The Art of Landscape Design of the Grand Sight Garden in Novel "The Story of the Stone"

The Grand Sight Garden in Chinese traditional novel "The Story of the Stone" takes an important position in Chinese traditional landscape architecture.In this paper,the aesthetic value of the Grand Sight Garden is analyzed and the real meaning and practical value of this fictitious "garden" is discussed from two aspects: composition structure and artistic conception.     

“重农轻牧”思想与中国北方草地资源的利用

从分析中国北方草地资源利用中存在的问题入手，引出了这类问题产生的深层次文化根源—“重农轻牧”思想。并指出“重农轻牧”思想作为中国农耕文化的核心部分，长期以来通过影响国家的土地利用政策导向、民众的思想意识以及土地利用行为而导致中国北方草原地区严重的生态环境问题的产生。     

Study on Spatial Structure of Traditional Villages from the Perspective of Clanism

"China's deep-rooted family culture and the resulting family spirit is one of the basic characteristics of Chinese society that differs from western society," said by Chinese sociologist Fei Xiaotong. German sociologist Max Weber defi nes Chinese society as "family structure society"[1]. And sociologist Fei Zhengqing believes that the villages in China are organized by families. In sociological studies, the traditional villages are divided into three types: single-clan villages with only one dominating family, main-clan villages which are mainly composed of several families, and multi-clan villages where some coequal families live together[2]. The authors believe that traditional villages are organized social communities with kinship as a link. They are products of the family system. There is a close connection between a village's family composition and its space construction. Single-clan village is an introverted spatial organization mode entirely based on kinship, ancestral hall is located in the center and the whole spatial structure grows toward it. Main-clan village is a decentralized family aggregate based on the ties of blood as well as region. And the organization of its village space depends on temples and pavilions where families enshrine and worship ancestors and gods. It owns obvious features of collage and collaboration. M ulticlan village is a collaborative and extroverted complex spatial system led by relationship of colleagues, where large public buildings are taken as the core to organize commercial activities. Its form is similar to the form of small towns. Taking sociological term "family" as the starting point and cases of national historic cultural villages including Hong Village, Zhuge Village, Zoumatang Village, Suzhuang Village and Guoyu Village into further study, this article analyses the correlation between kinship composition and spatial form of villages, tries to reveal the essential structure of traditional space of villages and to provide a new perspective on spatial study as well as basis for preservation of traditional villages.     

Fengshui Theory in Environmental Management of Qingyun Temple in Yuyang District

Fengshui, one of the important factors in the layout of Chinese traditional buildings, runs through activities related to traditional Chinese architecture. In order to better interpret and reflect the relationship between traditional buildings and the surrounding natural environment, Fengshui theory is moderately applied when it comes to an environmental improvement project, so as to make the whole design more unified and the sub-design more sound. Therefore, buildings are more coordinated with the overall environment, and the essence of "culture of harmoniousness" of Chinese traditional architecture is reflected.     

Poetic and Pictorial Splendor-Expression of Traditional Chinese Literati in Chinese Architecture

The expression of traditional Chinese literati is based on connection, seeking emotion and harmony. With various forms, though, this style of expression shares the same value in some art forms, like traditional Chinese poetry, calligraphy and paintings, and Chinese architecture. Based on the commonalities of various forms of literature and art, this paper offered an insight into Chinese architecture in light of poetic and pictorial expression of traditional Chinese literati. In order to illuminate the corresponding connection between traditional Chinese poetry, calligraphy and paintings, and Chinese architecture, this paper discussed the expression of Chinese architecture corresponding to the essence of traditional Chinese poetry, calligraphy and paintings respectively from the perspective of philosophy, aesthetics, and culture study of Chinese architecture. Via analogous analysis, which includes the analogy between the emotion of architecture and the feelings in traditional poetry, the analogy between the order of architecture and the spirit of calligraphy, and the analogy between the artistic conception and the picturesque scene, the poetic and pictorial expression of Chinese architecture was clarified. This paper emphasized that Chinese architecture needs to jump out of the concrete image, eradicate the interdisciplinary boundaries, and stress the integration of arts and humanities in a higher level, to express Chinese architecture in a Chinese way. That means making Chinese architecture modern in forms and techniques, and traditional in spirit and artistic conception.     

On the Regional Culture Features of the Traditional Folk Housing Architecture of Huizhou Style

The traditional architecture of Huizhou style with its unique regional cultural features makes a well- developed genre of architecture in late ancient China. Especially, the traditional folk housing of Huizhou style is the most vivid embodiment of Huizhou culture, reflecting the social history and culture in Huizhou area. The location and setting of the traditional folk housing in ancient Huizhou is greatly influenced by the geomantic theory, a fact that can be best detected in the practice of building artificial landscapes at the accesses to villages. The internal structure of the traditional folk housing of Huizhou style vividly reveals the ideology and the system of the patriarchy in ancient Huizhou. Being traders but sticking to the identity and temperament of Confucian scholars, local merchants of ancient Huizhou fostered a unique culture, which has shaped an distinctive artistic charm found in the internal decoration and furnishings of the traditional folk housing in ancient Huizhou.     

Three Turns of Contemporary Architecture and the Chinese Traditional Thoughts

Significant changes have taken place within the contemporary architecture since the 20th century: firstly the architecture turns from "thing" to "nothing",secondly the experience of architecture turns from logic to essence intuition,and thirdly the architecture turns from noun to verb,from which we find in surprise the sparks of the Chinese traditional thought which criticizes all the ready-made,especially the conceptual thought with its happening and generation,and shows a new non-subject-object-dimidiate,non-logical and fundamentally non-metaphysical perspective in theory.This made it possible for us to reconsider and reinterpret the contemporary architecture from a more original new perspective.     

Exploration on the Crowdfunding Mode of Rural Memory Project

In the past decades of industrialization and urbanization,a plenty of Chinese villages have passed out of existence.The amount of the existing ancient villages in China only accounts for 1.9% of the amount of Chinese administrative villages.Chinese traditional villages include tangible cultural heritage like traditional residential architecture and cultural relics,as well as intangible cultural heritage like folk customs and handcraft,which are of extremely important values and demand proper conservation immediately."Rural Memory Project" is not only a carrier project of "memorizing nostalgia" and "retaining passion for home",but also the original protection project of tangible cultural heritage like rural historic streets and traditional resident courtyard,as well as intangible cultural heritage like production and living customs.At present,"Rural Memory" Project launched by Shandong province was primarily funded by the government sectors whose investment was far from sufficient for the great appetite of the project,thus massive social capital has to be absorbed to ensure a sustainable implementation of the project.Featured with low threshold,strong inclusivity and stable mass basis,crowdfunding which could adapt to the characteristics of the current "Rural Memory" Project is regarded as a feasible fund-raising channel.In the exploration of crowdfunding mode,the authorities could focus on establishing a specialized crowdfunding platform for Rural Memory Project,select proper crowdfunding mode according to the characteristics of the project,adhere to the macro orientation and policy of the government,and commit themselves to dissolving the institutional constraints in crowdfunding.     

The Evolution Characteristics of Spatial Layout of Ancient Chinese Capitals: A Case Study of Sui,Tang and Northern Song Dynasties With Important Changes in the Historical Development of Feudal Society

Imperial city and outer city are the most important differentiation of the spatial structure of ancient Chinese capitals.The relationship between city and Guo changed from the original spatial structure mode of "respecting the west" and "sitting in the west and facing the east" to the spatial structure mode of "sitting in the north and facing the south" and the three outer cities in the east,south and west surrounding the imperial city after the Wei,Jin,Southern and Northern Dynasties,and gradually changed from the original "multi palace" system to the "single palace" system.Finally,a "heavy city" capital spatial structure with the outer city around the imperial city and the imperial city around the palace city,and the central axis of the chessboard format was formed.During the Tang and Song Dynasties,it was a period of great change in the history of feudal society in China.Through the investigation of the evolution characteristics of the spatial form of capital cities in the Tang and Song Dynasties,the track of the transformation of social ideology,political system,economic structure and many other fields in the Tang and Song Dynasties was made clear.     

The Origin and Implication of Chinese Traditional Courtyard Pattern

During thousands of years, the Chinese traditional architecture has almost followed only one pattern-the courtyard one. In this paper, the ideal living mode of "Tian ren he yi"(unity of the heaven and human beings) is expatiated. Then, the response of courtyard to this living mode is analyzed and the origin and signification of courtyard are discussed. At the end, how to keep and develop the vitality of traditional courtyard in modern times is investigated.     

The Coupling of Landscape Pattern and Landscape Esthetics of Urban Traditional Cultural Tourism Destination: A Case Study of Confucius Temple-Qinhuai River Scenic Area in Nanjing City

Study on the relationship between landscape beauty and ecological beauty is an important scientifi c problem that refl ects the nature of man-land relation, and current academic researches on this topic are most based on a single perspective. Therefore, this paper took the Confucius Temple–Qinhuai River Scenic Area in Nanjing City as a typical case of urban traditional cultural tourism destination, adopted landscape pattern indexes and balanced incomplete block comparison and evaluation method as the evaluation standards of ecological beauty and landscape beauty, and analyzed the coupling characteristics and rules of landscape pattern and landscape aesthetics. The results showed that(a) The overall landscape of the study area had higher fragmentation degree, but different landscape groups were infl uenced by different human interventions, landscape patches showed moderate diversity and heterogeneity, patch area, spatial distribution and spatial aggregation degree showed structural differences.(b) The locals and visitors had aesthetic perception of the study area, but preferred the beautiful natural scenery of the Qinhuai River, as well as the historical buildings and cultural landscapes that contain rich memories of the city.(c) Landscape pattern and landscape aesthetics showed coupled complementation and harmonious coexistence. The Confucius Temple–Qinhuai River Scenic Area has profound historical and cultural background, but it has witnessed gradual loss of cultural characteristics and fast "delocalization" against the background of rapid urbanization. As an urban traditional cultural tourism destination, it carries the responsibility of protecting city memories and inheriting regional cultures.     

基于PEST分析的中国农业电子商务 竞争环境研究

摘 要：农业电子商务是一种先进的商务模式,能改进中国农业市场流通环节存在的突出矛盾。中国农业电子商务还处在网上农业商务信息服务发展的初期。作者运用了竞争情报理论中的PEST分析工具,从政治、经济、社会以及技术四个方面分析了中国现阶段农业电子商务行业所处的宏观竞争环境。研究结果表明,中国目前的农业电子商务行业虽然在信用体系、农产品标准化等方面还存在很多不足,但基本的硬件条件已具备。制约农业电子商务发展的主要障碍是农民用户比较传统的意识形态。农业电子商务企业首先应充分认识到开展农业电子商务的必要性,然后以国家农业政策为依托,努力提高农业电子商务的认知度,帮助农民用户转变传统思维。     

Research into the Site Plan of Baiyun Tourist Development Area, Chongqing

By introducing and analyzing the overall plan of Chongqing Baiyun Lake tourist development area and several main highlight landscapes, this paper points out that the creation of architectural environment should reflect the traditional culture. It is the basis for creation with architectural characters. It also coincides with the building philosophy-"tian ren he yi"(integration of nature with human beings), proposed by Chinese traditional architecture.     

Investigation on Vague Space in Traditional Architecture

In this paper a kind of vague space in traditional architecture is analyzed and its mode and dealing ways in Chinese traditional architecture are explored. The authors hope that this article will help us learn from the traditional architecture culture and enlighten the design thread to create modem native architecture.     

Analysis on Traditional Residence

In the arrangement of traditional settlements, the construction of surrounding space is governed by a clear concept, guiding ideology, purpose, principles and methodology of planning with due emphasis on the rational relations among the internal mechanisms of ecological, material and spiritual space in the structure of surrounding space. In this paper, based on the analysis of the interrelation of spatial systems, the space of traditional courtyard abundant in primitive simplicity and liveliness, natural vitality and human emotions is discussed.     

Producer services and growth management of a metropolitan region: the case of Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

Producer services growth can change the character of a metropolitan region. Achieving that outcome may require the intervention of government, which is not necessarily a simple process as it creates tension between regulatory and developmental roles for government. This paper will address three interrelated issues in connection with the above-mentioned core idea in the context of the city of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia: first, the extent to which the evolution of the Malaysian economy has been felt in the growth of the service sector; second, the way that evolution has led to change in the sectoral and spatial character of Kuala Lumpur; third, government’s responses in terms of spatial planning and management in order to accommodate producer services growth. The experience of the Kuala Lumpur region shows how global market forces and national development policies that influence producer service location and growth can reshape the spatial arrangement of a metropolitan region. Managing the growth of producer services calls for new approaches to manage metropolitan change. An ‘enabling’ model is proposed to replace the present ‘policing’ model of spatial planning.     

城郊公路边菜田土壤和韭菜中重金属的空间变异特征

采用传统统计和地统计相结合的方法，对70hm^2城郊公路边莱田土壤和韭菜中重金属空闯变异特征进行了研究。结果表明，土壤Cu，Zn，Pb和Cd总量一般随距公路距离的增加呈降低的趋势，但其含量均未达到对土壤和作物构成潜在威胁的二级超标水平。韭菜可食部分Pb含量总体上也随距公路距离的增加呈降低的趋势，距南边公路往北280m和距西边公路往东90m范围内韭菜可食部分Pb含量普遍超标。韭菜可食部分Pb含量普遍超标主要与土壤中Pb含量和韭菜叶片吸收尾气Pb有关；自南边公路往北和自西边公路往东韭菜可食部分Pb含量空间变异的差异，可能与树木遮挡差异对尾气Pb运动影响范围的不同有关。     

The Architecture Design Based on the Landscape Conditions: Taking the Architectural Design of Subsidence Area for Example

The relationship between architecture and people, architecture and city, architecture and nature has always been the soul of architectural design. In the architectural design, study on the relationship between architecture and nature needs "site analysis"(mapping), and "natural environment" tends to affect the design results[1]. In many special areas, the design needs analysis of geology, geomorphology, hydrology, vegetation and other landscape elements. Coal mining subsidence area is the product of the conf licts between human activities and natural environment in the process of industrialization. As the research object, coal mining subsidence area can be a good study object to demonstrate architectural design strategies and methods based on landscape, and fi eld defects of the site may be the origin of architectural space organization: architectural concept, structure, morphology, spatial organization are all from the landscape elements.     

商洛山区无公害绿色农业产业发展探析

通过对商洛山区区位状况、气候条件、土地资源、生物资源、产地环境等的分析，指出商洛具有发展无公害绿色农业产业的比较优势。针对发展现状和存在的问题，提出了促进发展的指导思想、基本原则、方向和目标等工作思路；并对建好生产基地、搞好产品开发、抓好龙头企业、完善社会服务等对策作了初步探讨。     

Effect of Spatial Soil Moisture Stress on Cotton Root Architecture

[Objective] This study aimed to explore the effects of spatial soil moisture stress on cotton root growth, and to analyze the corresponding changes in cotton root architecture. [Method] To produce soil moisture spatial stress, cotton spacing was set at 30 cm. The cotton was all irrigated on one side of the pole (the side sampling point). By excavating the cotton root, analysis of the main root bifurcation, which was cultivated away from the irrigation point, could be undertaken. [Result] The analyses of the cotton A (the nearest plant to the irrigation location) root system showed that soil moisture near the irrigation point was distributed uniformly. The root system architecture of the cotton cultivated near the irrigation point mostly presented a symmetrical "umbrella" pattern; the difference in root diameter between the main and lateral roots was 5–6 mm, and the average angle between them was 70°–80°, which decreased with the increase in cotton growth stage. Soil moisture spatial stress influenced the cotton plant C, which was cultivated away from the irrigation point, such that the root system architecture was asymmetrical. The roots of cotton plant C grew towards the high soil moisture zone; 48.15% of the lateral roots became thicker, which acted as a bifurcated main root. The difference in diameter between the bifurcated roots was 1–4 mm, and the average angle of the bifurcated roots along the vertical direction was between 20°–37°, which increased with the increase in cotton growth stage. [Conclusion] The results provide important information on the physiological responses of the cotton root system to the soil moisture environment.