磺酰脲类除草剂受市场热捧

中国是磺酰脲类除草剂生产和使用大国。目前,实现国产化的磺酰脲类品种共有苄嘧磺隆、氯磺隆、苯磺隆、甲磺隆、氯嘧磺隆、烟嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆、胺苯磺隆、醚苯磺隆、噻吩磺隆、砜嘧磺隆、磺酰磺隆12个,     

三种磺酰脲类除草剂的光解和水解作用

磺酰脲类除草剂属高效除草剂,即用量少,除草活性高。其残留期因药剂而异,据报道,它们的主要降解方式是水解、微生物降解及水溶性光分解作用,在田间土壤含水量与药剂的降解速度成正比。作者研究了氯磺隆(Chlorsulfuron)、氯嘧磺隆(Chlorimuronethyl)、吡嘧磺隆(Pyrarosulfuron-ethyl)3种磺酰脲类除草剂水溶液的水溶性光分解作用和水解作用,对了解该类除草剂的降解作用有重要意义。     

超声萃取-毛细管电泳测定土壤中磺酰脲类除草剂

建立了土壤中甲磺隆、氯嘧磺隆、噻吩磺隆等3种磺酰脲类除草剂的残留分析方法。经超声萃取、净化后,毛细管电泳分离测定,毛细管电泳条件:运行缓冲液为50 mmol/L乙酸-乙酸铵(p H值=4.8),压力进样8 s,分离电压为25 k V,紫外检测波长为245 nm。该方法在1.0~10 mg/L范围内线性良好,回收率在82%~109%之间,平均相对标准偏差小于3%(n=6)。该方法快速、简便、重现性好,可用于土壤样品的测定。     

浅谈氯磺隆等长残留除草剂药害及治理对策

对于长江流域来说,长残留除草剂主要是指氯磺隆、甲磺隆和胺苯磺隆三种磺酰脲类除草剂。氯磺隆、甲磺隆的成功开发,对解决20世纪80年代后期至90年代长江中下游地区麦田草害问题起到了一定的作用,但其对非靶标作物,尤其是后茬作物也造成了严重的负面影响。1长残留除草剂使用情况     

氯嘧磺隆抗体制备的研究

以合成的半抗原与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)的联结物为免疫抗原,获得对氯嘧磺隆高亲合力的兔抗血清,建立了氯嘧磺隆的直接竞争酶联免疫检测方法。抗血清效价为6.4×104,IC50值为10.9 ng/mL,测定的线性范围是0.4 ~295.4 ng/mL。在河水中的添加回收率为87.9% ~115.7%。结构相似的常用磺酰脲类除草剂与氯嘧磺隆抗体的交叉反应率为0.1% ~4.8%。所建立的方法可用于河水中氯嘧磺隆的残留检测。     

磺酰脲类及咪唑啉酮类除草剂的特性及其应用问题

磺酰脲类及咪唑啉酮类除草剂的特性及其应用问题王焕民（农业部农药检定所１０００２６）目前，在我国获得登记和应用的磺酰脲及咪唑啉酮类除草剂有６个品种：绿磺隆（ｃｈｌｏｒｓｕｌｆｕｒｏｎ）、甲磺隆（ｍｅｔｓｕｌｆｕｒｏｎｍｃｔｈｙｌ）、豆磺隆（氯嘧磺隆ｃｈ...     

稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂的抗性研究

磺酰脲类除草剂在世界各地受到广泛应用,但其作用位点单一,杂草对其易产生抗药性.在贵州,磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆应用至少有20年以上历史,为明确贵州稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆的抗药性,指导农户合理用药,课题组采集贵州不同地区稻田杂草眼子菜鳞茎,采用《农药室内生物测定试验准则》的方法进行测定.试验结果表明:苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆对贵州稻田杂草眼子菜的防效较好,其鲜重防效在81％以上;所采样田块中眼子菜对苄嘧磺隆的IR值在1.00～7.53之间,对吡嘧磺隆的IR值在1.00～10.67之间.表明贵州稻田杂草眼子菜对磺酰脲类除草剂抗性水平不高,但部分田块已开始出现抗药性生态型眼子菜,且眼子菜对苄嘧磺隆、吡嘧磺隆两种药剂间存在着交互抗药性.     

皖南稻田除草剂药害发生现状及其预防对策

皖南稻区水稻除草剂药害呈现发生频率高、大型事故增多、影响层面广泛的新特点。造成药害的主要除草剂包括磺酰脲类的胺苯磺隆、甲磺隆、氯磺隆、甲嘧磺隆,灭生性除草剂草甘膦、百草枯,酰胺类的乙草胺、丙草胺、异丙甲草胺,以及2甲4氯、二氯喹啉酸等。药害原因可分为使用者原因、生产者原因、经营推广者原因、环境因素影响等多种。介绍了缓解药害的经验措施。提出从源头上加强除草剂登记与质量管理．在销售和使用环节加强对有关人员的专业知识培训．严格试验示范推广程序,谨慎使用除草剂等预防对策。     

单嘧磺隆在土壤中的残留分析和消解动态研究

研究了新磺酰脲除草剂单嘧磺隆在土壤中的残留分析方法及其土壤消解动态和最终残留。土壤经甲醇和稀氨水混合液提取 ,液液分配及 C18净化 ,浓缩后用带紫外检测器的高效液相色谱仪进行测定。单嘧磺隆的最低检出量为 4 ng,在土壤中的最低检出浓度为0 .0 2 mg/ kg。本方法的添加回收率为 95.10 %～ 10 3.77% ,变异系数为 1.4 7%～ 11.80 % ,符合农药残留分析的要求。运用上述方法 ,测定了单嘧磺隆在北京和山东土壤中的消解动态以及最终残留。结果表明 :单嘧磺隆在土壤中消解的速度较慢 ,在北京土壤中的半衰期为 9.2 4 d,山东土壤中的半衰期为 13.59d。按推荐剂量施药 ,小麦收获时 ,在北京和山东两地土壤中均未检出单嘧磺隆。     

除草剂靶酶-AHAS酶及基因突变体与除草剂设计(Ⅱ).AHAS及W464突变酶与除草活性分子的相互作用

乙酰羟基酸合成酶(AHAS)是磺酰脲类、咪唑啉酮类、三唑嘧啶磺酰胺类及水杨酸类除草剂的作用靶标,大田使用中杂草对这几类除草剂产生抗性的主要因素是AHAS酶的突变。利用大肠杆菌AHAS Ⅱ中464位的色氨酸突变体(W464A、W464F、W464L、W464Y),研究了野生型和突变酶对商品化除草剂(氯嘧磺隆、氯磺隆、咪唑乙烟酸、咪唑喹啉酸)以及烷硫基磺酰脲的敏感性。野生型E. coli AHAS Ⅱ对这些化合物的抑制作用较为敏感,而突变酶对其呈现出不同程度的抗性,使商品化除草剂的抑制常数增加了10~1.0×104倍不等,烷硫基磺酰脲的抑制常数增加幅度较小。烷硫基磺酰脲 1a 对W464L突变酶的高抑制活性,暗示着发展针对靶酶抗性的除草剂的可能性。     

Sulfonylurea resistance in Stellaria media [L.] Vill.

A sulfonylurea resistant biotype of common chickweed (Stellaria media L. Vill.) was found in a field treated with chlorsulfuron or metsulfuron for eight consecutive years. In pot experiments the biotype was resistant to postemergence treatments with the following acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitors: chlorsulfuron, metsulfuron, tribenuron, triasulfuron, rimsulfuron, sulfometuron, flumetsulam and imazapyr. The level of resistance to chlorsulfuron and sulfometuron was higher than to the other sulfonylurea herbicides. Whereas the level of cross resistance to the triazolopyrimidine herbicide, flumetsulam was comparable to that of metsulfuron, that of imazapyr was significantly lower. In contrast to imazapyr the biotype was not resistant to imazethapyr, an other imidazolinone herbicide. ALS in vitro assays revealed that resistance was due to an ALS enzyme that was less sensitive to ALS inhibiting herbicides. Herbicides with different modes of action were equally effective on the susceptible and resistant biotypes.     

Resistance of Camelina microcarpa to acetolactate synthase inhibiting herbicides

An accession of Camelina microcarpa suspected to be resistant to sulfonylurea herbicides was identified in Oregon in 1998 field experiments. Greenhouse research confirmed that the putative resistant biotype was resistant to chlorsulfuron and metsulfuron on a whole plant level. Compared with the resistant (R) biotype, the susceptible (S) biotype was 1000 and 10 000‐fold more sensitive to metsulfuron and chlorsulfuron respectively. The R biotype was also resistant to other sulfonylurea, sulfonylaminocarbonyl‐triazolinone, imidazolinone and triazolopyrimidine herbicides. An in vivo enzyme assay indicated that acetolactate synthase (ALS) from the R plants required 111 times more chlorsulfuron to inhibit activity by 50% compared with the amount required to have a similar effect on ALS from S plants. Analysis of the nucleotide and amino acid sequences demonstrated that a single‐point mutation from G to T in the als1 gene conferred the change from the amino acid tryptophan to leucine at position 572 in the resistant biotype. This research confirmed that ALS inhibitor resistance in an Oregon accession of C. microcarpa is based on an altered target site conferred by a single‐point mutation.     

Response of Brassica napus in tissue culture to metsulfuron-methyl and chlorsulfuron

A herbicide bioassay based on tissue cultures of Brassica napus L. was evaluated with selected sulfonylurea herbicides. Data were analysed by fitting the results to a log-logistic dose–response model. Within an experiment, the non-linear regression models were fitted simultaneously to the individual dose–response curves. The results obtained showed good response to even low concentrations of herbicide, with detection limits in the range 0.008–0.69 nmol L^?1 for chlorsulfuron and 0.02–0.13 nmol L^?1 for metsulfuron. The reproducibility of the assays, on the basis of coefficient of variation of the ED₅₀ values, was found to be 44% for chlorsulfuron and 48% for metsulfuron measurements. Assay of herbicide dissolved in aqueous soil extract showed significant interference from this matrix on the response, requiring a five times dilution of the extract to overcome this matrix effect.     

土壤中砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆残留的光化学荧光分析方法研究

用紫外线照射非荧光特性的砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆,通过生成具有荧光特性的衍生物,分别研究了其在不同介质中的荧光特性及其影响因子,建立了测定土壤中砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆残留的光化学荧光分析法(PCF)。结果表明:在2×10-3 mol/L、一定酸碱度(砜嘧磺隆pH 7、氯磺隆pH 12)的十六烷基三甲基氯化铵(CTAC)胶体分散体系中,紫外照射150 s是PCF法测定砜嘧磺 隆和氯磺隆残留的最佳条件,在此条件下砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆的检出限(LOD)分别为0.7和0.6 μg/kg, 相对标准偏差(RSD)分别为1.7%和2.1%;在黄松田水稻土、黄红壤性水稻土和青紫泥田水稻土3种不同性质的土壤中,砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆同时测定的平均回收率分别为99.0%±1.0%和98.7%±4.1%、97.6%±1.7%和97.0%±4.7%、96.7 %±2.3%和95.4%±5.5%;所建立的PCF法可有效、快速测定土壤中同时残留的微量砜嘧磺隆和氯磺隆。     

甲磺隆的应用技术及对后茬作物的安全性研究

在冬小麦 1～ 2叶期施用甲磺隆 1.8～ 2.5 g/hm2 ,可有效防除北京地区麦田常见阔叶杂草 ,优于当前常用除草剂苯磺隆 15g/hm2 春季施用的除草效果 ,安全性与春季施用苯磺隆 15g/hm2 相当。实验室降解结果表明 ,当甲磺隆初始浓度为 6.25μg/kg以下时 ,经过215d后 ,对后茬玉米安全。研究表明 ,向日葵是甲磺隆理想的生物测定试材 ,对甲磺隆的最低检出浓度达到 0.125μg/kg,其根长抑制率与除草剂浓度有高度的相关性 ,最佳的剂量 -反应模型为 y=a+b lnx     

Hydrolysis of triasulfuron,metsulfuron‐methyl and chlorsulfuron in alkaline soil and aqueous solutions

The hydrolysis of triasulfuron, metsulfuron‐methyl and chlorsulfuron in aqueous buffer solutions and in soil suspensions at pH values ranging from 5.2 to 11.2 was investigated. Hydrolysis of all three compounds in both aqueous buffer and soil suspensions was highly pH‐sensitive. The rate of hydrolysis was much faster in the acidic pH range (5.2–6.2) than under neutral and moderately alkaline conditions (8.2–9.4), but it increased rapidly as the pH exceeded 10.2. All three compounds degraded faster at pH 5.2 than at pH 11.2. Hydrolysis rates of all three compounds could be described well with pseudo‐first‐order kinetics. There were no significant differences (P = 0.05) in the rate constants (k, day⁻¹) of the three compounds in soil suspensions from those in buffer solutions within the pH ranges studied. A functional relationship based on the propensity of nonionic and anionic species of the herbicides to hydrolyse was used to describe the dependence of the ‘rate constant’ on pH. The hydrolysis involving attack by neutral water was at least 100‐fold faster when the sulfonylurea herbicides were undissociated (acidic conditions) than when they were present as the anion at near neutral pH. In aqueous buffer solution at pH > 11, a prominent degradation pathway involved O‐demethylation of metsulfuron‐methyl to yield a highly polar degradate, and hydrolytic opening of the triazine ring. It is concluded that these herbicides are not likely to degrade substantially through hydrolysis in most agricultural alkaline soils. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Degradation of the sulfonylurea herbicides chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron in a high-organic-matter volcanic soil

The degradation rates of two sulfonylurea herbicides, chlorsulfuron and triasulfuron, were determined at two application rates, 15 and 30 g a.i. ha^–1, in a sandy loam soil of volcanic origin under controlled environment and field conditions. Residues were measured using a modified gas chromatographic (gc) determination method. Both herbicides degraded rapidly in the acidic soil (pH 5.7) with high organic matter levels (7.3% o.m.), generally according to first-order rate kinetics. The respective half-lives ranged from 22 to 38 d for chlorsulfuron and from 31 to 44 d for triasulfuron under five controlled temperature/soil moisture regimens, ranging from 10 to 30 °C and between 40% and 80% maximum water-holding capacity. Half-lives in the field were considerably shorter (13 d for chlorsulfuron and 12–13 d for triasulfuron). The degradation rates of the herbicides were influenced more by soil temperature than by soil moisture content. Bioassays using white mustard ( Sinapis alba L.) and forage sorghum [ Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] were also used to determine the persistence of phytotoxic residues of both herbicides in the field, and the results showed that the effects of chlorsulfuron disappeared within 8 weeks. Triasulfuron residues disappeared within 9 and 14 weeks for the 15 and 30 g a.i. ha^–1 rates respectively.     

A review of the activity,fate and mode of action of sulfonylurea herbicides

The sulfonylurea herbicides are a relatively new group of compounds which control broad-leaved weeds and some grasses in cereal crops. This literature review emphasises work reported on chlorsulfuron and met-sulfuron-methyl. The activity of the herbicides, their fate in soil and in plants, and their mode of action are discussed. In addition some of the methods of assaying these compounds are described.     

A bioassay method for formulation testing and residue studies of sulfonylurea and sulfonanylide herbicides

A bioassay method using the radicles of pea (Pisum sativum L.) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) was developed for the assessment of trials on herbicides of common use in the sulfonylurea class (chlorsulfuron, triasulfuron and metsulfuron-methyl) and in the sulfonanylide class (flumetsulam and metosulam). Soils within a range of pH 5.8–8.4 with textures from sand to clay were used in these experiments. The sensitivities of the species were similar in chlorsulfuron and flumetsulam trials and their response range varied with soil type and herbicide, e.g. between 0.75 and 6.0 ng triasulfuron g^?1 in the Wimmera grey clay and between 0.125 and 8.0 ng chlorsulfuron g^?1 soil in the Mallee sand. The method was demonstrated in a wide range of uses, encompassing tests of the initial bioactivity of formulations of chlorsulfuron and flumetsulam, monitoring the field leaching and persistence of triasulfuron and measuring relative potencies between the classes, using metsulfuron-methyl and metosulam. The bioassay response provided a high level of reproducibility and precision, which was measurable by the logistic curve-fitting procedure. In each case, R² values were >0.90 and lack-of-fit tests were clearly non-significant at the 0.05 level. Chi-square tests were used to measure differences between ED₅₀'s. The method does not require the pre-germination and selection of seedlings, daily watering or root-washing and results are obtained 7 days from sowing, providing favourable use for routine analyses and large-scale trials.