生活垃圾混烧秸秆类生物质颗粒CO和NO的排放特性

选取典型秸秆类生物质颗粒掺混垃圾作为研究对象,利用自制燃烧试验平台,研究掺混比、温度、粒径及生物质种类等因素对垃圾掺混生物质颗粒燃烧过程中CO与NO释放规律的影响。试验结果表明:CO排放量随着混合燃料中棉花秆颗粒含量增加而减小;混合燃料中垃圾掺混量高于棉花秆颗粒时,焦炭氮燃烧峰值随棉花秆含量增加而增大,掺混量低于棉花秆颗粒时,焦炭氮燃烧峰值逐渐减小,掺混比为5:5时NO生成量最低。燃烧温度为850℃时CO生成量最低;NO峰值时间随温度升高向前偏移,排放量呈先增大后减小趋势,较高的反应温度有利于降低燃烧过程中NO生成量。随着燃料粒径减小,CO峰值浓度降低;存在粒径临界值(60~80目),当粒径小于临界值时,NO生成量随粒径减小而减小,大于临界值时,NO生成量随粒径增大而减小。垃圾混烧生物质颗粒后CO生成量显著降低;掺混同质量分数生物质颗粒试样中,生物质颗粒氮含量越高,混合燃料燃烧NO生成量越大。该研究可为实际生产中城市生活垃圾混烧生物质颗粒技术及污染物排放控制提供参考依据。     

基于化学动力学的生物质颗粒燃烧排放NO特性模拟与验证

为研究生物质颗粒燃料燃烧NO排放规律及其生成机理,采用CFD和Chem Kin联合仿真,建立试验锅炉燃烧筒CFD网络模型,应用Chem Kin接口导入简化的17组分58基元反应机理,建立Chem Kin-PSR反应模拟网络,选用Reaction Design C2_NOx详细机理,对棉秆、玉米秸秆、木质3种生物质颗粒NO排放进行模拟。结果表明,NO生成量:棉秆玉米秸秆木质;NO排放量随过量空气系数的增加先增大后减小,在过量空气系数为1.7附近达到峰值。将模拟结果与试验结果进行比较,证明了模型和化学反应机理的正确性,为生物质燃料燃烧NO排放的预测与控制提供参考。     

EGR废气组分对柴油机颗粒氧化活性的影响

针对不同EGR废气组分条件下产生的颗粒,采用热重分析的方法,分析了EGR废气组分对颗粒中主要物质含量的影响;考察了颗粒中挥发物析出温度、soot组分着火温度等4个特征温度、燃烧特性指数以及活化能的变化规律。结果表明,与引入废气和N2时相比,只通入CO2时产生颗粒的失质量百分数所占比例最大,颗粒中水分和可溶有机物(soluble organic fraction,SOF)含量增加明显,soot组分含量有较大幅度降低;在颗粒氧化过程中的高温反应阶段,与引入废气和N2时相比,只通入CO2时产生颗粒中soot组分的质量变化率峰值和峰值对应温度均最小;氧化特性参数的计算结果表明,与引入废气和N2时相比,只通入CO2时产生颗粒的挥发物析出温度TSOF1、挥发物起始燃烧温度TSOF2、soot组分着火温度Ti、soot组分燃尽温度Th均最低,燃烧特性指数增加明显,反应活化能最低。说明引入CO2后,颗粒中soot组分在达到相同失质量百分数时,所需的温度较低,反应所需能量较小,EGR废气中的CO2可以显著提高颗粒自身的氧化能力和反应活性,改善颗粒的氧化燃烧性能。     

DOC催化剂配方对轻型柴油机气态物排放性能的影响

基于发动机台架测试,研究了DOC氧化型催化转化器(diesel oxidation catalytic converter,DOC)配方对安装有DOC+催化型颗粒捕集器(catalyzed diesel particulate filter,CDPF)+选择性催化还原系统(selective catalytic reduction,SCR)后处理系统的轻型柴油机气态物排放性能的影响,结果表明:DOC配方的改变对发动机经济性无显著影响;随贵金属负载量的增加以及Pt/Pd比例的减少,CO和总碳氢化合物(THC)的T50降低,CO和THC的低温段转化率(300℃)升高,但随温度的继续升高,贵金属负载量或Pd的增加对CO和THC转化率的有利影响逐渐减弱,高温段平均转化率(≥300℃)差距较小;NO转化率随贵金属负载量的增加而增加;NO转化率对Pt含量更为敏感,Pt含量高的配方能促NO的氧化,与CO和THC转化率变化规律相反;当SCR入口温度低时,高的NO2浓度有利于提高SCR对NOx的转化效率,当SCR入口温度高时,SCR对NOx的转化效率均达到了90%以上且无明显差距;未发现DOC配方改变对外特性下CDPF压降的显著影响。     

190型热裂解生物质气发动机性能研究

为了解不同运行参数和不同材料的热裂解生物质气对发动机功率和有害排放物的影响,该文利用热裂解低热值生物质气作为大缸径非增压火花点火发动机的燃料,研究了生物质气发动机的动力性、经济性和排放性。试验数据表明:发动机全工况范围内稳定运行;发动机的燃烧速度较慢,点火提前角为BTDC32℃A时发动机燃烧效果最好;发动机的排放性较好,NO排放随负荷的增大而升高,HC和CO排放随负荷的增大而降低,随裂解气热值的增加NO排放升高。因此,低热值热裂解生物质气作为大缸径发动机的燃料可以实现发动机的稳定运行,并具有较好的经济性和排放性。     

柴油机燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的试验研究

研究了乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的互溶性和理化性质，测量了柴油机燃用柴油、乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的动力性、经济性与排放特性。结果表明，当温度高于10℃、生物柴油的体积分数大于17.6%时，乙醇、柴油和生物柴油可以任意比例稳定互溶。随着乙醇掺混比例的增大，燃用乙醇-柴油-生物柴油混合燃料的燃烧与排放情况是：燃油消耗率逐渐增大，但能量消耗率变化不大；转矩逐渐减小；烟度排放大幅度降低,中高负荷下CO排放大幅度减少，HC排放量明显增加，NOx排放变化不大；最大燃烧压力和放热率峰值逐渐升高并后移。     

草本类生物质与烟煤混烧特性及其影响因素分析

为了研究草本类生物质与烟煤的混烧特性,在空气气氛下分别对甜菜根、柳枝稷与烟煤的混烧特性进行热重试验,分析升温速率和质量配比对混烧特征参数的影响,并与纯烟煤的燃烧特征进行比较。结果表明:混合样品的着火温度远低于烟煤,但略高于纯生物质的着火温度,随着升温速率的提高,混合燃料着火温度逐渐提高。当生物质质量比例大于20%时,提高升温速率才能有效提高混烧样品的挥发分释放性能和综合特性指数,升温速率一定,生物质质量比例越大,混烧样品的挥发分释放特性指数和综合特性指数也越大,生物质质量比例为80%,升温速率为50℃/min时,混合样品有较好的燃烧性能。在10～90℃/min的升温速率范围内,柳枝稷混烧样品的燃烧特征参数均大于甜菜根混烧样品。研究结果可以为生物质与烟煤混合燃料的高效燃烧提供参考。     

生物质成型颗粒燃料燃烧特性的试验研究

该文利用热重分析仪对玉米秸秆、木屑、混合木屑三种生物质成型颗粒燃料进行了理论分析，分段比较了三种颗粒燃料的燃烧特点及各段表观活化能和频率因子的热化学动力学参数，分析了成型处理工序对生物质燃烧特性的影响。结合颗粒燃料在燃烧炉中的实际燃烧特点，明确了影响颗粒燃料燃烧适应性的主导因素是挥发分的析出和燃烧速率，由此为改良低质颗粒燃料、提高燃烧炉适应性提出了指导性建议。     

工业木质素的热裂解试验研究

本文研究了木薯水解剩余木质素在N2氛围下的TG和DTG曲线,以及在不同升温速率下热裂解产物的组成随温度的变化情况。试验结果表明,在290~430℃之间热裂解速率最快;在400~800℃之间时,焦炭产量随着温度的升高而降低,焦油产量首先会随着温度升高而增加,在达到一个最大值后,随着温度的进一步升高,部分挥发分的二次热解会使焦油产量降低,气体产量随着温度的升高而增加,H2、CO、CH4和CO2等组分也随着温度的升高而有相应的变化;快速热解在600℃以下有利于焦油和焦炭的生成,在600℃以上有利于气体的生成。通过GC—M S分析发现焦油中的组分主要是苯酚类化合物。     

十六烷值改进剂对甲醇/生物柴油柴油机排放的影响

甲醇、生物柴油是柴油机的含氧替代燃料,能有效降低柴油机颗粒物排放。但甲醇的十六烷值低,在柴油机上燃用会出现着火困难的问题,采用添加十六烷值改进剂的方法能有效提高柴油机燃料的着火性能。为了研究不同十六烷值改进剂对柴油机排放污染物的影响,试验选择了烷基硝酸酯、环烷基硝酸酯、醚3种十六烷值改进剂,分别添加到甲醇/生物柴油混合燃料中,考察了十六烷值改进剂对混合燃料理化特性的影响,并在186F柴油机上进行了台架试验,测量了柴油机缸内压力、排气温度、HC、CO、NOX和烟度的变化规律,分析了添加不同十六烷值改进剂时,柴油机排放污染物的变化规律。结果表明：在甲醇/生物柴油中添加十六烷值改进剂,混合燃料的压力峰值升高,滞燃期缩短,燃烧持续期延长,当改进剂的添加量相等时,添加烷基类硝酸酯混合燃料的滞燃期最短;排气温度变化不大,变动范围为?3.24%～3.45%;排放污染物中HC和CO排放升高;NOX和烟度降低,在3 000 r/min,100%负荷时,添加烷基硝酸酯、环烷基硝酸酯、醚分别使NOX降低12.90%、6.45%、3.87%,烟度降低11.76%、17.65%、38.24%。在甲醇/生物柴油混合燃料中添加十六烷值改进剂,不仅可以改善燃料的着火特性,也可以降低NOx和颗粒物排放。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.