Cross-Sectoral Policy Linkages and Environmental Accounting in Forestry

Abstract

It is important to analyze cross-sectoral policy linkages and to quantify their effects by using the system of integrated environmental and economic accounting in order to ensure effective integration of forestry into national development. This paper reviews relevant policy linkages in the forestry sector, policy applications of forestry accounts, and challenges to their implementation. It argues for the need to develop regional or local accounting methods providing social, environmental, and economic data to allow assessment of the combined impacts of different public policies. It emphasizes the urgency of strengthening the management capacity of public agencies in dealing with complex policy networks addressing sustainable and multifunctional forest management.     

森林生态系统健康评价现状及展望

以森林生态系统健康评价的概念为出发点,从评价层次、评价指标、评价方法和评价标准等方面剖析森林健康评价的关键技术,综述国内外有关森林生态系统健康评价的研究进展,并分析当前研究中存在的问题,如指标体系不够完善、评价方法有待完善、评价标准主观性强、评价结果不准确等。今后森林生态系统健康评价研究的重点应着重于理论探索和方法完善方面,从研究健康机制入手,完善评价指标体系,改进评价的手段、方法和技术,确立不同区域主要森林类型的健康标准,为调控不健康的森林、保持森林健康状态、实现森林生态系统的可持续发展提供理论依据和技术支持。     

Agroforestry experimentation: Separating the wood from the trees?

ICRAF has evolved and evaluated experimental approaches to agroforestry problems which will help resercchers reach practical conclusions most cost-effectively in the shortest possible time, and with only limited resources. This has meant looking into the experimental phases needed, developing the conceptual background to research problems which involve the complex spatial/temporal features of agroforestry systems, suggesting and initiating simplified field experimental designs and/or assessment methodologies, and establishing source and reference design materials about agroforestry research for distribution.These four sets of activities are outlined and briefly discussed in relation to some of the key research issues which have emerged.Suitable methods for many areas of experimental agroforestry are rapidly being defined, although some of the more complex issues (e.g. multistrata systems, on-farm research with multipurpose trees and tree/crop mixtures) still need a focused attempt to develop appropriate research methodologies.Head, Research Development Division, ICRAF     

化工类项目环境影响评价中工程分析的要点研究

指出了工程分析是化工类项目环境影响评价的核心部分,探讨了工程分析的编写要点和方法。从编写涉及到的项目概况、生产工艺技术和方法、主要原材料消耗及能耗、污染源分析、评价因子的选定等方面,重点阐述了生产工艺和污染源分析,并提出了编写环评报告时应注意的问题。     

An overview of proven Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment tools for forests and forest-dependent communities across the globe: a literature analysis

Climate Change Vulnerability Assessment (VA) tools for forest ecosystems and forest-dependent communities are important for making decisions and understanding the impact of climate change on both social and natural systems. However, the tools are poorly coordinated, making it difficult for policymakers to carry out VAs properly. The aim of this study was to analyze VA literature worldwide to find representative case studies in terms of methods and tools applied and which have been successful in performing VAs on forests and forest-dependent communities. All successful VA studies analyzed had common characteristics such as significant funding, data availability and technical capacity. An additional characteristic was the development of an integrated approach that considered the vulnerability of both ecosystems and communities by combining qualitative and quantitative methods. Community members and relevant stakeholders were significantly involved in a participatory process that concluded with the identification of adaptation measures. The case studies also revealed how policymakers need to choose suitable methods and tools to undertake efficient assessment of vulnerabilities. They need to consider several aspects of the VA process such as subject matter, availability of resources, time and scale.     

中国湿地评价研究进展与展望

湿地评价在20世纪70年代后逐渐成为湿地科学的研究热点。针对不同的评价目的、评价对象和评价指标体系，湿地评价可以分为湿地生态系统功能评价、湿地生态效益评价和湿地生态系统环境影响评价。但各种湿地评价方法之间相互联系甚至重叠，特别是湿地功能评价与其他湿地评价类型间关系更加密切。今后我国湿地评价应主要侧重于湿地评价的基础理论研究、结构-过程-功能的研究、评价指标体系和评价定量化方法的研究和湿地评价新技术、新方法的研究。     

博爱县农田林网永续经营技术及效益分析

分析了博爱县农田林网形成后在生态、经济、社会等方面所产生的显著效益。总结了实现农田林网永续经营的具体方法。为平原地区农田林网的经营与管理提供了很好的依据。     

Plot size and shape for the early assessment of post-fire regeneration in Aleppo Pine Stands

Aleppo pine stands account for a third of the burned forests in the Mediterranean basin. The early assessment of post-fire regeneration is essential for the management of such stands. The assessment should be based on reliable and objective methods. In the Mediterranean basin, plot size and shape applied in regeneration survey designs and sampling schemes differ considerably. A study involving twelve stands (7 unharvested and 5 harvested) in the Province of Taranto (southern Italy) was carried out 38 months after a fire, by comparing plots of different shape and size within a plot-count sampling frame. The relative efficiency method was used to compare the efficiency of each size and shape. Early regeneration of Aleppo pine proved to be best assessed by 8m × 2m plots, i.e. by a plot size four times wider than the most commonly used one (2m × 2m). The need for such wide plots depends upon the typical spatial arrangement of the seedlings whose clustering is associated with the presence of seed bearing trees.     

云南省少数民族地区森林资源资产评估实证分析

论述森林资源资产评估的重要性和常用的评估方法．对云南省少数民族地区的森林资源资产评估现状进行分析．认为主要存在着评估费用过高、相应评估机构不够健全,评估人员的数量欠缺和素质不佳等问题．并藉此提出因地制宜选择适当评估方法,对森林资源评估费用进行政策补贴,组建森林资源交易市场,加强对评估工作的规范管理等建议．     

成林毛竹林资产核查与评估初探

毛竹是我国林业重要资源之一,随着毛竹林资产评估业务量加大,对评估精度要求的提高,毛竹林资产评估日趋重要。本文对成林毛竹林资产核查、资料收集及评估方法进行了概述,并在总结当前成林毛竹林资产核查方法和评估测算等方面的基础上,对成林毛竹林资产核查和评估作了示例分析,以期能为建立比较完善的毛竹林核查方法,资产评估测算体系提供一些参考借鉴。     

Why and how to measure forest governance at local level: A set of indicators

The methodologies and operational instruments for the assessment of forest governance are still under development. While there are some advanced initiatives focused on forest governance assessment at international/national scale, there are relatively few at local level. However, assessments of local forest governance would be useful for both policy-makers and practitioners. The paper presents and discusses an original set of indicators to measure the quality of forest governance at local administrative/spatial level and the method used to develop them. A draft list of indicators (mainly process-oriented) has been formulated with respect to seven governance key-dimensions (sustainability, efficiency, effectiveness, participation, transparency, accountability and capacity). This draft list has been tested in two pilot applications (data collection by means of questionnaires). The indicators, which include both dichotomous and continuous variables, can be standardized in a few composite indicators to provide concise information about governance performance. Despite some methodological limitations that need to be further explored, the final set of 78 indicators appears to be a simple and practicable assessment tool, that can be used either for external or internal evaluations. Additional tests are needed to consolidate the tool.     

基于遥感技术的荒漠化评价研究进展

遥感技术以其信息量大、覆盖区域广和短周期等诸多特点正日趋成为大尺度荒漠化评价的主要手段, 而最简单、最直接且最易于获取的评价指标是植被覆盖, 目前用于获取干旱区植被覆盖的方法主要是计算植被指数(VI)和波谱混合分析(SMA)。文中在综合大量国内外文献的基础上, 对这2种方法在荒漠化评价相关研究上的应用进行了详尽的分析, 并对其在中国荒漠化评价中的应用及前景进行了评述, 无疑, 随着这2项技术的逐渐成熟和完善, 荒漠化评价将变得更为客观、科学和可信。     

基于多源卫星遥感数据的森林过火区面积估算方法

森林火灾作为世界上主要自然灾害之一,严重危害森林资源,威胁人民生命财产安全,破坏自然生态环境。对森林火灾快速、准确的监测是十分重要的。森林过火面积是森林火灾最基本的描述因子,     

Modelling ozone fluxes to forests for risk assessment: status and prospects

? Risk assessment of ozone effects on forests is gradually moving from concentration-based exposure metrics to a more complicated approach that requires modelling of ozone fluxes to trees.

? This study reviews the status of the DO₃SE stomatal flux model employed within the Convention on Long-range Transboundary Air Pollution, describing a range of applications and identifying major research needs, especially in the context of support that could be provided by the International Co-operative Programme on Assessment and Monitoring of Air Pollution Effects on Forests.

? The most urgent development need for DO₃SE is the modelling of the soil moisture status and its effect on stomatal conductance. Furthermore, the data related to the physical characteristics and the seasonal dynamics of physiological activity of vegetation continue to pose problems.

? There is a clear need for more extensive validation of models and risk estimates using more rigorous statistical procedures and comparisons with flux networks and satellites.

? The current large-scale forest monitoring activities provide only limited possibilities for flux modelling, but could be enhanced by introducing a new monitoring strategy outlined here.

     

公路及其路网对生态环境的影响与对策

公路及其路网对开放空间及其中的各种自然生态过程产生了十分不利的影响。从沿线环境污染与侵扰、行动障碍与交通伤亡、区域生境碎化等几方面分析了公路生态环境影响,并结合国际上的一些先进经验论述了公路生态环境建设的基本方法框架、生态环境决策与生态工程措施。       

Improving the International Compatibility of Accountancy Data: The ��DACH-Initiative��

Germany (D), Austria (A) and Switzerland (CH) share a long tradition in monitoring the economic performance of forest enterprises by means of forest accountancy networks. The results generated by these networks are a valuable empirical basis for forestry sector statistics in these countries. In the context of international analyses it is common practice to compare results between countries directly, without addressing the issue of compatibility. However, severe biases and even misjudgements may result from such simplistic approaches. These networks have been developed as national solutions, and their results are neither grounded on common methodological standards nor on attuned definitions, so that their compatibility is not guaranteed. The rising interest in international comparisons indicates that existing accountancy networks may well serve additional purposes. At the same time the importance of compatibility, if not standardisation, is highlighted. The institutions in charge of forestry accountancy networks in these countries recently launched an initiative to establish comparable datasets and to provide additional background information allowing a sound interpretation of any differences. This paper reflects the associated challenges, describes the agreements achieved as well as the common approaches adopted, and presents respective forestry financial results. This example illustrates the prospects as well as the limitations of deriving comparable data from heterogeneous sources. Initially, only few ratios are suited for valid comparisons. However, international compatibility could be improved substantially by computing alternative aggregates following a harmonized concept, the individual records of the participating enterprises providing respective details. In respect to some items, harmonization still hinges on specific amendments of the national data-frames. The preliminary findings indicate that the significance of biases varies to a great extent, so that a specific and prudent assessment is suggested. It is recommended that respective interfaces are provided when designing new forest accountancy data networks and amending existing ones in this respect.     

原油储罐区的危险性分析及对策

由于石油产品具有易燃、易爆、易挥发、有腐蚀性及毒性等特性，使其在储运过程中存在潜在的事故风险，稍有不慎就会酿成重大事故，给人们的生命财产造成破坏和损失。因而有必要对潜在风险进行评估并对风险的不确定性有所了解。罐区作为石油及产品的主要储存区域，担负着液态油品和可燃气体的收发储存任务。本文以某原油储罐区为研究对象，分别采用事故树分析法、美国道化学公司火灾、爆炸危险指数法（第七版）对其事故原因及其危害性进行分析，评价各因素导致事故发生的影响程度，在此基础上提出了的相应安全防范措施，为降低罐区危险等级提供依据。     

A hazard quotient approach for assessing the risk to non-target arthropods from

The EU Plant Protection Product Directive 91/414/EEC recommends the EPPO/CoE Arthropod Natural Enemies Risk Assessment Scheme for guidance on how to conduct risk assessments for terrestrial non-target arthropods. This scheme is currently in the process of being revised by EPPO/ CoE. A major change will be the recommendation for the generation and use of ’Dose Response’ toxicity data instead of limit test data. In addition, the revised EPPO/CoE Non-target Arthropods Risk Assessment Scheme will replace the current arbitrary 30% threshold trigger value applied to limit test data, with a Hazard Quotient (HQ; = Ratio Application Rate/LC50 on Glass)), comparable to the successful approach adopted in the EPPO/CoE ’Honeybee Risk Assessment Scheme’. However, in order for this new approach to be implemented under 91/414/EEC, an appropriate regulatory HQ trigger value needs to be derived. Such an HQ trigger value has been established by calculating HQ values for the 2 recommended sensitive indicator species (T pyri andAphidius) for a wide range of products and validating opposite robust semi-field/field data. This validation indicated that an HQ trigger value of ≥ 12 forT pyri and ≥ 8 forAphidius spp., should be used to trigger higher-tier risk assessment and/or higher-tier testing for non-target arthropods. As these trigger values were validated with realistic semi-field/ field data they apply for both lethal and sub-lethal effects as well as single and multiple application scenarios. Due to the worst case assumptions used in this HQ validation analysis, no further uncertainty factors need to be applied for in-crop risk assessment. Whilst a small amount of uncertainty exists regarding the comparative sensitivity ofT pyri andAphidius spp. for off-crop non-target arthropod guilds of arthropods, this is balanced by the fact that the off-crop exposure assessment used in the HQ derivation, is at least an order of magnitude higher than that realistically likely in the field. This HQ approach and trigger value is an appropriate and conservative tool for tier 1 risk assessment, which should reduce the number of false positive results leading to unnecessary higher-tier testing.     

Creating alternative spaces and articulating needs: Challenging gendered notions of forestry and forest ownership through women's networks

The forest industry continues to be men dominated, dependent on forest owners' supply of raw material and of significant importance to the national and local economy and economic development in Sweden. The interconnection between masculinity and the work, knowledge, forest owners and professionals in the sector contributes to exclusion of women. In response to this, women forest owners have formed networks in different local areas. Through focus group interviews, this study examined the strategies, functions and positions of these networks, both in their individual locations and the overall policy processes of gender mainstreaming of the sector, to scrutinise the reproduction of gender inequities and the gendered notion of forestry. The results show how the networks are acting to expand the discursive space, establish alternative publics and empower their members by inventing and circulating counterdiscourses. The different strategies adopted by the networks appear to have emerged in response to contemporary political processes. The conclusion is that one single public sphere cannot encompass the diversity of the contemporary forestry sector, indicating a need to contain a multiplicity of publics, both to challenge the modes of deliberation that mask domination and to facilitate transformative processes.