配施低量有机肥（NPKM1）、1.5倍的无机肥配施低量有机肥[1.5（NPK）M1]、无机肥配施高量有机肥（NPKM2）和无机肥配施秸秆（NPKS）6个处理进行土壤有机碳和产量的分析,将数据用于DNDC模型验证,并对6种施肥处理在未来气候下（40 a）黑土有机碳的演变进行模拟。 【结果】试验监测结果表明:从1990~2012年的土壤有机碳数据分析得出,长期不施肥土壤有机碳从12.49 g/kg以年均0.69%的速率下降,有机无机配施可以提升土壤有机碳含量。DNDC验证结果如下:DNDC验证土壤有机碳时各处理的相对均方根误差（RMSE）为14.98%~37.91%,验证作物产量时各处理的RMSE为8.28%~11.19%,说明模型能够基本反映长期不同施肥下的作物产量和土壤有机碳的变化。未来气候下的模拟结果表明:CK和NPK处理土壤有机碳在未来40年里分别下降16.67%和11.21%。而3个化肥有机肥配施处理在未来40年呈稳定增长态势,NPKM1、1.5（NPK）M1和NPKM2处理的土壤有机碳将分别增加13.65%、15.74%和15.84%,以1.5（NPK）M1增势最为显著。NPKS处理的有机碳相对初始略有增加。当施氮量从160 kg/hm2增至320 kg/hm2时,土壤有机碳每增加1.00 g/kg,作物产量的增加量从44.48 kg/hm2下降至15.95 kg/hm2。 【结论】从长期实测数据的分析和DNDC模型模拟得出,实施秸秆还田和有机肥配施无机肥能有效持续增加SOC含量,并能获得较高的作物产量。在施氮量160~320 kg/hm2水平下,作物产量随着土壤有机碳含量的增加而升高,且土壤有机碳含量对产量的提升幅度随着施氮量的升高而降低。     

Effect of long-term fertilization on 15N uptake and retention in soil

We did a pot experiment with three different fertilized soils (no fertilizer (No-F), inorganic fertilizer nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (NPK), manure plus inorganic fertilizer (MNPK)) from a 19-year fertilizer trial. Three N treatments, (1) no N, (2) 100 mg/kg urea-¹⁵N (N), (3) 50 mg/kg urea-¹⁵N + 50 mg/kg corn straw-N (1/2N + 1/2S), were applied to each soil. The residual soil from the same treatments was used to grow second wheat crop. The MNPK soil had significantly higher nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) in the first growing season, and lower N loss than the NPK, and No-F soils. The 1/2N + 1/2S treatment decreased NUE on each soil, even though the MNPK soil still had highest NUE and lowest N loss. The residual ¹⁵N use efficiency (RNUE) in 1/2N + 1/2S treatment of MNPK soil was higher than NPK and No-F soils. We concluded that long-term application of manure plus inorganic fertilizer increased NUE and decreased N loss.     

长期施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳及作物产量演变

为明确长期不同施肥下新疆灰漠土有机碳和作物产量演变特征,依托始于1990年的灰漠土肥力长期定位监测试验,选择对照(CK,不施肥)、施氮磷肥(NP)、氮磷钾平衡施肥(NPK)、氮磷钾配合常量有机肥(NPKM)、氮磷钾配合高量有机肥(h NPKM,有机肥施用量为NPKM的2倍)、氮磷钾配合秸秆还田(NPKS)6个处理,分析不同处理下土壤有机碳和小麦、玉米产量演变特征,探讨碳投入及有机碳与作物产量的关系。结果表明:1)长期耗竭种植(CK)、连续施用NP或NPK肥,灰漠土有机碳含量持续下降,年均下降速率分别为0.094 g·kg~(-1)、0.043 g·kg~(-1)和0.053 g·kg~(-1),表明施化肥(NP、NPK)不能维持土壤有机碳含量,不利于土壤肥力的保持。NPKM和h NPKM处理,土壤有机碳显著增加,年均增加0.360 g·kg~(-1)和0.575 g·kg~(-1),增施有机肥是快速提高灰漠土肥力的重要措施。秸秆还田处理(NKPS),土壤有机碳年均增幅0.006 g·kg~(-1),与NPK处理对比,秸秆还田虽没有大幅度提高土壤有机碳,但维持了土壤肥力。2)较CK,长期化肥有机肥配施(NPKM、h NPKM)显著增加了作物产量(P0.05)。与NP和NPK比较,长期化肥有机肥配施显著提高了小麦产量(P0.05),但玉米产量与施化肥处理差异不显著(P0.05),玉米产量以平衡施肥(NPK)的增幅最高,达到220 kg·hm~(-2)·a~(-1)。小麦的产量变异系数(29.1%~43.9%)高于玉米产量变异(19.0%~32.7%)。化肥配合秸秆还田(NPKS)处理的小麦增产幅度与高量施用有机肥(h NPKM)处理接近,喻示了秸秆还田对作物增产的作用不可忽视。3)碳投入与土壤有机碳和小麦、玉米产量有显著线性正相关(P0.05)。基于以上分析,在干旱区灰漠土增加土壤碳投入(有机肥或秸秆)仍然是最基本的土壤培肥措施。     

长期有机无机肥配施下红壤性稻田水稻产量及土壤有机碳变化特征

利用中国农业科学院红壤实验站红壤稻田长期定位试验,研究了长期有机无机肥配施下双季稻增产潜力和土壤有机碳变化特征。31年的试验结果表明,1）施肥能促进水稻早晚稻稻谷和地上部产量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理促进作用最大,NPKM处理下稻谷年均产量比NPM、 NKM、 PKM、 M和NPK分别高 5.8%、 10.9%、 16.2%、 15.9%和20.4%。2）施肥能促进水稻土有机碳含量增加,其中,有机肥配施均衡的NPK处理提升效果最为明显, NPKM处理下所测年度土壤有机碳平均含量比NPM、 NKM、 PKM、 M和NPK分别高出2.5%、 3.5%、 2.0%、 0.6%和 32.8%。3）随着试验的进行,单施有机肥对早、 晚稻稻谷和地上部产量的促进效果逐步优于单施化肥氮、 磷、 钾处理（NPK）,对土壤有机碳的提升效果也明显优于单施化肥氮、 磷、 钾。红壤性稻田双季稻生产实践中,有机无机肥配施模式值得推荐,但需均衡配施化肥氮、 磷、 钾。     

Phosphorus availability and rice grain yield in a paddy soil in response to long-term fertilization

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the most important crops in the world, and its production is limited by soil phosphorus (P) deficiencies in many parts of the world. Impacts of long-term fertilization regimes on rice productivity and soil P availability is largely unknown. A long-term (26-year) field experiment in a paddy soil of southeastern China was carried out to study the response of rice grain yield and soil P pools to different fertilization regimes including control without fertilization (CK), nitrogen, P, and potassium (NPK) fertilizer (NPK), NPK fertilizer plus cattle manure (NPKM), and NPK fertilizer plus rice straw (NPKS). Application of fertilizers (NPK, NPKM, and NPKS) increased rice grain yield compared with the CK treatment (on average, by 75%, 97%, and 92%, respectively). Soil P was predominately present in the organic form (51–75% of total P) across different treatments. Most soil inorganic P fractions decreased with time due to continuous depletion by rice plants in the nonfertilized treatment (CK), while they generally increased with time in the fertilizer treatments (NPK, NPKM, and NPKS) due to continued supply of P to soil. On the other hand, soil organic P fractions increased continuously with time regardless of treatment, probably due to the retention of stubble and biological immobilization of inorganic P. Positive relationships between the rice grain yield and most inorganic P fractions in the CK treatment indicated the P limitation for rice production due to no P inputs and long-term conversion of inorganic P into organic P.