寄主诱导的基因沉默干扰核盘菌致病基因OAH在甘蓝型油菜抗菌核病中的应用

油菜是我国第一大油料作物,菌核病是我国油菜面临的主要病害之一。本试验利用HIGS技术将核盘菌中关键致病基因SS1G＿08218 (OAH)的干扰片段转化到甘蓝型油菜中,获得含有siRNA的转基因油菜植株,研究HIGS介导的SsOAH基因沉默对油菜抗菌核病的影响。接种核盘菌后的抗病鉴定结果表明,SS.OAH.RNAi转基因油菜植株对核盘菌抗性增强;R18、R25和R36株系叶片接菌后病斑部位核盘菌菌丝内的OAH基因表达量均低于野生型,证明siRNA在转基因油菜中成功表达;在添加了转基因油菜叶片提取物的培养基上培养的核盘菌扩展面积显著小于野生型,分别降低35.29%、21.98%、31.53%,且菌丝生长显著迟缓,扩展长度较短,分支少,生长过程中发生断裂,生长异常,将其接种于正常的野生型油菜后,其致病力明显下降;对转基因油菜叶片接种核盘菌后观察发现,叶片上的菌丝扩展较为稀疏,生长受阻,侵染垫形成受到抑制,暗示在油菜中表达OAH基因的干扰片段影响了菌丝生长和扩展;进一步检测其病斑组织中的草酸含量发现,接菌36 h、48 h后转基因油菜病斑组织中的草酸含量为391μg g–1、446μg g–...     

以器官和发育特异性抗病双基因转化油菜

菌核病是我国油菜主产区的主要病害，系由核盘菌(Sclerotinia sclerotiorum)的子囊孢子在晚春直接侵染开花植株衰老的叶片，或先侵染飘落在衰老叶片上的花瓣后再产生菌丝侵入叶片和植株本体。几丁质是核盘菌菌丝体细胞壁的主要组成成分，几丁质酶破坏真菌菌丝尖端新合成的几丁质而抑制病菌的生长。草酸是核盘菌侵染寄主植物后分泌的毒素，草酸氧化酶能够分解草酸，缓解核盘菌在油菜体内的毒性。我们将几丁质酶基因和草酸氧化酶基因与拟南芥衰老叶片启动子PSAG12嵌合在一起构建成表达载体，使两外源抗病基因仅在转基因油菜的衰老叶片中表达，在发挥抗病作用的同时最大限度地节约了植物的能量消耗。本实验采用in planta的转化方法，转化效率在0．1％左右，每个转基因植株的插入位点为1——3个拷贝。对T1代转基因植株的RT-PCR分析表明，两个外源抗病基因在衰老叶片中的表达强于幼嫩叶片。转基因植株叶片尤其是衰老叶片对核盘菌的抗性及对草酸毒素的耐性均得到了增强。从转基因植株上飘落的花瓣也表现出对核盘菌抗性的提高。抗病双基因在叶片和花瓣发育的特定时期表达不仅提高了油菜对核盘菌侵染的针对性，还可能减轻转基因植株的能源消耗和生理扰乱。对转基因植株后代的农艺学和生理学研究正在进行之中。     

提高农杆菌介导法将PinII抗虫基因导入滇型水稻的转化效率

本论文对滇型水稻品种玉优一号、HT-7的愈伤组织诱导、基因转化及植株再生进行了研究。通过实验，将质粒pCAMBI1300上带有的PinⅡ抗虫基因导入水稻愈伤组织细胞中，获得了一批Hyg抗性植株。185株抗性苗经过PCR检测和叶片对潮霉素的抗性试验，证明其中有59株为转基因阳性植株。结果显示，受体、农杆菌状态以及共培养方式等是影响基因转化效率的关键因素；以叶片对潮霉素的抗性作为转基因植株的快速筛选是可行的，大大提高了检测效率。     

植物病原菌群体猝灭基因克隆及诱导表达载体构建

N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯是革兰氏阴性细菌致病过程中的关键信号分子,芽孢杆菌中广泛存在的aiiA基因编码AHL-Lactonase能够水解信号分子AHLs。研究利用PCR方法从枯草芽孢杆菌中克隆了aiiA基因,序列分析表明,该基因由753个碱基组成,编码含有250个氨基酸残基的蛋白质,核苷酸序列与已报道aiiA的同源性为87%～96%。将该基因置于诱导型启动子PPP3调控下,连接到植物表达载体pCAMBIA1301中,成功构建了aiiA基因的植物诱导表达载体pCAM-PPP3-aiiA,为进一步通过转基因技术研究该基因的功能奠定了基础。     

枯草芽孢杆菌BSD-2的GFP标记及其在黄瓜上的定殖研究

为研究枯草芽孢杆菌BSD-2在黄瓜植株上的定殖情况,采用稍加改进的电击转化方法将含有GFP基因的p GFP4412质粒导入枯草芽孢杆菌BSD-2菌株中,并测定了其生长曲线、质粒遗传稳定性及其对枯萎病菌和灰霉病菌的抑制作用。结果表明,成功获得具有绿色荧光的菌株BSD-2-GFP;标记菌株的生长趋势与野生型菌株基本一致;在无选择压力条件下连续培养56 h,菌株BSD-2-GFP的遗传稳定性为86%;其对植物枯萎病菌和灰霉病菌具有很强的抑制作用,与野生型菌株相当。通过荧光显微镜观察发现,标记菌株处理24 h后即可在黄瓜根内部发现,5 d后可在叶脉发现,且50 d后仍可在叶脉观测到。结果表明,菌株BSD-2-GFP可以很好地在黄瓜体内定殖,从而阻止病原菌的侵入。     

苹果PGIP基因植物表达载体的构建及转化番茄的研究

为了验证苹果多聚半乳糖醛酸酶抑制蛋白(PGIP)基因表达产物对植物病原真菌的作用,获得转基因植株,培育抗病新品种,本研究用限制性内切酶SalⅠ、BamHⅠ将已克隆的苹果PGIP基因从克隆载体pMD-18T上切下,定向插入到植物表达载体pWR306的ED35s启动子和TNOS终止子中间,成功构建了苹果PGIP基因植物表达载体pWR306-PGIP及工程农杆菌,以番茄中蔬四号叶片及茎段为受体,通过农杆菌介导法转化,获得了8株PCR检测阳性的番茄植株.     

农杆菌转化小麦幼胚获得转bar基因再生植株

用农杆菌转化小麦授粉10d后的幼胚，经5‰PPT筛选获得大量正常再生植株。PCR及PCR－Southern杂交检测证明其中23％（18株）再生苗为转化bar基因植株，这些植株可明显提高对basta的抗性。还总结了农杆菌转化小麦幼胚高效获得转基因再生植株的处理程序。     

对铜绿丽金龟幼虫有活性的苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株的分离及鉴定

为了发掘新的斑资源,从3种不同土壤类型的样品中分离得到了285株苏云金芽孢杆菌菌株。采用杀虫活性测定方法从中获得了13株对铜绿丽金龟幼虫具有高毒力的菌株。利用PCR—RFLP鉴定体系和SDS-PAGE蛋白分析法,研究了这13株苏云金芽孢杆菌的杀虫晶体蛋白基因类型和晶体蛋白表达情况。结果显示,有12株均含有编码毒杀铜绿丽金龟幼虫毒素蛋白的cry8Ca基因,而FTL53没有鉴定到已有的基因类型。这13株菌的伴孢晶体都含有分子量为130kDa的蛋白。本研究为不断发现新型的、具有高毒力的cry毒素基因奠定了基础。     

转几丁质酶和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶双价基因小麦的获得和鉴定

利用农杆菌介导法将几丁质酶基因和β-1,3-葡聚糖酶双价基因导入小麦品种扬麦10号和Bobwhite,共得到了13株T0代转基因植株,2个小麦品种的转化效率分别为1.4%和1.0%.T1代植株赤霉病抗性鉴定结果表明,转基因植株对赤霉病具有一定抗性,小穗发病率4.76%～11.76%,低于抗病对照和感病对照.T1代植株分子检测结果表明,外源基因分离比例为2.33∶1,较低的分离比例可能与外源基因的丢失有关.     

转枯草芽孢杆菌纤溶酶(Bacillus subtilis fibrinolytic enzyme,BSFE)基因对烟草氧自由基和保护酶系统的影响

除个别时期外，转枯草芽孢杆菌纤溶酶(Bacillus subtilis fibrinolytic enzyme,BSFE)基因及其信号肽和前肽序列烟草叶、茎、根氧自由基含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性均显著高于野生型烟草植株，抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性也较野生型烟草植株高，但二者差异不显著。推测氧自由基含量的变化与BSFE的蛋白水解活性有关；超氧化物歧化酶和抗坏血酸过氧化物酶活性变化可能与该转基因烟草植株对外源BSFE基因表达和产物累积产生的逆境适应有关。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...