旱涝急转对不同花生品种生理生化指标的影响

为探讨旱涝急转对花生生理生化的影响,以不同旱涝耐性的3个花生品种中花8号（抗旱）、豫花15（耐涝）和湘花2008（旱涝兼耐）为材料,进行不同梯度的先旱、后涝连续处理,比较不同花生品种的叶片相对含水量,过氧化物酶（POD）、过氧化氢酶（CAT）、超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、谷胱甘肽还原酶（GR）活性,以及丙二醛（MDA）含量的变化情况。结果表明,在旱、涝急转的胁迫过程中,干旱对叶片相对含水量的影响甚于湿涝。一定强度的旱或涝胁迫总体上均可使花生叶片的4种抗氧化酶POD、SOD、CAT、GR活性提高,随着胁迫的加深活性降低,复水后活性回落至对照水平,且旱甚于涝。MDA含量总体变化趋势是干旱胁迫下各品种花生叶片中MDA含量有所升高,并于复水解除干旱胁迫后恢复至对照水平;而湿涝处理阶段,MDA含量呈直线上升趋势,在胁迫解除后有所降低。中花8号、豫花15、湘花2008等3个花生品种具有显著不同的水分适应性,中花8号抗旱性更强而耐涝性较弱,豫花15抗旱性较弱而耐涝性强,湘花2008抗旱性中等而耐涝性更强,为水分广适性品种。     

湿涝对花生干物质积累与分配的影响

为确定花生耐涝品种的干物质积累与分配特征及洪涝灾害的防控对策,选用18个耐涝性差异稳定的花生品种,在适合水旱轮作(土壤渗水性强)的大田条件下于营养生长末期进行短期湿涝10d(W10)、长期湿涝88d(W88)和正常灌溉(NI)处理,研究湿涝对不同花生品种各器官干物质积累和分配的影响。结果表明,短期湿涝对整个花生品种生物量的影响,以叶片最甚,其他依次是茎秆、荚果,而根系略增重;长期湿涝会降低叶片生物量,而促进根系、茎秆、荚果的增加,说明光合器官叶片对湿涝最敏感,其次是茎秆,荚果受短期湿涝影响小且因长期湿涝而增产,而根系具有稳定耐性。短、长涝期时实际产量较高的品种一般表现出矮秆、叶多、根系发达、根冠比较高,而耐性系数多偏低,短、长涝时叶片与根系增重可实现耐渍涝与高产的统一,根系、叶片生物量比重高是维持长涝耐性的基础。筛选出豫花15、花119、彩珠、桂红花、金花1012等耐渍涝品种。     

花生基因型耐铝性生物学标定

根据植物耐铝性与其遗传的关系,在花生生态分类学四大类型中,选取40个不同基因型花生,通过组合式溶液培养试验、上培试验和田间试验,结果表明：（1）不同耐铝性花生品种具有不同的生物学特征,在根色、根形、根长、根系体积、植株生长量、叶色、叶形和荚果等具有明显差异;在植物细胞排列、细胞壁厚度、细胞形状以及细胞内的变化等也具有明显差异。（2）通过生物学标定,选择6个典型花生品种划分为高耐、中耐和敏感型三种耐铝基因型。（3）三种耐铝基因型在铅胁迫下,其浓度与花生主根长度、主根生长速率、根系体积、植株生长量和荚果发育量呈极显著负相关,其相关绝对值是敏感型＞中耐型＞高耐型。（4）三种耐铝基因型在溶液培养条件下,铝胁迫临介值分别为5．9、2．9和1．1mg／L,而在土培条件下,铝胁迫临界值（交换性铝饱和度）分别为12％、6％和1％左右。     

春小麦根系木质部导管与其抗旱性的关系

为了深入了解植物根系对干旱胁迫的适应性及春小麦根系木质部导管与其抗旱性之间的关系,以自然条件下和室内生长的6个春小麦品种为材料,考察了其苗期根系木质部导管在水分胁迫条件下的变化情况,结果表明,随着水分胁迫程度的加剧,中央大导管及周围小导管直径都趋于减小,且并非线性减小,而是趋集于某一较小值的区域。抗旱性较强的品种中央大导管消失或缩小为中央旁导管,周围均匀、细小的小导管以中央旁导管为中心形成了密集的导管群,马蹄形细胞异常明显,排列整齐而均一;抗旱性较差的品种中央大导管大而少,异常突出,同等直径的根中周围小导管相对较少。研究结果说明,在不同水分胁迫下,不同春小麦品种在导管结构上对水分亏缺产生了不同程度的反应性和适应性。     

淹水胁迫下小麦根通气组织形成的PCD特征及活性氧作用初探

为了解淹水条件下小麦根通气组织形成的细胞学特点和活性氧(Reactive oxygen species, ROS)在通气组织形成中的作用,以高度耐湿的华麦8号幼苗为材料进行淹水处理,在显微水平上系统地观察了通气组织的形成过程,在分子水平上检测了细胞核DNA的断裂情况,并对ROS的动态变化进行了荧光观察.结果表明:(1)通气组织最先起源于根皮层中部,然后逐渐扩展,到淹水8 d时基本形成,淹水60 d时更为发达;(2)淹水1.5～48 h根皮层出现大量细胞核DNA断裂,且细胞核DNA降解为180～200 bp的片段,证明小麦根通气组织的形成过程是根皮层细胞发生细胞程序化死亡(Programmed cell death, PCD)的过程,而且淹水1.5～48 h是根皮层细胞死亡高峰期;(3)ROS在细胞核DNA发生断裂前开始积累,在通气组织形成中呈现动态变化.上述结果表明, 淹水胁迫下小麦根通气组织形成是一个皮层细胞PCD的过程,并且ROS可能参与介导了PCD的进程.另外,淹水胁迫在前期抑制了次生根的产生,随后又促进了次生根的产生.     

不同淹水时间对分蘖期中稻生育动态及产量的影响

通过盆栽定植试验,研究了中稻(徽两优6号、两优1128)在分蘖末期受不同淹水时间胁迫后生长发育和生理特性的动态变化,并同时考察了其产量结构。结果表明,淹水胁迫下,两个品种水稻生育期推迟,始穗到齐穗历时增加,且随淹水时间的增加而延长;淹水后短期内植株株高降低,但成熟前7 d时淹水2 d、4 d的处理株高反而略高于对照;植株绿叶数、绿叶面积、根长、根表面积、根体积、根系活力和相对叶绿素含量(SPAD值)均随淹水胁迫加重而显著减少(淹水2 d处理植株根系活力升高);但经过恢复生长,淹水胁迫后20 d,各淹水处理SPAD值已和对照非常接近,并且一直保持到成熟前7 d,其他各指标数值在轻度淹水胁迫(淹水2 d和4 d)下和对照接近而无显著差异,重度淹水胁迫(淹水6 d、8 d和12 d)下和对照差距缩小,成熟前7 d,由于淹水胁迫早衰严重而差距重新拉大;两个水稻品种减产幅度均随淹水时间的延长而加剧,淹水6 d处理的产量已经降至对照的50%左右,产量下降的原因是总粒数减少、空秕粒数增加和结实率降低等因素综合作用的结果。     

花生萌发期对低温胁迫的生理生化响应机制

为探讨不同花生品种低温胁迫下的萌发差异成因,为花生耐低温种植及抗冷性研究提供理论依据,本研究以耐低温品种豫花22号和中间耐性品种漯花16号以及低温敏感型品种泉花6号、鲁花11号为材料,测定不同温度处理条件下萌发相关的生理指标.结果显示,与CK相比,低温处理显著降低了各花生品种的露白率、发芽率、相对发芽率,不同抗性品种存...     

湿涝对幼苗期花生根系ADH活性与生长发育的影响及相互关系

在花生幼苗期进行浅水水淹处理，运用生理生化和形态发育指标测定不同花生品种幼苗的耐涝性。结果表明，涝渍时各花生品种的根系乙醇脱氢酶（ADtt）活性即乙醇发酵均有大幅增加，这在短期内表现为一定的适应性（厌氧呼吸供能）。但也是根系乙醇积累伤害的原因之一，尤其高速率的乙醇发酵与花生品种的长期淹涝敏感性有关。涝渍时花生根系发育受限。品种间根系发育情况差异很大。ADH酶活性与根鲜重呈显著负相关。凭借花生根系生长发育指标如颜色、鲜重，以及ADH酶活性高低与变化等生化机制．可判别花生耐涝性强弱。综合采看．幼苗期耐淹涝性以中花5号、花3n较强，其次是花119、豫花15号，而花269、花55弱。     

土壤水分胁迫对白芥根系发育的影响

利用旱棚盆栽研究土壤分迫对白芥根系发育，根系活力，根组织水分状态和根冠比的影响。结果表明，土壤水分胁迫促使白芥的根幅，主根长度，末级支根数,根系活力等增加，抗旱品种的增加幅度较大。开花期和成熟期抗旱性强的品种BWC／FWC值和根冠比较大。     

花生施钙对红壤旱土酸度及有害金属含量的影响

为探明花生施用钙肥对土壤酸度及有害金属元素铝、锰、镉、铅含量的影响，本研究选取大粒品种湘花2008、中粒品种湘花55、小粒品种蓝山小籽，以典型缺钙瘠薄酸性红壤旱土土柱试验，设置施钙与不施钙两个处理，测定根际土、0~20cm耕层土的pH值和有害金属元素含量。结果表明：各指标整体平均值受钙肥的影响，pH值增高4.93%，铝、镉、锰含量分别降低3.85%、2.13%、1.59%，铅含量升高0.66%。其中根际土，pH增幅远大于耕层土，湘花55＞湘花2008＞蓝山小籽；土壤铝含量降幅为根际土＞耕层土，湘花2008＞湘花55＞蓝山小籽；土壤锰含量降幅在耕层土湘花55＞湘花2008＞蓝山小籽，根际土大、中籽升高，小籽降低；土壤镉含量在耕层土、根际土降幅均以蓝山小籽最大，湘花2008小幅升高，湘花55有降有升；土壤铅含量大、中籽品种在根际土升幅大于耕层土，而蓝山小籽降低。     

Aerenchyma Formation in the Seminal Roots of Japanese Wheat Cultivars in Relation to Growth under Waterlogged Conditions

Abstract

Morphological adaptation of roots is critical for plants to survive under waterlogging. In this study, we evaluated the capacity of wheat to form aerenchyma in seminal roots in combination with the growth angle of the roots. We used five Japanese cultivars from the waterlogging-prone Kanto-Kyushu region in Japan, and a non-Japanese cultivar, Bobwhite for comparison. Seedlings in pot culture were waterlogged at a 3-cm depth for 7 days. The first adverse effect of waterlogging on plant growth was a significant reduction of root dry mass. The reduction rate varied with the cultivar, and it was 19.2% in cv. Shiroganekomugi and 40.0% in cv. Norin 61. Root aerenchyma was initially observed on the 2nd day of waterlogging and developed until the 7th day, in all 6 cultivars. Quantitative analysis of the aerenchyma development revealed no significant difference in radial distribution among the cultivars, whereas a slight difference was found in the axial distribution. As a consequence, the heavier root weight of Shiroganekomugi was not related to either the radial or axial developing capacity of aerenchyma but might be due to the effect of its shallow root angle in the soil. These results suggest that the capacity to form aerenchyma in the seminal root is not sufficient for expression of waterlogging tolerance in the Japanese wheat cultivars.     

Improved waterlogging tolerance of barley (Hordeum vulgare) by pretreatment with ethephon

ABSTRACT

Root growth into hypoxic or anoxic waterlogged soil relies on internal aeration in plants. The plant hormone ethylene helps adapt to waterlogging by inducing the formation of aerenchyma, which provides a low-resistance pathway for the transport of oxygen from the shoot to the root apex. Waterlogging-susceptible crops including barley start to form aerenchyma after suffering waterlogging stress. But waterlogging can be fatal if aerenchyma formation is not fast enough. Here, we investigated whether pre-treating barley with ethephon, an ethylene-releasing agrochemical, could improve its tolerance to mimicked waterlogging conditions (using stagnant deoxygenated agar nutrient solution). In barley growing in aerated nutrient solution, ethephon treatment enhanced aerenchyma formation at the root tips and induced the development of shorter and shallower roots. Pre-treating barley leaves also delayed waterlogging-caused whiting and increased the percentages of viable root-tips under waterlogging conditions. However, the pretreatment did not noticeably increase fresh weight or shoot length. Further studies are needed to optimize ethephon treatment conditions to improve barley production under waterlogged conditions.     

湿涝对花生矿质营养的影响及其营养调控

本研究针对南方花生产区春夏湿涝害,通过盆栽试验研究了湿涝及其营养调控对花生营养吸收的影响。结果表明,1)湿涝时花生对N、P、K和Ca、Mg的吸收和积累严重受抑。N、P、K、Ca总体以叶片下降最明显,其次是根系,茎秆相对下降较小。Mg以茎秆下降最多,其次是叶片,根系相对下降最小。湿涝对花269主要营养元素积累总量的影响大于豫花15号;2)几种营养调控措施对受湿涝后花生的N、P、K和Ca、Mg的吸收和积累几乎均有一定程度的提高。其中含有氮组分的调控处理效果明显,追施磷肥后期可较好的促进花生营养吸收,但效应较迟缓,其余调控处理提高幅度较小。花生叶片中N的积累量和幼果中Ca的积累量与产量之间显著正相关。     

花生苗期干旱处理后转录和代谢通路分析

为解析花生耐旱性的调控基础,本研究通过对10个不同的花生材料苗期进行干旱-复水实验,结合转录组分析,探讨了干旱条件下不同花生材料抵御干旱胁迫的分子机制。研究结果显示,来源于非洲的花生材料Waliyar Tiga耐旱性最强,其次是kQ044抗青、中花16和早花生,干旱敏感的材料为狮头企、山花13、ICGV86745以及丰花2号;耐旱及干旱敏感材料的根冠比存在显著差异,耐旱材料的根冠比平均值为35.0%,干旱敏感材料的根冠比平均值为15.26%。早花生和中花16的根冠比最大。转录组结果表明抗感材料的差异表达基因主要富集在氧化磷酸化、光合作用和植物代谢途径;通过差异基因富集分析发现,耐旱材料在干旱条件下生长素应答途径基因的表达明显弱于敏感材料。生理和转录组的结果表明耐旱材料利用发达的根系系统、能量代谢的提升、次生代谢的加强和生长的抑制四个方面共同应对干旱胁迫。抗旱材料中花16和Waliyar Tiga在干旱条件下均具有较强的光合作用和氧化磷酸化的能力,中花16的根冠比显著大于Waliyar Tiga,但其耐旱性不及Waliyar Tiga,推测可能源于其较大的叶面积导致更多的叶面水分散失,从而使其耐旱能力低于Waliyar Tiga。     

Effect of pre- and post-heading waterlogging on growth and grain yield of four millets

Seeds of Panicum miliaceum, Panicum sumatrense, Setaria glauca, and Setaria italica were raised in polyvinylchloride tubes filled with soil to determine interspecific differences in waterlogging tolerance and the effect of pre- and post-heading waterlogging on growth and grain yield. Four treatments were conducted including control (no-waterlogging stress during growth). Pre-heading waterlogging treatment was initiated 17 days after sowing to heading (TC). Post-heading waterlogging treatment was initiated heading till harvest (CT). Waterlogging treatment was initiated 17 days after sowing to harvesting (TT). The grain yield of P. miliaceum, S. glauca, and S. italica decreased 16, 18, and 4%, while that of P. sumatrense increased 210% under TT treatment and this showed P. sumatrense had most waterlogging tolerance. The grain yield was more affected under TC treatment in S. italica and P. miliaceum. However, there was not significant differences the grain yield between TC and CT treatment in P. sumatrense and S. glauca. Total dry weight, total root dry weight, number of crown root, and the proportion of lysigenous aerenchyma of P. sumatrense were significantly higher than those of other millets at harvesting. Plant growth rate, total root dry weight, number of crown root, and the proportion of lysigenous aerenchyma of P. sumatrense were significantly higher than those of other millets at heading. These results suggest that P. sumatrense exhibits waterlogging tolerance by enhancing root growth characterized by a high proportion of lysigenous aerenchyma in the crown root.     

Utilizing Chromosome Segment Substitution Lines (CSSLs) for Evaluation of Root Responses to Transient Moisture Stresses in Rice

Abstract

Drought and waterlogging that occur sequentially under field conditions are important abiotic stresses affecting plant growth and development. The ability to maintain the root system development during the contrasting moisture stresses may be one of the key traits for plant adaptation. This study aimed to identify the key root traits that contributed to the above ability by comparatively examining the effects of the two moisture stresses in succession on root system development. The chromosome segment substitution lines (CSSLs) from the crosses between the japonica rice cultivar Nipponbare and indica rice cultivar Kasalath were used for precise comparison of root system development. The rice seedlings were grown by hydroponics under a continuously well-aerated condition for 14 days (non-stressed), a drought condition for 7 days followed by an oxygen (O₂)-deficient (stagnant) condition for 7 days (drought-to-stagnant, D-S), or a stagnant condition for 7 days followed by drought condition for 7 days (stagnant-to-drought, S-D). CSSL43 and 47 did not show any significant differences in growth from Nipponbare under the non-stressed condition, but exhibited greater lateral root production under the stresses. Lateral root production was most closely related to faster seminal root elongation mediated by higher aerenchyma formation in the D-S condition, and to more branching of lateral roots on the seminal root axis in the S-D condition. The D-S condition severely affected lateral root production due to reduced seminal root elongation and aerenchyma formation. These results confirmed the fact that those root traits previously identified using different cultivars greatly contribute to plant adaptation. Oxygen deficiency preceded by drought (D-S) was more stressful to roots than drought preceded by O₂ deficiency (S-D), because drought reduced root aerenchyma formation during the subsequent stagnant condition.     

乙烯利诱导水稻根内通气组织形成的研究

 以扬稻6号（Oryza sativa L.）幼苗为材料,研究乙烯利对根内组成型通气组织形成的影响。结果表明,随营养液中乙烯利浓度的增高,中皮层部位细胞解体形成通气空腔数增多,超氧化物歧化酶的活性呈下降趋势;以正常生长的水稻根系为对照,100 mg/L乙烯利处理后根尖10 mm和距根尖10 mm以上部位的木葡聚糖转葡糖苷酶（XET）基因表达量均显著高于对照相应部位,XET基因的积累与通气组织形成具有一致性;对处理与对照根尖10 mm部位超微结构比较发现,乙烯利处理后根系皮层细胞发生死亡解体的时间早,在距离根尖4 mm处多数细胞内核已解体消亡,细胞壁周围可见较多的高尔基体、线粒体和膜包裹的空泡等。     

施钙对瘠薄红壤旱地花生土壤理化性质的影响

为探讨钙肥对瘠薄红壤旱地花生土壤理化性质影响，同时为优化花生生长环境提供理论依据，本研究在 湖南长沙选取红壤瘠薄旱地以及3个不同粒型大小花生品种（大粒湘花2008、中粒湘花55、小粒蓝山小籽），运用土 柱试验栽培法，设置施钙肥（CaO）和不施钙2个处理，对花生主要生育期的根际、0~20cm土壤理化性质进行测试与 分析。结果表明：在缺钙酸性土壤下，施钙能提高所有品种、各时期（成熟期略有不同）、各土层花生土壤的pH值， 调节土壤过酸强度；提升土壤有机质含量（蓝山小籽＞湘花2008＞湘花55）；显著增加土壤碱解氮含量（湘花55＞湘 花2008＞蓝山小籽）；更好地提高大、中粒型品种土壤有效钾含量；降低大、中粒型品种土壤有效磷含量。因此，在 氮、磷、钾营养元素充足，钙元素缺失的土壤下，增施石灰钙肥，既可降低土壤酸度，又能提高有机质、碱解氮、有效 钾含量，却降低速效磷含量，在缺钙酸性土壤花生生产中施用石灰时应增施磷肥，从而保障花生高产高效栽培。