生防微生物BRF-1对大豆根腐病的拮抗作用

BRF-1是从大豆根际分离获得的生防细菌(Bacillus spp.).平板对峙培养结果表明,该菌对大豆根腐病4种主要病原菌大豆尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、腐霉菌(Pythiumspp.)、立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)和茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)具有很强的拮抗作用.进一步盆栽试验发现,BRF-1的不同处理不仅可以有效抑制由尖孢镰刀菌引起大豆根腐病发生,而且还具有促进幼苗生长的作用,是一株极有希望的生防微生物.     

甘肃定西小扁豆镰刀菌根腐病病原鉴定及致病性测定

对定西李家堡镇、十八里铺镇、巉口镇的小扁豆根腐病植株进行了分离,得到了130株镰刀菌单孢株系,经鉴定为6个种,其中尖孢镰刀菌100株,所占比例最大,为76.96%,茄病镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌、接骨木镰刀菌、锐顶镰镰刀菌所占比例分别为9.00%、7.00%、3.90%、0.70%、3.08%。盆栽致病性测定结果表明尖孢镰刀菌、茄病镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌和木贼镰刀菌都有致病性,是小扁豆根腐病的病原菌,其中尖孢镰刀菌为优势病原菌,并且茄病镰刀菌、串珠镰刀菌和木贼镰刀菌作为小扁豆根腐病病原在国内首次报道。幼苗接种结果表明小扁豆在发芽第8 d发病率最高,在胚根中部和基部侵染率高。     

大豆根际真菌类群对大豆幼苗生长的影响

利用稀释平板法分离连作大豆根际真菌类群，结果表明：大豆根际真菌类群主要有１０种，以青霉菌、根霉菌和丝核菌占优势。根际真菌类群接种大豆的土培盆栽试验结果表明，青霉菌对大豆幼苗生长具有明显的促进作用，镰刀菌和丝核菌对大豆幼苗根部有寄生作用，是大豆极腐病的主要致病菌，且丝核菌致病力强于镰刀菌。     

筛选用于防治大豆尖孢镰刀菌根腐病的木霉菌株

采用平板对峙培养、温室盆栽的方法筛选来自黑龙江省海伦大豆轮作区的木霉菌,用于防治大豆尖孢镰刀菌根腐病.共测试了80个木霉菌株,筛选出3个防治效果较好的木霉菌株MM35、MM9、MM3 ,相对防效分别为26.95%～66.34%、21.52%～63.70%、22.78%～51.05%.盆栽试验表明MM35能够降低大豆根腐病的主要病原菌-尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)在土壤中的种群数目.其中MM9对大豆植株能起到增生作用,MM35、MM3则无明显的促生作用.     

甘肃中部地区亚麻枯萎病病原菌及其致病性差异研究

从亚麻根部分离到尖孢镰刀菌(F.oxysporum)、茄病镰刀菌(F.solani)、串珠镰刀菌(F.moniliforme)、半裸镰刀菌(F.semitectum)、砖红镰刀菌(F.lateritium)5个种的101个菌株。依据柯赫式法则,确定其病原菌为尖孢镰刀菌。利用盆栽法做致病性测定,结果表明87个镰刀菌菌株的致病性差异显著。     

大豆枯萎病的发生与防治

大豆枯萎病近几年在黑龙江省有加重发展地趋势。从单株到点片状发生 ,死株率 1‰～ 3 8%从出苗到成熟整个生育期间都有发病 ,发病轻重与生育期间降水量偏少 ,气温偏高 ,迎茬连作 ,线虫为害等因子有关系。1　大豆枯萎病致病菌大豆枯萎病又称萎蔫病、根腐病、茎腐病、镰刀菌凋萎病和立枯病。致病菌据报道主要有尖孢镰刀菌、木贼镰刀菌、半裸镰刀菌、禾谷镰刀菌、茄腐镰刀菌、藤仓赤霉菌、立枯丝核菌等不同的种及不同生理小种。国外报道寄生有豇豆、豌豆、蚕豆及一些双子叶杂草。致病菌存活在土壤、病残体和感病种上。美国Ｃｒｏｍｗｅｌｌ 191…     

接种茄病镰刀菌(Fusarium solani f.sp.glycines)对不同基因型大豆植株和须根的影响

摘要：茄病镰刀菌（Fusarium solani f．sp．glydne）是一种土生细菌,通过侵染大豆根系引发猝死综合症。利用温室盆栽试验和须根培养试验研究了接种茄孢镰刀菌对13个不同基因型大豆的影响。结果表明：接种后所有盆栽大豆主根都有明显深褐色的侵染病斑;移植后21d测定了盆栽植株叶部发病程度,Peking表现最为严重,然后依次为Spencer,Ripley,P3981,Williams82,Essex,Forrest,Iroquois,PI520733,Hartwig,PI567650B,Jack,和PI567374。叶部发病程度与冠高（r=-0．422,P=0．0018）、冠重（r=-0．857,P〈0．0001）和根重（r=-0．732,P〈0．0001）呈显著负相关。主根病斑长度与叶部发病程度没有相关性,表明大豆对病原菌的抗性不能仅通过根系得到充分控制。对培养的大豆须根接种茄病镰刀菌菌丝体10d后,不同基因型大豆的菌落直径的变化范围为17—40mm,差异显著（P=0．05）,其中Spencer和Peking须根上的菌落直径显著（P=0．05）大于PI567374和PI520733。对Spencer和PI567374的须根接种10灿茄病镰刀菌常量成分悬浮液,10d后菌落直径分别为50和38mm,差异显著（P=0．05）。通常,不同基因型大豆间茄病镰刀菌在培养须根上的生长与整株的症状间有一定的相关性,但不总是这样,这是因为即使根系对毒素产生抗性来减少叶部病害症状,但并不是所有的大豆都表现出明显的根系抗性。     

水稻早育秧苗立枯病致病镰刀菌分离、鉴定及致病性测定

对345份采自安徽凤阳，蒙城，定远等地的水稻立枯病病样进行了分析，获得了58个致病的镰刀菌单孢株系，经鉴定为6个种，其中以串珠镰刀菌比例最大，占60．35％，砖红镰刀菌，尖孢镰刀菌，茄类镰刀菌，半裸镰刀菌，多隔镰刀菌所占比例分别为10．35％，13．79％，5．17％，6．90％和3．45％，致病力测定结果表明串珠镰刀菌的致病力最强；病菌在根中部和根基部的侵染发病率高于根尖和茎基部，不同培养液培养镰刀菌的滤液可以引起相同或更严重的症状。     

大豆根腐病菌拮抗细菌筛选及抗生作用

从大豆根际土壤中分离纯化得到388个细菌菌株,从中筛选对大豆根腐病病原尖孢镰刀菌(Fusaritm oxysporum)、茄腐镰刀菌(Fusarium solani)和立枯丝核菌(Rhizoctonia solani)有拮抗作用的菌株,采用无菌室内点接法初筛,抑菌带大于20mm以上的有12株,通过盆栽防效试验,进一步证明12个菌株中有6个菌株盆栽防治尖孢镰刀菌和立枯丝核菌达到46.0%-78.5%.菌株与病原真菌共培养结果显示,菌株B2、B57、B85和B69使尖孢镰刀菌菌丝干重分别减少51.27%,40.78%、38.87%和34.58%;菌株B57使茄腐镰刀菌菌丝干重减少71.48%.菌株分泌物对病原真菌的拮抗作用研究结果表明,B57的分泌物对尖孢镰刀菌抑制率最高,3d为82.1%,6d为90.6%;其次是B16,3d为58.8%,6d为51.1%.     

内蒙古马铃薯枯萎病病原菌鉴定及其生物学特性

马铃薯枯萎病在内蒙古马铃薯种植区发生日趋严重。为明确其病原,2009~2014年对采自内蒙古各地的马铃薯枯萎病病样进行病原菌分离和鉴定。通过形态学鉴定和r DNA-ITS测序、同源性比对,得知引起内蒙古马铃薯枯萎病病原菌主要为尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum)、三线镰刀菌(F.tricinctum)和茄病镰刀菌(F.solani)。生物学特性研究结果表明,尖孢镰刀菌的最适生长温度为25℃,最适p H为7,最适合生长的培养基为PDA、PSA、Bilais培养基,最适碳源为淀粉和麦芽糖,最适氮源为蛋白胨;三线镰刀菌的最适生长温度为20℃,最适p H为7,最适生长的培养基为玉米粉和燕麦粉培养基,最适碳源为淀粉,最适氮源为尿素;茄病镰刀菌的最适温度为30℃,最适p H为7,最适合生长的培养基为PSA培养基,最适碳源为葡萄糖和蔗糖,最适氮源为硝酸钾。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Marine Pharmacology in 2016–2017: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and Other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action

The review of the 2016–2017 marine pharmacology literature was prepared in a manner similar as the 10 prior reviews of this series. Preclinical marine pharmacology research during 2016–2017 assessed 313 marine compounds with novel pharmacology reported by a growing number of investigators from 54 countries. The peer-reviewed literature reported antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities for 123 marine natural products, 111 marine compounds with antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory activities as well as affecting the immune and nervous system, while in contrast 79 marine compounds displayed miscellaneous mechanisms of action which upon further investigation may contribute to several pharmacological classes. Therefore, in 2016–2017, the preclinical marine natural product pharmacology pipeline generated both novel pharmacology as well as potentially new lead compounds for the growing clinical marine pharmaceutical pipeline, and thus sustained with its contributions the global research for novel and effective therapeutic strategies for multiple disease categories.     

Effects of Micronutrient Deficiencies on Human Health: Its Status in South Asia

SUMMARY

Vitamin A, iodine, and iron deficiencies affect large numbers of people worldwide. A deficiency of one or more of these micronutrients adversely affects the physical and mental abilities of humans. South Asia contains a high percentage of these individuals, not just because of its large population, but also the prevalence of deficiency is higher there than in many other parts of the world. The reasons for the high rates of deficiency in South Asia are many, but they include inadequate availability of micronutrient-rich foods, sub-optimal dietary habits, and high rates of infection. Across the region, national plans vary from (a) increasing availability of appropriate foods, (b) introducing new dietary behaviors, (c) improving health status, and (d) directly addressing deficiency through intervention programs. The extent to which each of the countries is making progress toward the goals of these plans can help in understanding the priorities for future efforts to address micronutrient malnutrition. This article discusses the adverse effects of micronutrient deficiencies in humans with special reference to South Asia.     

Citrus Flavonoids in Fruit and Traditional Chinese Medicinal Food Ingredients in China

Flavonoids-enriched tissues of citrus such as peel, immature fruit and flower are consumed as culinary seasonings, tea ingredients in China for centuries. This HPLC quantitative study on the five citrus flavonoids, naringin, hesperidin, neohesperidin, sinensetin and nobiletin on a wide range of Chinese citrus fruits and several Traditional Chinese Medicinal food ingredients in East China, revealed a great diversity in flavonoid composition. Huyou peel (C. paradisi cv. Changshanhuyou) was found to be the best naringin (3.25%) and neohesperidin (2.76%) source; C. aurantium, a major ingredient of several citrus-related TCM, is also a suitable source of naringin and neohesperidin, and a good juice source for flavanone glycosides; the peel of Wenzhoumiju (C. unshiu) is one of the richest local species in hesperidin (up to 6.25%); Zaoju (C. subcompressa) has the highest content of nobiletin (0.59%), a polymethoxylated flavone. LC-ES-MS analysis of Zanthoxylum genus for flavonoids revealed for the first time the presence of significant amounts (0.74%) of hesperidin in the root of Liangmianzhen (Z. nitidum (Roxb.) DC), a relative of Sichuan pepper, which is a spice widely used in China.     

Evolutionary aspects of the trade-off between seed size and number in crops

Whereas the concept that availability of resources drives seed production is sound in principle, it is incomplete as there are many solutions to the allocation of resources that derive from the trade-off between number and size. This paper examines evolutionary aspects of this trade-off in annual grain crops. The analysis is centred on the working hypotheses that, for a given species and environment, allocation of resources to reproduction involves (H1) high plasticity in seed number, which allows for variable resource availability, and (H2) a relatively narrow range of seed size that results from evolutionary and agronomic selection. Comparisons between crops and fish are used to highlight common evolutionary elements in taxa where parents provide little or no care to their offspring, with the consequence that both number and early survival of offspring, hence fitness of parents, are partially related to embryo size and reserves.

The plasticity of seed number in relation to availability of resources is analysed against the established relationship between offspring number and parent growth rate during critical stages. The notion that seed size is under stabilising selection is analysed against three conditions: (1) mean seed size is conservative for a given species and environment, (2) seed size affects fitness, and (3) seed size is heritable. Databases from published papers were compiled to analyse the relative variability of seed size and number, and the heritability of seed size. Evidence for and against the link between seed size and parental fitness is revised using the Smith–Fretwell model as framework (Am. Nat., 108, 499–506).

The proposal of high plasticity of seed number and narrow variability of seed size resulting from stabilising natural selection is generally consistent with evolutionary and genetic considerations. Agronomic selection may have reinforced natural selection leading to relatively narrow seed size in species such as wheat and soybean, where cultivated types retained high plasticity for seed number. In contrast, selection for one or few inflorescences in crops like sunflower and maize may have morphologically reduced seed number plasticity and increased variability of seed size and its responsiveness to resource availability in relation to their wild ancestors.     

Management of Soil Micronutrient Deficiencies in the Rice-Wheat Cropping System

Summary

Within the last three decades, the rice-wheat cropping system has triggered, and with time, aggravated soil micronutrient deficiencies in the Indo-Gangetic Plains (IGP). This has largely been due to the shift from an earlier rice and wheat monoculture with low yielding, long duration indigenous varieties, to an intensive rice-wheat rotation cropping system with short duration modern high yielding varieties on the same piece of land. The problems related to micronutrient deficiency in the IGP are more due to the size of its available pools in the soil rather than its total contents and are greatly influenced by crop management, or rather its mismanagement. Deficiency of zinc is widespread in the IGP, but with the extensive use of zinc sulfate, zinc deficiency has reduced in some areas of the region. Meanwhile, the deficiency of Fe, Mn and B has increased in the IGP. Deficiency of Cu and Mo is location specific and can limit rice and wheat yields. The adoption and spread of the rice-wheat system in permeable coarse textured soils, particularly in the western IGP, not only caused iron deficiency in rice but also resulted in the emergence of manganese deficiency in wheat. In highly calcareous and acidic soils, boron is the next limiting micronutrient in crop production after zinc. Bumper rice and wheat harvests in the past decade, the declining use of organic manures in the region and except for the widespread use of zinc sulfate, a general lack of awareness amongst farmers on micronutrient deficiency problems has contributed to micronutrients limiting rice and wheat yields in the IGP. Approaches to alleviating micronutrient deficiencies include matching the crop removals of the micronutrients with its replenishments through their respective external carriers, supplementation through organic sources and mobilization/utilization through cultivation of micronutrient efficient crop cultivars. Identification of efficient micronutrient carriers and finding the optimum rate, mode and time of its application is important in ameliorating the micronutrient deficiencies. This article reviews the extent of micronutrient deficiency and discusses various management options available to reduce micronutrient deficiency induced crop yield reduction for rice and wheat in the Indo-Gangetic Plains.