贺兰山西坡不同类型草地土壤酶活性特征

以阿拉善左旗境内贺兰山中段（西坡）山前地带的主要草地类型为对象,分析不同类型草地土壤酶活性的分布特征,及其与气候、植被和土壤等环境因子的关系。结果表明：① 随着海拔高度的降低,土壤脲酶、蔗糖酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性表现为：高山草甸＞山地草原＞山地荒漠草原＞草原化荒漠,且在0～10 cm土层的差异尤其显著;② 各类草地土壤酶活性均沿土壤垂直剖面依次降低,差异呈显著性水平;③ 偏相关及逐步回归分析表明,影响该区草地土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性最主要的因素为土壤微生物碳氮、有机碳和全氮,碱性磷酸酶主要受土壤微生物碳和全氮影响,对过氧化氢酶影响最大的因子为土壤微生物碳、pH、全氮和降水量。     

Manipulated precipitation regulated carbon and phosphorus limitations of microbial metabolisms in a temperate grassland on the Loess Plateau,China

Manipulated precipitation patterns can profoundly influence the metabolism of soil microorganisms. However, the responses of soil organic carbon (SOC) and nutrient turnover to microbial metabolic limitation under changing precipitation conditions remain unclear in semi-arid ecosystems. This study measured the potential activities of enzymes associated with carbon (C: β-1,4-glucosidase (BG) and β-D-cellobiosidase (CBH)), nitrogen (N: β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAG) and L-leucine aminopeptidase (LAP)) and phosphorus (P: alkaline phosphatase (AP)) acquisition, to quantify soil microbial metabolic limitations using enzymatic stoichiometry, and then identify the implications for soil microbial metabolic limitations and carbon use efficiency (CUE) under decreased precipitation by 50% (DP) and increased precipitation by 50% (IP) in a temperate grassland. The results showed that soil C and P were the major elements limiting soil microbial metabolism in temperate grasslands. There was a strong positive dependence between microbial C and P limitations under manipulated precipitation. Microbial metabolism limitation was promoted by DP treatment but reversed by IP treatment. Moreover, CUE was inhibited by DP treatment but promoted by IP treatment. Soil microbial metabolism limitation was mainly regulated by soil moisture and soil C, N, and P stoichiometry, followed by available nutrients (i.e., NO- 3, NH+ 4, and dissolved organic C) and microbial biomass (i.e., MBC and MBN). Overall, these findings highlight the potential role of changing precipitation in regulating ecosystem C turnover by limiting microbial metabolism and CUE in temperate grassland ecosystems.     

土壤侵蚀对土壤理化性质及土壤微生物的影响

通过对黄土丘陵沟壑区侵蚀环境下4种典型坡面上坡顶、坡肩、坡背、坡脚和坡趾5个不同地形部位¹³⁷Cs的含量、土壤理化性质及土壤微生物指标的测定和分析。结果表明:用来表征土壤侵蚀程度的¹³⁷Cs含量与土壤有机碳、全氮、土壤容重、电导率、土壤微生物功能多样性及细菌菌群之间均存在显著的回归关系,土壤有机碳、全氮及土壤容重随着¹³⁷Cs含量的增加呈增加趋势,土壤电导率、土壤微生物功能多样性呈下降趋势,而土壤细菌呈先下降后增加的趋势。土壤侵蚀过程能够直接影响土壤养分在坡面上的空间分布及土壤结构,通过影响土壤性质,改变土壤微生物群落的生长环境和营养物质的含量,从而影响土壤微生物的生长。     

施氮和覆膜对旱作春玉米农田土壤微生物量和土壤酶活性的影响

为研究长期不同施氮水平和覆膜对黄土高原旱作春玉米高产体系土壤微生物活性的影响,设置田间试验包含施氮水平和覆膜2个因子,施氮量分别为0（N0）、100 kg·hm^-2（N100）、250 kg·hm^-2（N250）和400 kg·hm^-2（N400）,每个施氮水平下分别有覆膜（F）与不覆膜（B）处理,供试玉米品种为先玉335。2014年采集0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层土壤样品,测定土壤微生物量和酶活性,分析微生物量计量学特征并进行综合评价。结果表明,无论覆膜与否,土壤微生物量碳、氮和磷均随施氮量的增加而增加（除不覆膜时N400处理）,施氮量高于250 kg·hm^-2时土壤微生物量增加不显著。覆膜对土壤微生物量碳、氮无显著影响,而显著增加土壤微生物量磷;覆膜在一定程度上降低N0、N100和N400处理土壤微生物量碳氮比,施氮则显著增加微生物量碳氮比和微生物量氮磷比。0~10 cm土层脲酶活性随施氮量的增加而增加,但覆膜对脲酶活性无显著影响。覆膜和施氮均显著增加碱性磷酸酶活性,0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层覆膜N400处理碱性磷酸酶活性在相应土层最大,分别为1.49 mg·g^-1·d^-1和1.61 mg·g^-1·d^-1。主成分分析结果表明施氮量为250 kg·hm^-2时土壤微生物活性最强。研究表明无论覆膜与否,250 kg·hm^-2的施氮量是该地区适宜的施氮量。     

外源铅在土壤中的年际变化及对土壤有机碳矿化和速效养分的影响

以关中土为供试土样进行田间试验,向耕层土壤中添加不同浓度外源铅(Pb0:背景值,CK;Pb1:175 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值;Pb2:350 mg·kg~(-1)+背景值),进行小麦—玉米轮作试验。分别于2011—2013年小麦收获季采集耕层(0~20 cm)土壤,分析土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量的年际变化,以及铅对小麦-玉米轮作模式下土壤有机碳(SOC)、溶解性有机碳(DOC)、微生物量碳(MBC)、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量的影响。结果表明,三年中,施铅处理下土壤中铅全量及有效态铅含量分别下降13.22%和30.65%,总体呈现逐年下降趋势。与对照(CK)相比,Pb1、Pb2处理下SOC平均含量分别下降了16.30%和11.86%;DOC平均含量分别下降了4.05%和7.34%,与土壤铅含量呈现显著负相关关系;低浓度铅污染下土壤微生物商(q M)显著高于对照土壤,微生物量碳含量变化不显著。此外,土壤速效养分的分析显示,土壤碱解氮含量在外源铅加入初期下降明显,且在Pb1处理下碱解氮减少量最大;土壤速效磷含量随土壤铅含量增加而呈现下降趋势;土壤速效钾含量则随土壤铅含量的增加而增加。试验表明,外源铅的加入影响了土壤有机碳的稳定性,对土壤碳、氮循环产生了一定的影响;能够与土壤溶液中的磷酸根生成难溶性盐,与土壤胶体或土壤矿物晶格中的K+发生置换,加大土壤速效养分的流失风险。     

Soil bacterial characteristics between surface and subsurface soils along a precipitation gradient in the Alxa Desert,China

Bacteria in desert soil have unique phylogeny and important ecological functions, and theirresponses to changes in precipitation need further attention. However, relevant studies have mainlyfocused on the surface soil, and studies on the responses of bacteria at different soil depths to variationsin precipitation are rare. Thus, we used 16S rDNA high-throughput sequencing to investigate the changesin soil bacterial distribution along a mean annual precipitation gradient (50–150 mm) in the Alxa Desert,China, and compared the variation characteristics in the surface soil layer (0–10 cm) and subsurface soillayer (10–20 cm). Results showed that soil bacterial communities significantly changed along theprecipitation gradient in both soil layers. However, the subsurface soil layer could support bacterialcommunities with higher diversity and closer internal relationships but more internal competition than thesurface soil layer. Additionally, compared with the surface soil layer, variations in diversity andco-occurrence patterns in the subsurface soil layer were more in line with the changes in the mean annualprecipitation, while bacterial community structure was less variable in the subsurface soil layer. Comparedwith the mean annual precipitation, soil moisture had little influence on the structure and diversity of soilbacterial community but had a high correlation with intercommunity connectivity. Therefore, soilmoisture might play a complex role in mediating environmental conditions and soil bacterial communitycharacteristics. Due to the different responses of surface and subsurface soil bacteria to the changes inprecipitation, it is necessary to distinguish different soil layers when predicting the trends in desert soilbacterial conditions associated with precipitation, and prediction of subsurface soil bacteria may be moreaccurate.     

冬灌制度对膜下滴灌棉田土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物群落的影响

为明确不同冬灌制度的应用效果，以南疆膜下滴灌棉田为研究对象，选取每年冬灌处理（CK）、不冬灌处理（H1）及隔年冬灌处理（H2）3种冬灌制度，结合高通量测序技术对冬灌后土壤的理化性质、生物学性质以及微生物群落组成进行测定与分析。结果表明：（1）各处理间0~20 cm土层土壤总盐含量无显著差异，与CK相比，H1和H2处理显著降低了脲酶（0.96%~1.35%）和转化酶活性（1.17%）以及微生物量氮含量（4.21%~7.03%），但H2处理显著提高了土壤有机质（14.30%）、全氮（14.29%）、全磷（4.55%）和全钾（7.40%）含量；H1处理显著降低了土壤有机质（6.03%）、全磷（12.5%）和水分（23.08%）含量，提高了微生物量碳氮比（7.37%）。（2）不同处理下细菌群落的丰度和多样性以及真菌群落的丰度无显著差异，但与CK相比，H1和H2处理显著提高了真菌的辛普森指数（4.12%~ 4.55%）。此外，H1较CK处理提高了细菌放线菌门（Actinobacteria）、酸杆菌门（Acidobacteria）、绿弯菌门（Chloroflexi）和真菌担子菌门（Basidiomycota）的相对丰度，H2较CK处理提高了细菌变形菌门（Proteobacteria）、芽单胞菌门（Gemmatimonadetes）和真菌被孢霉门（Mortierellomycota）的相对丰度。（3）相关性分析结果表明细菌的群落结构主要受微生物量碳含量的影响，真菌的群落结构和多样性分别受转化酶和脲酶活性的影响。在无法保证每年冬灌用水的情况下，隔年冬灌更有利于保障膜下滴灌棉田的土壤耕地质量。     

Reproduction allocation and potential mechanism of individual allelopathic rice plants in the presence of competing barnyardgrass

BACKGROUND: In spite of increasing knowledge of allelopathic rice as an efficient component involved in paddy weed management, relatively little is known about its reproduction in response to competing weeds. Reproduction allocation of individual allelopathic rice plants in relation to monoculture and mixed culture with competing barnyardgrass in a paddy field was studied, along with analyses of soil nutrients and microbial communities to understand the potential mechanism. RESULTS: At a 1:1 barnyardgrass and rice mixture proportion identified from a replacement series study, biomass, grain yield and major parameters of individual allelopathic rice plants at the mature stage were increased by competing barnyardgrass. There was no difference in allelopathic rice root‐zone soil ammonium N and Olsen P between monoculture and mixed culture. However, mixed culture altered soil microbial biomass C and communities. When mixed with barnyardgrass, allelopathic rice root zone had an 87% increase in soil microbial biomass C. Phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) profiling indicated that the signature lipid biomarkers of bacteria, actinobacteria and fungi were affected by mixed culture. Principal component analysis clearly identified differences in the composition of PLFA in different soil samples. CONCLUSION: Allelopathic rice specific changes in soil microbial communities may generate a positive feedback on its own growth and reproduction in the presence of competing barnyardgrass in a given paddy system. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

不同改良材料对灌漠土微生物量磷及生物有效性的影响

通过培养和盆栽试验,向灌漠土土壤中加入等量磷和不同添加比例的硫磺S（0.05%、0.15%、0.45%）、生物菌肥B（0.25%、0.50%、1.00%）、有机肥OM（0.50%、1.00%、2.00%）和小麦秸秆WS（1.00%、2.00%、4.00%）,研究不同改良材料配施磷肥土壤微生物量磷的变化特征,及其与Olsen P、小麦吸磷量之间的关系。结果表明,添加不同改良材料处理的土壤微生物量磷含量均显著高于对照（不添加改良材料）,且随着添加比例的增大而增加。在第16天时,各处理土壤微生物量磷含量达到最大值,OM₂2.00、B₂1.00、WS₂4.00和S₂0.45处理分别较对照显著增加了34.66%、34.52%、28.19%和23.89%;经过30 d的培养,硫磺、生物菌肥、有机肥和小麦秸秆处理的土壤微生物量磷含量较对照分别增加了19.51%、43.08%、47.92%和41.68%。在一定范围内（Olsen P约90 mg·kg^-1）,土壤微生物量磷随土壤Olsen P提高而增加。在培养的第16天和第30天时,小麦植株吸磷量也与土壤微生物量磷存在极显著的相关关系。总体看来,有机肥或生物菌肥配合磷肥施用于灌漠土能促进土壤微生物量磷的增加,提高磷的生物有效性,对于灌漠土磷素高效利用具有重要意义。     

不同覆膜连作年限对玛纳斯县棉田土壤质量的影响

为研究不同覆膜连作年限对玛纳斯县棉田土壤质量的影响,以新疆玛纳斯县覆膜连作0、5、10、20、30 a的棉田为研究对象,分别采集0~10、10~20、20~30 cm土层土壤,测定其土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性、土壤微生物量碳、氮含量等指标,并对不同覆膜连作年限玛纳斯县棉田的土壤质量进行综合评价。结果表明：（1）随覆膜连作年限的增加,土壤含水率和有机质含量逐渐增加,以覆膜连作30 a时最高,分别为11.52%和21.60 g·kg^-1,土壤速效磷呈先升高后降低趋势,在覆膜连作10 a时含量最高（49.60 mg·kg^-1）,土壤电导率、总盐、速效钾和碱解氮总体呈降低趋势,在覆膜连作年限30 a时含量最低,分别为0.50 mS·cm^-1、0.69 g·kg^-1、148.28 mg·kg^-1和25.27 mg·kg^-1;同一覆膜连作年限下,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水率、电导率和总盐逐渐增加,pH值、有机质、速效磷、速效钾和碱解氮含量逐渐降低。（2）在不同覆膜连作年限下,土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性随覆膜连作年限的增加呈先升高后降低趋势,在覆膜连作10 a时活性最高,分别为10.57 mg·g^-1·d^-1、0.86 mg·g^-1·d^-1、0.40 mg·g^-1·d^-1,土壤过氧化氢酶活性随不同覆膜连作年限并无显著变化,为1.80~2.20 mL·g^-1;在同一覆膜连作年限下,土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性均表现为表层>深层,且差异显著。随覆膜连作年限的增加,土壤微生物量碳含量呈现先增加后减少的趋势,最高为205.26 mg·kg^-1,微生物量氮含量逐渐降低,最低在覆膜连作30 a时为11.40 mg·kg^-1,且不同土层土壤微生物量碳、氮表现为表层>深层。（3）土壤速效磷与过氧化氢酶、脲酶、碱性磷酸酶活性和微生物量碳呈极显著正相关关系,与蔗糖酶活性呈显著正相关关系,表明土壤速效磷是影响土壤酶活性和微生物量碳、氮的主要因素。土壤质量综合评价表明,以覆膜连作10 a的土壤质量最佳,0 a和30 a的土壤质量相对较低。     

Phospholipid Fatty Acid (PLFA) Composition and Its Dynamics in a Desert Soil System

The effect of environmental conditions, and especially soil water content, on microbial community structure was quantified during a 15-month sampling period (1994-1995) in a Negev Desert soil system by determination of phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs). Two rainy seasons were observed during the study period: (1) the rainy season of 1993-1994, with a total rainfall of 58mm, and (2) the rainy season of 1994-1995, with a total of 140mm, which is 55% more than the multiannual average. Soil samples collected from the 0-10cm layer exhibited changes in soil moisture and PLFA composition. Palmitic acid (nC16:0) was found to be the most common acid, with a maximum abundance found in May 1994 (27.2%). Oleic acid (C18:1 omega 9) was found to be the second highest in abundance, with high levels in January 1994 (14%), decreasing gradually to 1.3% of total ion current in January 1995. This decrease was interpreted as being caused by abiotic factors affecting the microbial community, resulting in fatty acid profile and lipid abundance. Other acids were found to be present in relatively small amounts. The iC17:1 omega 9 and C18:2 omega 8, 11 were found among the major PLFAs during the study period. The data obtained in this study were found to be similar to data obtained in soils of temperate climates, in spite of the hypothesis that the total PLFAs of the desert soil microbes are triggered and depend on soil water availability. This can afford special data interpretation of the viable biomass of the soil microbes and their metabolic status.     

长期秸秆和地膜覆盖对旱作冬小麦农田土壤碳组分的影响

地表覆盖秸秆和地膜是我国西北旱作农田土壤固碳的重要田间管理措施,但其对土壤碳组分的长期影响尚不明确。基于田间定位试验,设生育期高量秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,HSM)、生育期低量秸秆覆盖(4 500 kg·hm^-2,LSM)、夏闲期秸秆覆盖(9 000 kg·hm^-2,FSM)、生育期地膜覆盖(PM)和无覆盖对照(CK)共5个处理,研究了秸秆覆盖和地膜覆盖12 a和13 a后旱作冬小麦农田土壤总有机碳(SOC)、颗粒有机碳(POC)、潜在矿化碳(PCM)和微生物量碳(MBC)含量的变化规律。2 a平均结果表明：与CK相比,HSM和LSM处理均显著提高了0～10 cm土层各碳组分含量以及10～20 cm土层SOC、POC、MBC含量,同时还显著提高了0～20 cm土层POC和MBC占SOC的比例;而FSM和PM处理对各土层土壤碳组分含量及其占SOC的比例均无显著影响。土壤碳组分含量相互之间均存在极显著正相关关系。综上可知,长期生育期秸秆覆盖能有效提高旱作冬小麦农田耕层土壤有机碳及其组分含量,且提高覆盖量有助于促进...     

施肥对新建日光温室番茄产量及土壤养分含量的影响

在陕西杨凌选择3个新建大棚,采用田间试验方法研究了不同施肥处理(常规施肥、配方施肥1和配方施肥2)对番茄产量,及番茄种植前和收获后土壤有机质、全氮、速效氮、有效磷、速效钾和电导率等基本性质的影响。与农户常规施肥相比,配方施肥1和2处理氮、磷及钾肥用量分别减少9%～40%、26%～46%和18%～47%时,番茄产量并未显著变化,说明常规施肥处理存在肥料过量施用问题;与种植前相比,种植一季番茄后耕层(0～20 cm)土壤有机质、全氮、有效磷及速效钾含量均有不同程度增加,其中有机质和有效磷含量均达显著水平,增加幅度分别为25%和460%;0～100 cm土层电导率也有不同程度的增加;0～100 cm土层矿质氮含量显著增加,平均增加幅度为182%;0～200 cm土层硝态氮累积量平均达727 kg/hm2。新建日光温室存在过量施肥现象,由此带来的硝态氮及有效磷在土壤中的大量累积问题值得关注。     

模拟增温及施氮对荒漠草原土壤呼吸的影响

以内蒙古高原四子王旗短花针茅建群的荒漠草原为研究对象,通过野外自然条件下进行的模拟增温和增施氮肥实验,研究了增温、施氮及增温+施氮情况下土壤呼吸强度的变化。三年的研究结果表明:1)增温对各年内土壤呼吸没有产生显著影响,但土壤呼吸有明显的季节变化,而且与增温显著相关(P<0.05)。2)施氮对荒漠草地的影响程度与自然条件有密切关系,其中降雨量多少是施氮对荒漠草地土壤呼吸影响程度的重要制约因素,降雨量越高氮素对土壤呼吸作用愈加明显。3)施氮显著增加了植物群落的地下生物量(P<0.05),土壤呼吸与地下生物量呈显著的正相关(P<0.001)。     

长期定位施肥对旱作农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响

基于田间定位试验,研究了长期施肥对旱作冬小麦农田土壤有机碳及其组分的影响,试验包括4个处理:不施肥(CK)、氮磷配施(NP)、化肥与有机肥配施(NPM)以及长期休闲地(BL)。结果表明:长期持续施肥30年后,在0~30 cm土层,NPM处理土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、潜在矿化碳以及碳库管理指数分别较CK提高了42.2%、55.9%、40.9%和40.0%(P0.05),NP处理土壤有机碳和微生物量碳与CK差异不显著,潜在矿化碳和碳库管理指数分别提高了29.1%和20.0%(P0.05),施肥对两种活性有机碳含量的影响在15~30 cm土层表现更加显著;与种植作物相比,长期休闲显著降低了土壤潜在矿化碳含量,BL处理较CK降低了20.5%(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,土壤有机碳、潜在矿化碳、微生物量碳以及碳库管理指数两两之间存在着显著的相关性,且有机碳组分含量与土壤有机碳含量在处理间变化具有一致性(除NP处理外),两种活性有机碳相对含量在各处理间差异均不显著。总的来说,长期持续施入有机肥能够有效地增加旱作农田土壤有机碳同时增加其活性组分,有助于培肥地力和土壤固碳。     

添加有机物对莠去津污染土壤微生物生物量的动态影响

土壤微生物生物量C和N及其C/N比是反映土壤质量的重要生物学指标。研究了除草剂莠去津污染土壤(每kg土壤中含莠去津10 mg)中分别添加3种不同有机物料(腐熟猪粪、水稻秸秆和紫云英,用量均为每1 kg土壤中加入有机物料10 g)对上述生物学指标的动态影响。结果表明,莠去津污染土壤后,土壤微生物生物量C和N及其C/N比率均明显降低;加入有机物料后,土壤微生物生物量C和N及其C/N比率均显著增加,增加幅度与加入有机物料的组成和生物特性有关,依次为腐熟猪粪＞紫云英＞水稻秸秆。     

Effects of repeated glyphosate applications on soil microbial community composition and the mineralization of glyphosate

Background: Repeated applications may have a greater impact on the soil microbial community than a single application of glyphosate. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of one, two, three, four or five applications of glyphosate on soil microbial community composition and glyphosate mineralization and distribution of ¹⁴C residues in soil. RESULTS: Fatty acid methyl esters (FAMEs) common to gram‐negative bacteria were present in higher concentrations following five applications relative to one, two, three or four applications both 7 and 14 days after application (DAA). Additionally, sequencing of 16S rRNA bacterial genes indicated that the abundance of the gram‐negative Burkholderia spp. was increased following the application of glyphosate. The cumulative percentage ¹⁴C mineralized 14 DAA was reduced when glyphosate was applied 4 or 5 times relative to the amount of ¹⁴C mineralized following one, two or three applications. Incorporation of ¹⁴C residues into soil microbial biomass was greater following five glyphosate applications than following the first application 3 and 7 DAA. CONCLUSION: These studies suggest that the changes in the dissipation or distribution of glyphosate following repeated applications of glyphosate may be related to shifts in the soil microbial community composition. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

残留甲拌磷对土壤微生物活性的影响

在实验室控制条件下,向土壤中施入甲拌磷使其质量分数分别为2,8,20 mg/kg,研究了其对土壤微生物数量,微生物量碳、氮及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:施入甲拌磷对土壤中的真菌及放线菌具有轻微的抑制作用,但能很快恢复到对照水平;对细菌有明显的抑制作用,且抑制率随施药浓度的增大而增大,甲拌磷2,8,20 mg/kg 3个处理的平均抑制率分别为17.5% ,35.9%和48.5%。3个浓度处理下,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量平均分别比对照减少了20.8% ,34.8% ,39.2%和19.1% ,28.2% ,36.1%。3个浓度处理对土壤中蔗糖酶活性的平均抑制率分别为28.0% ,23.6%和9.8%,对蛋白酶活性的平均抑制率分别为12.1% ,13.6%和 23.8% ,对碱性磷酸酶活性的平均抑制率分别为13.4% ,16.1%和26.3%。在土壤中施用甲拌磷30 d后,2,8,20 mg/kg处理组土壤微生物商(SMB-C/SOC)分别比对照减少了13.1% ,28.6%和25%。研究表明,土壤中施入甲拌磷改变了土壤微生物的群落结构,降低了土壤微生物的活性。     

长期施肥对渭北旱塬麦田土壤线虫群落特征的影响

为探究长期定位施肥对黄土高原渭北旱塬麦田土壤线虫群落的影响,以长武国家黄土高原农业生态试验站的长期定位试验（1984—2018年）为平台,调查裸地（L）以及不施肥（CK）、施氮磷肥（NP）、单施有机肥（M）、氮磷肥配施有机肥（MNP）的小麦田土壤线虫群落数量、组成结构和生态功能指数,并分析其与土壤理化性质的关系。结果表明：（1）小麦田土壤线虫数量显著高于裸地,而CK、M和MNP处理使小麦田中土壤线虫数量比NP处理提高了31.63%~56.20%;（2）施肥减缓了长期种植小麦导致的食细菌线虫（特别是头叶属）相对丰度的下降,单施有机肥的处理（M）植食性线虫相对丰度显著降低,同时,相比于CK,施用有机肥的M和MNP处理杂食/捕食线虫相对丰度分别增加了18.4%和8.24%,表明有机肥对杂食/捕食线虫的促进作用;（3）长期施肥处理土壤线虫Shannon多样性指数（H）和指示土壤健康状况的瓦斯乐卡指数（WI）分别为1.80~2.19和0.36~0.68,相较于裸地（H=2.36;WI=1.57）有所下降,但M和MNP处理的线虫成熟度指数（MI）和结构指数（SI）均高于其他处理（L、CK和NP处理）,表明施用有机肥有助于土壤食物网维持复杂的结构和成熟稳定的状态;（4）不同施肥措施下土壤全氮、有机碳、微生物生物量碳和氮以及可溶性碳的变化是影响土壤线虫数量和群落特征的重要环境因素。     

全膜覆土穴播种植技术对旱地冬小麦土壤微生物活性的影响

在甘谷地区采用田间试验方法,以传统耕作方式为对照,设全膜覆土穴播、全膜不覆土穴播2种不同覆膜方式,研究了全膜覆土穴播种植对冬小麦土壤微生物活性、养分及产量的影响。结果表明:1全膜穴播种植方式能明显提高冬小麦各生育期的土壤微生物量C、N。与传统耕作相比,全膜覆土穴播种植方式和全膜不覆土穴播种植方式土壤微生物量C、N含量平均提高29.87%,21.42%和20.59%,16.57%。2全膜覆土穴播种植方式各生育期小麦的土壤脲酶和蔗糖酶活性均明显高于传统耕作的,而碱性磷酸酶活性有所不同。3各处理土壤微生物量和酶活性与冬小麦的生长发育呈正相关。4全膜覆土穴播种植方式明显提高冬小麦产量和土壤速效养分含量。因此,全膜覆土穴播种植方式是适合该区旱作农业可持续发展的有效模式之一。